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Firouzian A, Faghani-Makrani N, Nazari Z, Ahangari MF. Effect of Intranasal Ketamine on Pain Intensity after Cesarean Section: A Single-Center, Double Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Ethiop J Health Sci 2023; 33:55-64. [PMID: 36890925 PMCID: PMC9987284 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v33i1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although intravenous or intramuscular opioids are widely used for managing postoperative pain after cesarean section (CS), their side effects are bothering and limit their use. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of intranasal ketamine on pain intensity after CS. Methods In a single-center, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial, a total of 120 patients who were scheduled for elective CS were randomly assigned into two groups. After birth, 1 mg of midazolam was administered to all patients. In addition, 1 mg/kg intranasal ketamine was administered to patients in the intervention group. For patients in control group, normal saline was administered intranasally as a placebo. The severity of pain and nausea in the two groups was evaluated after 15, 30 and 60 minutes, as well as 2, 6 and 12 hours after the initial administration of the medications. Results The trend of changes in pain intensity was decreasing and these changes were statistically significant (time effect; P<0.001). The pain intensity in the placebo group was higher than the intervention and the observed difference was statistically significant, regardless of the time studied (group effect; P<0.001). In addition, it was shown that regardless of the study group, the trend of changes in nausea severity was decreasing and these changes were statistically significant (time effect; P<0.001). Regardless of the time studied, the severity of nausea in the placebo group was higher than the intervention group (group effect; P<0.001). Conclusions According to the results of this study, it seems that the using of intranasal ketamine (1 mg/kg), can be considered as an effective, well tolerated and safe method in reducing pain intensity as well as the need for postoperative opioid consumption after CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Firouzian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Faghani-Makrani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Zeinab Nazari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mouna Faghani Ahangari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Singh P, Ray SB. Comparison of Antinociceptive Effect of Octreotide With Morphine in a Rat Model of Acute Inflammatory Pain. Ann Neurosci 2021; 28:13-20. [PMID: 34733050 PMCID: PMC8558988 DOI: 10.1177/09727531211013004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Opioids such as morphine are used for treating moderate to severe pain. However, they
also produce adverse effects such as nausea, constipation, addiction, and respiratory
depression. Thus, other suitable analgesics need to be identified. Somatostatin is an
inhibitory neuropeptide that modulates the transmission of pain. However, the half-life
of somatostatin is short. In the present study, the antinociceptive effect of octreotide
(a stable long-acting analog of somatostatin) was evaluated in rats with acute
inflammatory pain. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats (n = 42) were divided into control
(n = 6) and carrageenan injected groups (n = 36).
The carrageena group was divided into three equal subgroups and treated with saline,
morphine (10 mg/kg), and octreotide (3 µg). Rats belonging to each subgroup
(n = 12) were again randomly divided into two equal sets. They were
subjected to (a) behavioral evaluation of pain (allodynia) and estimation of paw edema,
followed by immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of somatostatin type 2
receptor (sst2r) in the spinal cord and (b) estimation of open-field activity. Allodynia
and paw edema were measured by von Frey filaments and plethysmometer, respectively, at 3
and 4 h after carrageenan injection. Expression of sst2r was examined after 24 hours,
whereas open-field activity was evaluated after 3 hours. Results: In comparison to the saline-treated group, allodynia was partially attenuated by
octreotide, though this was almost completely reversed by morphine. Paw edema was
unaffected by octreotide, though it was marginally increased by morphine. This was not
related to increased activity of rats, following relief from pain. Immunohistochemistry
revealed a significant increase in the expression of sst2r in saline-treated rats, but a
decrease in other groups. Conclusion: Octreotide has an antinociceptive effect, which was less than morphine. Increased edema
following morphine could result from venodilation. Variations in the sst2r expression
suggest its involvement in pain modulation at the spinal level. This information may
have clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perminder Singh
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subrata Basu Ray
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Kim CL, Hong SJ, Lim YH, Jeong JH, Moon HS, Choi HR, Park SK, Kim JE, You H, Kim JH. Patients' perception about opioids and addiction in South Korea. Korean J Pain 2020; 33:234-244. [PMID: 32606268 PMCID: PMC7336346 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2020.33.3.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic pain affects approximately 22% of the world’s population. Opioids can be useful in chronic pain management. However, some patients have negative perception of opioids. The purpose of this research was to evaluate patients’ perception about opioids and investigate problems associated with prescribing and taking opioids in South Korea. Methods Patients who visited a pain clinic in 14 university hospitals of South Korea from September through October 2018 were asked to complete anonymous questionnaires about taking opioids. Results Of the 368 patients that were surveyed (female 53.3%, male 46.7%), 56.8% were prescribed opioids. In the opioid group, 92.8% patients had heard of opioids from their doctor and 72.6% of them had a positive perception about opioids. The side effects associated with opioid use were constipation (35.4%), dizziness (24.6%), nausea and vomiting (17.4%), dysuria (6.2%), and addiction (2.0%). In the no opioid group, the primary sources of information about opioids were doctors (49.2%), mass media (30.8%), and the internet (16.2%). The main reasons why 39.0% patients did not take opioids were fear of addiction (57.7%) and side effects (38.5%). There were 71.5% and 60.9% patients in the opioid and no opioid group, respectively, who wished to take opioids when their numeric rating scale pain score was ≥ 7. Conclusions Perception of opioids among patients who take them was either neutral or positive. However, 39.0% patients who have not been prescribed opioids did not want an opioid prescription, citing fear of addiction and side effects as the primary reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho Long Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Jun Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hun Jeong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Jeong-clinic, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Sik Moon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hey Ran Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Kyung Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hakjong You
