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Carranco AS, Gillingham MAF, Wilhelm K, Torres MDL, Sommer S, Romo D. Transcending sea turtles: first report of hatching failure in eggs of an Amazonian freshwater turtle with symptoms of the fungal emerging disease fusariosis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3282-e3288. [PMID: 35561152 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During the last few decades, fungal pathogens have caused devastating population declines across a broad range of taxa. A newly emerging fungal disease, sea turtle egg fusariosis, caused by members of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), has been reported to be responsible for hatching failure in sea turtles worldwide. However, this has not been detected in fresh water turtle species. Here, using relocated clutches and artificial incubation, we report high hatching failure in eggs symptomatic of fusariosis in the yellow-spotted Amazon River turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) inhabiting a pristine environment in the Ecuadorian Amazon. In 2020, we screened 680 eggs of the yellow-spotted Amazon River turtle, relocated from wild nesting areas to artificial nests, for visual symptoms of fusariosis and to estimate hatchability despite infection. We selected 68 eggs sampled in 2019 to confirm Fusarium infection by PCR amplification of the TEF-1α gene and sequenced seven of those amplicons on an Illumina Miseq to assess FSSC membership. We observed fusariosis symptoms in 42% of the 680 eggs. The proportion of symptomatic eggs within nests was negatively linked to the proportion of eggs that hatched. Hatchability was 8% for symptomatic eggs compared with 72% of asymptomatic eggs. Through PCR testing, 58% of symptomatic and 8% of asymptomatic eggs sampled in 2019 tested positive for Fusarium spp., and sequencing revealed that nine sequence variants from three asymptomatic and four symptomatic eggs corresponded to F. keratoplasticum, F. solani, and F. falciforme, the three major FSSC pathogens reported in sea turtle egg fusariosis. Our study suggests that hatching failure in eggs linked to symptoms of fusariosis appears to be partially caused by Fusarium pathogens within FSSC in a freshwater turtle. Thus, fusariosis is more widespread among the Testudines than previously reported and is not limited to sea environments, findings of particular conservation concern. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Carranco
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mark A F Gillingham
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, 89069, Ulm, Germany.,Biodiversity Research Institute (CSIC, Oviedo University, Principality of Asturias), Campus of Mieres, University of Oviedo, Mieres, 33600, Spain
| | - Kerstin Wilhelm
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria de Lourdes Torres
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Simone Sommer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Romo
- Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
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Fuentes-Valencia MA, Osornio-Esquivel JL, Martínez Palacios CA, Contreras-Ávila JL, Barriga-Tovar E, la Mora GID, Arellano-Torres A, Baizabal-Aguirre VM, Bravo-Patiño A, Cajero-Juárez M, Valdez Alarcón JJ. Bacterial and parasite co-infection in Mexican golden trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster) by Aeromonas bestiarum, Aeromonas sobria, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Ichthyobodo necator. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:137. [PMID: 35414073 PMCID: PMC9004087 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial infections are responsible of high economic losses in aquaculture. Mexican golden trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster) is a threatened native trout species that has been introduced in aquaculture both for species conservation and breeding for production and for which no studies of bacterial infections have been reported. Case presentation Fish from juvenile stages of Mexican golden trout showed an infectious outbreak in a farm in co-culture with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), showing external puntiform red lesions around the mouth and caudal pedunculus resembling furuncles by Aeromonas spp. and causing an accumulated mortality of 91%. Isolation and molecular identification of bacteria from lesions and internal organs showed the presence of Aeromonas bestiarum, Aeromonas sobria, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Ichthyobodo necator isolated from a single individual. All bacterial isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefazoline. P. shigelloides was resistant to third generation β-lactamics. Conclusions This is the first report of coinfection by Aeromonas bestiarum, Aeromonas sobria, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Ichthyobodo necator in an individual of Mexican golden trout in co-culture with rainbow trout. Resistance to β-lactams suggests the acquisition of genetic determinants from water contamination by human- or livestock-associated activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Anel Fuentes-Valencia
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - José Luis Osornio-Esquivel
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | | | | | - Erik Barriga-Tovar
- Comité Estatal de Sanidad e Inocuidad Acuícola de Michoacán A.C. (CESAMICH), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Genoveva Ingle-de la Mora
- Dirección General Adjunta de Investigación en Acuacultura, Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuacultura, Pátzcuaro, Mexico.,Centro Regional de Investigación Acuícola y Pesquera en Pátzcuaro, Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuacultura, Pátzcuaro, Mexico
| | - Andrés Arellano-Torres
- Dirección General Adjunta de Investigación en Acuacultura, Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuacultura, Pátzcuaro, Mexico.,Centro Regional de Investigación Acuícola y Pesquera en Pátzcuaro, Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuacultura, Pátzcuaro, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Baizabal-Aguirre
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Bravo-Patiño
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Marcos Cajero-Juárez
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico.,Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Juan José Valdez Alarcón
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico.
