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Park DS, Cho EH, Park KH, Jo SM, Park B, Huh S. A case of vocal cord gnathostomiasis diagnosed with sectional morphologies in a histopathological specimen from a Chinese woman living in Korea. PARASITES, HOSTS AND DISEASES 2023; 61:298-303. [PMID: 37648235 PMCID: PMC10471466 DOI: 10.3347/phd.23065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe a rare case of gnathostomiasis in the vocal cord. A 54-year-old Chinese woman living in Korea visited with a chief complaint of voice change at the outpatient department of otorhinolaryngology in Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University on August 2, 2021. She had eaten raw conger a few weeks before the voice change developed, but her medical history and physical examinations demonstrated neither gastrointestinal symptoms nor other health problems. A round and red cystic lesion, recognized in the anterior part of the right vocal cord, was removed using forceps and scissors through laryngeal microsurgery. The histopathological specimen of the cyst revealed 3 cross-sections of a nematode larva in the lumen of the cyst wall composed of inflammatory cells and fibrotic tissues. They differ in diameter, from 190 μm to 235 μm. They showed characteristic cuticular layers with tegumental spines, somatic muscle layers, and gastrointestinal tracts such as the esophagus and intestine. Notably, intestinal sections consisted of 27-28 lining cells containing 0-4 nuclei per cell. We tentatively identified the nematode larva recovered from the vocal cord cystic lesion as the third-stage larva of Gnathostoma, probably G. nipponicum or G. hispidum, based on the sectional morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Sik Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068,
Korea
| | - Eun Hyun Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068,
Korea
| | - Kyung Hoon Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068,
Korea
| | - Soo Min Jo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068,
Korea
| | - Bumjung Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068,
Korea
| | - Sun Huh
- Department of Parasitology and Institute of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252,
Korea
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Zhang S, Huang G, Li L, Liu X, Tang X, Suo X. Morphological and Phylogenetic Analysis of Eustrongylides sp. and Gnathostoma spinigerum Parasitizing the Asian Swamp Eel Monopterusalbus in China. Pathogens 2021; 10:711. [PMID: 34200165 PMCID: PMC8227449 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematode infections transmitted to humans by the consumption of wild or cultured eels are increasingly being reported. In the present study, 120 Asian swamp eel, Monopterus albus (Zuiew), individuals collected from China were examined for parasite infections, and 78 larval nematodes were isolated. Morphological and molecular characteristics, including sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene regions, were employed to identify these nematodes at the lowest taxonomic level possible. Asian swamp eel was infected with two zoonotic parasite taxa: Gnathostoma spinigerum advanced third-stage larvae, with 6.67% prevalence and mean intensity = 1.25, and Eustrongylides sp. fourth-stage larvae, with 26.67% prevalence and mean intensity = 2.13. These findings evidence the need to enhance public hygiene and food safety awareness toward eel consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixin Zhang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.Z.); (X.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Guangping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China;
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.Z.); (X.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Xiaoli Tang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.Z.); (X.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Xun Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.Z.); (X.L.); (X.T.)
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Liu GH, Sun MM, Elsheikha HM, Fu YT, Sugiyama H, Ando K, Sohn WM, Zhu XQ, Yao C. Human gnathostomiasis: a neglected food-borne zoonosis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:616. [PMID: 33298141 PMCID: PMC7724840 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human gnathostomiasis is a food-borne zoonosis. Its etiological agents are the third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spp. Human gnathostomiasis is often reported in developing countries, but it is also an emerging disease in developed countries in non-endemic areas. The recent surge in cases of human gnathostomiasis is mainly due to the increasing consumption of raw freshwater fish, amphibians, and reptiles. METHODS This article reviews the literature on Gnathostoma spp. and the disease that these parasites cause in humans. We review the literature on the life cycle and pathogenesis of these parasites, the clinical features, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, control, and new molecular findings on human gnathostomiasis, and social-ecological factors related to the transmission of this disease. CONCLUSIONS The information presented provides an impetus for studying the parasite biology and host immunity. It is urgently needed to develop a quick and sensitive diagnosis and to develop an effective regimen for the management and control of human gnathostomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046 Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao-Miao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046 Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Hany M. Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Yi-Tian Fu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Hiromu Sugiyama
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ando
- Department of Medical Zoology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, 514-8507 Japan
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, 52727 Korea
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis
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Bravo F, Gontijo B. Gnathostomiasis: an emerging infectious disease relevant to all dermatologists. An Bras Dermatol 2018; 93:172-180. [PMID: 29723377 PMCID: PMC5916386 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20187498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gnathostomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the third larval stage of nematodes of the genus Gnathostoma. The disease is endemic in some countries around the world. In the American continent, the majority of cases is concentrated in Mexico, Ecuador, and Peru. However, due to increasing traveling either at the intercontinental or intracontinental level, the disease is seen each time more frequently in tourists. Furthermore, countries, such as Brazil, that have never been considered endemic are reporting autochthonous cases. The disease usually presents as a deep-seated or slightly superficial migratory nodule in patients with history of eating raw fish, in the form of ceviche, sushi, or sashimi. Along with the clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria include either blood or tissue eosinophilia. In most instances, these criteria are enough for the attending physician to institute therapy. Chances of finding the parasite are low, unless the biopsy is taken from a very specific area that develops after antiparasitic treatment is started. The potential of other organ involvement with more serious consequences should always be kept in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bravo
