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Chen L, Wang L, Zeng Y, Yin D, Tang F, Xie D, Zhu H, Li L, Wang J. A prenatal case misunderstood as specimen confusion: 46,XY/46,XY chimerism. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:126. [PMID: 38347456 PMCID: PMC10860253 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimerism results from the fusion of two zygotes in a single embryo, whereas mosaicism results from mitotic errors in a single zygote. True human chimerism is rare, with fewer than 100 cases reported in the literature. Here, we report a case in which the fetus was identified as having tetragametic chimerism based on short tandem repeat - polymerase chain reaction analysis of the family observed during amniocentesis for advanced maternal age. The chimerism occurred via the fertilization of two ova by two spermatozoa, followed by the fusion of early embryos. The genotypes of the two amniotic fluid samples obtained successively by one puncture were completely different, and the sex chromosomes were XY. Karyotyping and copy number variation sequencing showed no abnormalities. The fetus was delivered at term and the phenotype of the newborn was normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics / Prenatal Diagnostic Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Block 3 No. 20, Ren Min Nan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics / Prenatal Diagnostic Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Block 3 No. 20, Ren Min Nan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Zeng
- Department of Medical Genetics / Prenatal Diagnostic Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Block 3 No. 20, Ren Min Nan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Daishu Yin
- Department of Medical Genetics / Prenatal Diagnostic Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Block 3 No. 20, Ren Min Nan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Feng Tang
- Department of Medical Genetics / Prenatal Diagnostic Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Block 3 No. 20, Ren Min Nan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Department of Medical Genetics / Prenatal Diagnostic Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Block 3 No. 20, Ren Min Nan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hongmei Zhu
- Department of Medical Genetics / Prenatal Diagnostic Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Block 3 No. 20, Ren Min Nan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lingping Li
- Department of Medical Genetics / Prenatal Diagnostic Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Block 3 No. 20, Ren Min Nan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics / Prenatal Diagnostic Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Block 3 No. 20, Ren Min Nan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Kim TY, Yu H, Phan MTT, Jang JH, Cho D. Application of Blood Group Genotyping by Next-Generation Sequencing in Various Immunohaematology Cases. Transfus Med Hemother 2022; 49:88-96. [PMID: 35611383 PMCID: PMC9082207 DOI: 10.1159/000517565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has been recently introduced into blood group genotyping; however, there are few studies using NGS-based blood group genotyping in real-world clinical settings. In this study, we applied NGS-based blood group genotyping into various immunohaematology cases encountered in routine clinical practice. METHODS This study included 4 immunohaematology cases: ABO subgroup, ABO chimerism, antibody to a high-frequency antigen (HFA), and anti-CD47 interference. We designed a hybridization capture-based NGS panel targeting 39 blood group-related genes and applied it to the 4 cases. RESULTS NGS analysis revealed a novel intronic variant (NM_020469.3:c.29-10T>G) in a patient with an Ael phenotype and detected a small fraction of ABO*A1.02 (approximately 3-6%) coexisting with the major genotype ABO*B.01/O.01.02 in dizygotic twins. In addition, NGS analysis found a homozygous stop-gain variant (NM_004827.3:c.376C>T, p.Gln126*; ABCG2*01N.01) in a patient with an antibody to an HFA; consequently, this patient's phenotype was predicted as Jr(a-). Lastly, blood group phenotypes predicted by NGS were concordant with those determined by serology in 2 patients treated with anti-CD47 drugs. CONCLUSION NGS-based blood group genotyping can be used for identifying ABO subgroup alleles, low levels of blood group chimerism, and antibodies to HFAs. Furthermore, it can be applied to extended blood group antigen matching for patients treated with anti-CD47 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeul Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - HongBi Yu
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minh-Trang Thi Phan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Natural human chimeras: A review. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103971. [PMID: 32565253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The term chimera has been borrowed from Greek mythology and has a long history of use in biology and genetics. A chimera is an organism whose cells are derived from two or more zygotes. Recipients of tissue and organ transplants are artificial chimeras. This review concerns natural human chimeras. The first human chimera was reported in 1953. Natural chimeras can arise in various ways. Fetal and maternal cells can cross the placental barrier so that both mother and child may become microchimeras. Two zygotes can fuse together during an early embryonic stage to form a fusion chimera. Most chimeras remain undetected, especially if both zygotes are of the same genetic sex. Many are discovered accidently, for example, during a routine blood group test. Even sex-discordant chimeras can have a normal male or female phenotype. Only 28 of the 50 individuals with a 46,XX/46,XY karyotype were either true hermaphrodites or had ambiguous genitalia. Blood chimeras are formed by blood transfusion between dizygotic twins via the shared placenta and are more common than was once assumed. In marmoset monkey twins the exchange via the placenta is not limited to blood but can involve other tissues, including germ cells. To date there are no examples in humans of twin chimeras involving germ cells. If human chimeras are more common than hitherto thought there could be many medical, social, forensic, and legal implications. More multidisciplinary research is required for a better understanding of this fascinating subject.
