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Sedarat Z, Taylor-Robinson AW. Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Proteins and Virulence Factors: Potential Targets for Novel Therapies and Vaccines. Pathogens 2024; 13:392. [PMID: 38787244 PMCID: PMC11124246 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gastric oncopathogen that infects over half of the world's human population. It is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, helix-shaped bacterium that is equipped with flagella, which provide high motility. Colonization of the stomach is asymptomatic in up to 90% of people but is a recognized risk factor for developing various gastric disorders such as gastric ulcers, gastric cancer and gastritis. Invasion of the human stomach occurs via numerous virulence factors such as CagA and VacA. Similarly, outer membrane proteins (OMPs) play an important role in H. pylori pathogenicity as a means to adapt to the epithelial environment and thereby facilitate infection. While some OMPs are porins, others are adhesins. The epithelial cell receptors SabA, BabA, AlpA, OipA, HopQ and HopZ have been extensively researched to evaluate their epidemiology, structure, role and genes. Moreover, numerous studies have been performed to seek to understand the complex relationship between these factors and gastric diseases. Associations exist between different H. pylori virulence factors, the co-expression of which appears to boost the pathogenicity of the bacterium. Improved knowledge of OMPs is a major step towards combatting this global disease. Here, we provide a current overview of different H. pylori OMPs and discuss their pathogenicity, epidemiology and correlation with various gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sedarat
- Cellular & Molecular Research Centre, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord 8813833435, Iran;
| | - Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Gia Lam District, Hanoi 67000, Vietnam
- Center for Global Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 1904, USA
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Lee DH, Ha JH, Shin JI, Kim KM, Choi JG, Park S, Park JS, Seo JH, Park JS, Shin MK, Baik SC, Lee WK, Youn HS, Cho MJ, Kang HL, Jung M. Increased Risk of Severe Gastric Symptoms by Virulence Factors vacAs1c, alpA, babA2, and hopZ in Helicobacter pylori Infection. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:368-379. [PMID: 33622995 PMCID: PMC9705970 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2101.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori, cagA and vacA, have been known to play a role in the development of severe gastric symptoms. However, they are not always associated with peptic ulcer or gastric cancer. To predict the disease outcome more accurately, it is necessary to understand the risk of severe symptoms linked to other virulence factors. Several other virulence factors of H. pylori have also been reported to be associated with disease outcomes, although there are many controversial descriptions. H. pylori isolates from Koreans may be useful in evaluating the relevance of other virulence factors to clinical symptoms of gastric diseases because the majority of Koreans are infected by toxigenic strains of H. pylori bearing cagA and vacA. In this study, a total of 116 H. pylori strains from Korean patients with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancers were genotyped. The presence of virulence factors vacAs1c, alpA, babA2, hopZ, and the extremely strong vacuolating toxin was found to contribute significantly to the development of severe gastric symptoms. The genotype combination vacAs1c/alpA/babA2 was the most predictable determinant for the development of severe symptoms, and the presence of babA2 was found to be the most critical factor. This study provides important information on the virulence factors that contribute to the development of severe gastric symptoms and will assist in predicting clinical disease outcomes due to H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hae Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hun Ha
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ih Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Min Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Seorin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sik Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeun Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Shook Park
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Baik
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Kon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Shang Youn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Je Cho
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Lyun Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea,H.L. Kang Phone: +82-55-772-8085 Fax: +82-55-772-8089 E-mail:
| | - Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors M. Jung Phone: +82-55-772-8082 Fax: +82-55-772-8089 E-mail:
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Maixner F, Thorell K, Granehäll L, Linz B, Moodley Y, Rattei T, Engstrand L, Zink A. Helicobacter pylori in ancient human remains. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:6289-6298. [PMID: 31754290 PMCID: PMC6861846 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i42.6289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infects the stomachs of approximately 50% of all humans. With its universal occurrence, high infectivity and virulence properties it is considered as one of the most severe global burdens of modern humankind. It has accompanied humans for many thousands of years, and due to its high genetic variability and vertical transmission, its population genetics reflects the history of human migrations. However, especially complex demographic events such as the colonisation of Europe cannot be resolved with population genetic analysis of modern H. pylori strains alone. This is best exemplified with the reconstruction of the 5300-year-old H. pylori genome of the Iceman, a European Copper Age mummy. Our analysis provided precious insights into the ancestry and evolution of the pathogen and underlined the high complexity of ancient European population history. In this review we will provide an overview on the molecular analysis of H. pylori in mummified human remains that were done so far and we will outline methodological advancements in the field of ancient DNA research that support the reconstruction and authentication of ancient H. pylori genome sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Maixner
- Institute for Mummy Studies, EURAC Research, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Kaisa Thorell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg SE405 30, Sweden
| | - Lena Granehäll