- Discipline of Dermatology and Pathology, Universidad Peruana
Cayetano Heredia – Lima, Peru
- Service of Pathology, Hospital Cayetano Heredia – Lima, Peru
| | - Bernardo Gontijo
- Discipline of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) – Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
- Dermatology Unit, Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Federal de
Minas Gerais (UFMG) – Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
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Hamilton WL, Agranoff D. Imported gnathostomiasis manifesting as cutaneous larva migrans and Löffler's syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-223132. [PMID: 29420245 PMCID: PMC5812380 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-223132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report an unusual case of invasive gnathostomiasis in a returning traveller, with a shifting pattern of relapsing cutaneous disease. The previously fit and well 32-year-old man first presented with serpiginous, pruriginous erythematous tracks characteristic of cutaneous larva migrans shortly after returning from South-East Asia. He was systemically well with no other symptoms. After ivermectin therapy, he re-presented with respiratory symptoms, peripheral eosinophilia and transient pulmonary infiltrates; the classic triad of Löffler's syndrome associated with invasive helminth infection. Gnathostoma spinigerum immunoblot was positive. After a second round of ivermectin therapy his respiratory symptoms resolved, but the patient's cutaneous disease relapsed repeatedly over months, with migratory erythematous swellings appearing and settling after a few days. He was treated with a 21-day course of albendazole and is lesion free at 40 weeks post initial presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L. Hamilton
- Acute Medical Unit, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Daniel Agranoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, Brighton, UK
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Nawa Y, Yoshikawa M, Sawanyawisuth K, Chotmongkol V, Figueiras SF, Benavides M, Diaz Camacho SP. Ocular Gnathostomiasis-Update of Earlier Survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1232-1234. [PMID: 28722600 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular gnathostomiasis is rather a rare food-borne zoonosis caused by infection with the larvae of several species of genus Gnathostoma and is a representative ocular larva migrans syndrome. In our previous literature survey, we found 73 cases of ocular gnathostomiasis reported up to and including 2009, though additional sporadic cases have been reported in Asia and the Americas since that report. Here, we review 10 additional cases reported since 2010, and also update current findings regarding epidemiological and clinical features in affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukifumi Nawa
- Faculty of Medicine, Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Masahide Yoshikawa
- Department of Parasitology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kittisak Sawanyawisuth
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine and Ambulatory Medicine Research Group, Research Center in Back, Neck Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), and Sleep Apnea Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Verajit Chotmongkol
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sandra Fernández Figueiras
- Sección de Microbiologia, Laboratorio de Microbiología y Biología Molecular, Centro Medico Docente la Trinidad, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Maria Benavides
- Cornea Clinic, Ophthalmology Service, Centro Medico Docente la Trinidad, Caracas, Venezuela
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Diaz JH. Gnathostomiasis: An Emerging Infection of Raw Fish Consumers in Gnathostoma Nematode-Endemic and Nonendemic Countries. J Travel Med 2015; 22:318-24. [PMID: 25997919 DOI: 10.1111/jtm.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gnathostomiasis, a helminthic infection commonly reported in Southeast Asia and Latin America, may follow consumption of raw seafood infected with muscle-encysted larvae of Gnathostoma species nematodes. As a result of increasingly exotic tastes for local ethnic dishes, including raw seafood, some regions outside of gnathostome-endemic areas import live species for raw consumption. This may facilitate imported human gnathostomiasis or potentially the establishment of this zoonosis in formerly nonendemic regions. Traveling to a gnathostome-endemic area is no longer a criterion for diagnosis. The objectives of this review are to enhance clinician awareness of this infection by describing the behavioral risk factors for its acquisition, life-cycle, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and prevention. METHODS Internet search engines were queried with the key medical subject heading words. Case reports, case series, epidemiological investigations, and laboratory studies were reviewed; high risk behaviors for gnathostomiasis were identified; and human cases were stratified as cutaneous gnathostomiasis, visceral gnathostomiasis, neurognathostomiasis, and ocular gnathostomiasis. RESULTS The greatest risk factors for gnathostomiasis included the consumption of raw freshwater seafood dishes in endemic regions and the consumption of raw imported or domestic seafood dishes in households and ethnic restaurants in many nonendemic regions. CONCLUSIONS Gnathostomiasis is no longer a disease of returning travelers, and autochthonous cases may be anticipated to increase as a result of the importation of live Gnathostoma-infected species and the potential establishment of regional zoonoses of Gnathostoma-infected wild species. Since the eradication of gnathostomiasis is unlikely given the global distribution of Gnathostoma nematodes, the only effective preventive strategy is to educate persons in endemic and nonendemic areas that fish, eels, frogs, snakes, and birds must be cooked thoroughly first before eating and not eaten raw or marinated. The onset of migratory subcutaneous swellings with hyper-eosinophilia weeks to months after consuming raw seafood should provoke suspicion of gnathostomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Diaz
- Schools of Public Health and Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC) in New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
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