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Chung YN, Chun S, Phan MTT, Nam MH, Choi BM, Cho D, Choi JS. The first case of congenital blood chimerism in two of the triplets in Korea. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 32:e22580. [PMID: 29797734 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeras are composed of two or more different populations that originated from different zygotes. Blood chimerism arising from twins have been reported in the literature. Herein, we report the first blood group chimerism in triplets. METHODS ABO blood grouping was carried out by manual tile methods (Merck Millipore, UK) and micro-column agglutination method (Bio-Rad, Cressier sur Morat, Switzerland). Flow cytometric analysis was performed with Anti-A-PE conjugated monoclonal antibodies (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) and FACS Canto II (BD Biosciences). Molecular analysis was performed with allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) and direct sequencing of the exons 6 and 7. RESULTS Mixed-field agglutination and weak agglutination against anti-A were revealed by ABO blood grouping. Flow cytometric analysis revealed the presence of both A cells and O cells. AS-PCR and sequencing showed two neonates with chimerism, with each neonate`s genotype being A102/O01/O02. CONCLUSION This is the first recorded case of blood chimera from a triplet in Korea. We recommend full investigation of blood group chimerism in neonates with ABO discrepancy, as blood chimerism is subject to certain caution in the clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Na Chung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Sejong Chun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Minh-Trang Thi Phan
- Samsung Bioscience Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Hyun Nam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Byung Min Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Duck Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Seon Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Fertilization and Early Embryonic Errors. CHIMERISM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89866-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Grubic Z, Stingl Jankovic K, Kelecic J, Batinic D, Dubravcic K, Zunec R. A case of maternal-foetal chimerism identified during routine histocompatibility testing for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Immunogenet 2015; 43:1-7. [PMID: 26663895 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a case of maternal-foetal chimerism identified in a boy diagnosed with SCID, who underwent HLA testing in preparation for HSCT. The first analysis was carried out on DNA from peripheral blood and included HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1 typing using PCR-SSO. The patient's HLA-B typing results were noninterpretable. All samples were re-typed for HLA-B using PCR-SSP, again resulting in noninterpretable typing of patient's HLA-B. In both cases, several weak positive probes/reactions interfered with the interpretation when using commercial software. Next round of HLA typing, using PCR-SSP and PCR-SSO methods, included the patient's bone marrow sample and HLA-C locus, but interpretation was again not possible. The PCR-STR analysis performed on both peripheral blood and bone marrow samples revealed seven STRs for which two maternal and one paternal allele were detected. Retrospective manual interpretation of HLA-B and HLA-C typing revealed that weak positive reactions were indeed owed to paternal HLA-B and HLA-C alleles and that the patient had both maternal and one paternal allele. Retyping of HLA-B and HLA-C loci and STR analysis on the patient's buccal cells sample revealed the expected one maternal/one paternal allele pattern. In summary, the combination of several different typing methods and manual interpretation were necessary to obtain the patient's HLA typing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Grubic
- Tissue Typing Center, Clinical Department for Transfusion Medicine ad Transplantation Biology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - K Stingl Jankovic
- Tissue Typing Center, Clinical Department for Transfusion Medicine ad Transplantation Biology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J Kelecic
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D Batinic
- Clinical Unit for Cellular Immunodiagnostics, Clinical Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - K Dubravcic
- Clinical Unit for Cellular Immunodiagnostics, Clinical Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - R Zunec