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hun Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Ozcan S, Bulmus O, Ulker N, Canpolat S, Etem EO, Oruc S, Yardimci A, Bulmus FG, Ayar A, Kelestimur H, Ozcan M. Agomelatine potentiates anti-nociceptive effects of morphine in a mice model for diabetic neuropathy: involvement of NMDA receptor subtype NR1 within the raphe nucleus and periaqueductal grey. Neurol Res 2020; 42:554-563. [PMID: 32336224 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2020.1757895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Opioid analgesics have been used for a long time in the treatment of acute and chronic pain. However, they have many side effects including tolerance development to a significant extent. Agomelatine, an atypical antidepressant, has been demonstrated to be effective in experimental studies on pain. However, the effect of agomelatine on morphine tolerance development and its mechanism of action are unknown. The antinociceptive effects of agomelatine, morphine and their combination were assessed in a mice model for painful diabetic neuropathy. The roles of glutamate ionotropic receptor N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type subunit-1 (GluN1) in raphe nucleus and periaqueductal gray (PAG) in the effect of agomelatine on neuropathic pain were also investigated in diabetic mice. METHODS Agomelatine (10 mg/kg), morphine (10 mg/kg) and agomelatine + morphine were administered intraperitoneally for 15 consecutive days (twice per day), and the analgesic responses were assessed at days 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 in healthy and diabetic mice. Real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine the changes in GluN1 expression. RESULTS The tolerance development for morphine was evident, started at 6th day and remained thereafter, but not for agomelatine. GluN1 in raphe nucleus and PAG was upregulated in morphine treated but not in agomelatine-treated groups. DISCUSSION The combination of agomelatine with morphine alone causes outlasting analgesic effects of repeated treatment, which can be interpreted as attenuated tolerance. Moreover, we also pointed out for the first time the modulatory effects of agomelatine on GluN1 expression in raphe nucleus and PAG after chronic morphine treatment. ABBREVIATIONS Ca2+: Calcium; D2DR: Dopamine D2 receptor; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GluN1: Glutamate ionotropic receptor N-methyl-D-aspartate type subunit-1; 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine; i.p.: intraperitoneal injection; MPE: Maximal possible effect; MT: Melatonin; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate; NMDAR1: NMDA receptors-1; PAG: Periaqueductal grey; PKCγ: Protein kinase C gamma; RT-PCR: Real time polymerase chain reaction; STZ: Streptozotocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Ozcan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University , Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Bulmus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University , Elazig, Turkey
| | - Nazife Ulker
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University , Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sinan Canpolat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University , Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ebru Onalan Etem
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University , Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sinem Oruc
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University , Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Yardimci
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University , Elazig, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Ayar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Haluk Kelestimur
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University , Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mete Ozcan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University , Elazig, Turkey
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Kim J, Shin S, Jeong Y, Kim SY, Lee HJ. Medicolegal Consideration to Prevent Medical Malpractice Regarding Opioid Administration: An Analysis of Judicial Opinion in South Korea. J Pain Res 2020; 13:1525-1532. [PMID: 32612380 PMCID: PMC7323961 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s256759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the use of opioids is increasing in South Korea, there have been no studies on the serious complications caused by the opioids. The aim of this study was to investigate the rare but serious complications through medicolegal analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS From January 1994 to December 2019, we retrospectively reviewed the closed cases of lawsuits involving the complications of opioids using the database of judgments of the Supreme Court of Korea. General characteristics, opioid-induced complications, and judicial characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 46 cases, 31 cases of complications were finally included in the analysis. There were 28 (90.3%) cases of opioid administration for acute pain and 3 (9.7%) cases for chronic pain. The most commonly prescribed opioid was pethidine (n = 13, 41.9%), and the most common complication was respiratory depression (n = 17, 54.8%). All except two cases were associated with permanent injuries, including 18 (58%) deaths. Twelve (38.7%) cases were ruled in favor of the plaintiff in the claims for damages, with a median payment of United States dollar (USD) 126,346 (IQR: USD 77,275-379,219). Of these cases, the most frequently admitted complaint by the court was the neglect of observation (n = 10, 32.3%), followed by the inappropriate drug choice (n = 4, 12.9%). Eleven (36.7%) cases were plaintiffs' claims for violating explanation obligations, of which 2 (6.7%) were recognized in the court. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that physicians must be aware of the serious complications related to opioids and health policies to prevent such complications and malpractice should be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsoo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - SuHwan Shin
- Department of Medical Law and Ethics, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Blue Urology Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungHyun Jeong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yoon Kim
- Division of Medical Law and Bioethics, Department of Medical Humanities and Social Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Asian Institute for Bioethics and Health Law, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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