- Institute for Mummy Studies, EURAC Research, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Bodo Linz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Yoshan Moodley
- Department of Zoology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
| | - Thomas Rattei
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 83, Sweden
| | - Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummy Studies, EURAC Research, Bolzano 39100, Italy
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Abdi E, Latifi-Navid S, Zahri S, Yazdanbod A, Safaralizadeh R. Helicobacter pylori genotypes determine risk of non-cardia gastric cancer and intestinal- or diffuse-type GC in Ardabil: A very high-risk area in Northwestern Iran. Microb Pathog 2017; 107:287-292. [PMID: 28390977 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Frequency of the Helicobacter pylori vacA gene polymorphism and its association with gastric cancer (GC) was assessed in Ardabil, a very high-risk area in Northwestern Iran. We determined the presence of the H. pylori 16S rDNA gene and the vacA s-, m-, i-, and d-region genotypes in DNA from fresh gastric biopsies. Patients with GC were classified based on both the anatomic site and the histopathologic type of tumor Of 135 patients, including 57 with non-atrophic gastritis (NAG) and 78 with GC, 103 were infected by H. pylori. The vacA i1 and d1 genotypes were significantly linked to an increased risk of GC, where both cardia (CGC) and non-cardia GC (NCGC) patients were entered into the analysis. The adjusted OR was 9.59 for i1 and 4.39 for d1. Furthermore, i1 was significantly linked to an increased risk of the intestinal-type adenocarcinoma (OR = 14.04) and d1 to the risk of the diffuse-type adenocarcinoma (OR = 7.71). The presence of the m1-type of vacA in combination with i1 or d1 further increased the risk of GC. When the analysis was restricted to NCGC, the adjusted OR for i1 and d1, was 37.52 and 7.17, respectively. No significant association was found between genotypes and the risk of GC in the cardia site of the stomach. It is proposed that the new types of H. pylori vacA, i1 and d1, might be important determinants of NCGC risk in Ardabil. The m1, not independently, but in combination might further define the risk of GC. i1and d1 might also predict the risk of the intestinal- and diffuse-type adenocarcinomas, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Abdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Saeid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran; Biosciences and Biotechnology Research Center (BBRC), Faculty of Advanced Technologies, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Namin, 56318-51167, Iran.
| | - Saber Zahri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Abbas Yazdanbod
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, 56189-53141, Iran
| | - Reza Safaralizadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Abdi E, Latifi-Navid S, Latifi-Navid H, Safarnejad B. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin genotypes and preneoplastic lesions or gastric cancer risk: a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:734-44. [PMID: 26648346 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Disease progression to gastric cancer (GC) occurs in only a small proportion of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infected patients. The bacterium vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA) gene polymorphisms may determine the clinical consequences. We examined the strength of this association in adult-infected populations and modeled the impact of mean age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) of GC as a hypothesized moderator variable. METHODS Pooled relative risk (RR) estimates were calculated. Subgroup, sensitivity, and meta-regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS Totally, 33 studies (1446 cases/2697 controls) were analyzed. The vacA-s1 genotype was significantly associated with an increased risk of atrophic gastritis(AG), intestinal metaplasia(IM), and GC (RR = 1.116, 95% CI, 1.019-1.222; RR = 1.418, 95% CI, 1.035-1.942; and RR = 1.333, 95% CI, 1.115-1.593, respectively); however, the vacA m1 genotype strongly increased the risk of IM and GC, but not AG (RR = 1.571, 95% CI, 1.247-1.980 and RR = 1.431, 95% CI, 1.180-1.735, respectively). The vacA s1m1 allelic combination was linked to an increased risk of GC. The m1-type of vacA was more potent than s1 for predicting the risk of GC within the subgroups with the mean ASRs of 11/100,000-19/100,000 and less than 10/100,000. The meta-regression analysis indicated that the ASR of GC modified the association between H. pylori genotypes and GC risk, where the estimated risk was significantly decreased with increasing the mean ASRs of GC (P-values = 0.025, 0.00009, and 0.0005 for s1, m1, and s1m1, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The H. pylori vacA-s1 and vacA-m1 allelic variants strongly increased susceptibility to IM and GC; however, only s1 showed an association with AG. These associations were largely influenced by geographic variations in the GC incidence rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Abdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Saeid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hamid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Bahareh Safarnejad
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Wei GC, Chen J, Liu AY, Zhang M, Liu XJ, Liu D, Xu J, Liu BR, Ling H, Wu HX, DU YJ. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori vacA, cagA and iceA genotypes and correlation with clinical outcome. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4:1039-1044. [PMID: 23226771 PMCID: PMC3494117 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the genetic status of cagA, vacA subtype and iceA genotypes of Helicobacter pylori and the relationship with upper gastrointestinal diseases in Northeast China. Gastric biopsies were obtained from 378 patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases and 197 samples were used. The cagA, vacA alleles and iceA genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction. CagA was present in 176 (89.3%) of 197 patients. Of the 197 cases, 186 (94.4%) had vacA signal sequence s1c allele, 6 (3%) had s1a and 5 (2.5%) had s1b. The vacA s2 genotype was not detected in our study. VacA middle region sequences, m1 and m2, were found in 20 (10.2%) and 150 (76.1%), respectively. The allelic variant iceA1 (70.1%) was more prevalent than iceA2 (23.4%). The vacA allele s1am2 had a significant relationship with the presence of gastric cancer (p<0.05) and the iceA1 genotype was also associated with gastric cancer (p<0.05). These may be useful risk factors for upper gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Chao Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; ; Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University
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