- Tissue Typing Center, Clinical Department for Transfusion Medicine ad Transplantation Biology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Nomura R, Miyai K, Okada M, Kajiwara M, Ono M, Ogata T, Onishi I, Sato M, Sekine M, Akashi T, Mizutani S, Kashimada K. A 45,X/46,XY DSD (Disorder of Sexual Development) case with an extremely uneven distribution of 46,XY cells between lymphocytes and gonads. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2015; 24:11-4. [PMID: 25678755 PMCID: PMC4322288 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.24.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In 45,X/46,XY DSDs, the proportion of the two cell lineages is uneven in different organs
and tissues, and 45,X and 46,XY cells can be found throughout the body. The gonadal
development of 45,X/46,XY patients depends on the population of 46,XY cells in the gonads
and the clinical features are variable. We had a 45,X/46,XY DSD patient whose 46,XY
population in peripheral blood was extremely low, less than 0.2%, and was not detected by
FISH analysis. However, the patient showed bilateral testicular development and more than
50% of the cells in the gonads had the 46,XY karyotype. This case suggests that a
drastically imbalanced distribution could occur in 45,X/46,XY DSD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Nomura
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyai
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiyo Okada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Kajiwara
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ono
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Iichiro Onishi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo Japan
| | - Mana Sato
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo Japan
| | - Masaki Sekine
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo Japan
| | - Takumi Akashi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo Japan
| | - Shuki Mizutani
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Hong X, Ying Y, Xu X, Liu Y, Chen Z, Lan X, Ma K, He J, Zhu F, Lv H, Yan L. A dispermic chimera was identified in a healthy man with mixed field agglutination reaction in ABO blood grouping and mosaic 46, XY/46, XX karyotype. Transfus Apher Sci 2013; 48:223-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Won EJ, Park HR, Park TS, Oh SH, Shin MG, Shin JH, Suh SP, Ryang DW, Park JT, Cho D. Amplification refractory mutation system-PCR is essential for the detection of chimaeras with a minor allele population: a case report. J Clin Pathol 2013; 66:446-8. [PMID: 23418339 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2012-201355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Blood chimaera is a rare but important issue for immunohaematology laboratories. Several molecular approaches, such as ABO genotyping, human leucocyte antigen (HLA) typing and DNA short tandem repeat (STR) analysis, have been used to identify chimaerism. Unfortunately, the minor allele population can be overlooked by PCR-based methods, which preferentially amplify the major allele population. A case with AweakB (AwB), demonstrating a mixed-field pattern, was sent to our laboratory for further evaluation. Direct sequencing of ABO exons 6 and 7 revealed a B101/O02 genotype. Analysis of the 12 STR loci and HLA typing did not provide any evidence of chimaerism. However, amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR identified the minor A102 allele in addition to B101/O02. Three alleles of the chimaera were confirmed by cloning and sequencing. Thus, ARMS-PCR is essential, especially in the case of a chimaera with a minor allele population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Won
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School & Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, South Korea
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James PA, Rose K, Francis D, Norris F. High-level 46XX/46XY chimerism without clinical effect in a healthy multiparous female. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:2484-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Winberg J, Gustavsson P, Lagerstedt-Robinson K, Blennow E, Lundin J, Iwarsson E, Nordenström A, Anderlid BM, Bondeson ML, Nordenskjöld A, Nordgren A. Chimerism resulting from parthenogenetic activation and dispermic fertilization. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2277-86. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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An unusual observation of tetragametic chimerism: forensic aspects. Int J Legal Med 2009; 123:431-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-009-0332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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