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Ghafarifarsani H, Hoseinifar SH, Talebi M, Yousefi M, Van Doan H, Rufchaei R, Paolucci M. Combined and Singular Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Persian Shallot ( Allium hirtifolium Boiss) and Synbiotic Biomin ®IMBO on Growth Performance, Serum- and Mucus-Immune Parameters and Antioxidant Defense in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102995. [PMID: 34680014 PMCID: PMC8532822 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study investigated the effect of combined and singular ethanolic extract of Persian shallot and synbiotic Bomin®IMBO in zebrafish. The aim of this study is to measure a range of parameters consisting of growth performance, serum and mucus immune parameters, and antioxidant defense. The results indicated that the measured parameters have a positive effect and hence we can suggest administration of these additives in zebrafish culture. Abstract This study was carried out to evaluate combined and singular effects of ethanolic extract of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss) and synbiotic Biomin®IMBO on growth performance, innate immune responses, and antioxidant defense in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish with initial weight of 151.90 ± 0.31 mg were allocated in 21 10-L glass aquariums. The experimental groups were as follows: T1, control (without any supplementation); T2, 1% synbiotic; T3, 3% synbiotic; T4, 1% Persian shallot (as a medical plant); T5, 3% Persian shallot; T6, 1% Persian shallot and 1% synbiotic; T7, 3% Persian shallot and 3% synbiotic. At the end of the experiment (60 days), all treatments significantly showed higher final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), WG (%), and specific growth rate (SGR) compared with the fish fed on control diet. Furthermore, both synbiotic Biomin®IMBO and Persian shallot significantly improved intestine immune parameters including lysozyme, alternative complement hemolytic activity (ACH50), total immunoglobulin (total Ig), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) of zebrafish compared to fish fed on control diet (p < 0.05). Also, in all experimental groups, hepatic catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities significantly increased compared to the control group. Whereas, the highest MDA level was observed in the control group compared to the treatments (p < 0.05). Moreover, skin mucus immune parameters of zebrafish have been noticeably improved with synbiotic Biomin®IMBO and Persian shallot compared to fish fed on the control diet (p < 0.05). The results indicate that synbiotic or Persian shallot supplemented diet could enhance the general health status of the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ghafarifarsani
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran;
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 4918943464, Iran;
| | - Maedeh Talebi
- Fishery Group, Department of Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University (Lahijan Branch), Lahijan 1477893855, Iran;
| | - Morteza Yousefi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Keaw Rd., Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Rudabeh Rufchaei
- Inland Water Aquaculture Research Centre, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSIR), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (ARREO), Bandar-e Anzali 4314166976, Iran;
| | - Marina Paolucci
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
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Friel AD, Neiswenter SA, Seymour CO, Bali LR, McNamara G, Leija F, Jewell J, Hedlund BP. Microbiome Shifts Associated With the Introduction of Wild Atlantic Horseshoe Crabs ( Limulus polyphemus) Into a Touch-Tank Exhibit. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1398. [PMID: 32765431 PMCID: PMC7381184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) is a common marine aquarium species and model organism for research. There is potential monetary and conservation value in developing a stable captive population of horseshoe crabs, however, one major impediment to achieving captivity is a lack of knowledge regarding captive diseases. We utilized 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to track changes in the microbiomes of four body locations in three wild-caught (tracked over 14 months in captivity) and three tank-acclimated (>2 years in captivity) adult L. polyphemus in a touch tank at Shark Reef Aquarium at Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas, NV. The wild population hosted diverse and distinct microbiomes on the carapace (260 ± 96 amplicon sequence variants or ASVs), cloaca (345 ± 77 ASVs), gills (309 ± 36 ASVs), and oral cavity (359 ± 37 ASVs), which were dominated by classes Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia, and Alphaproteobacteria. A rapid decline in richness across all body locations was observed within 1 month of captivity, with tank-acclimated (>2 years) animals having <5% of the initial microbiome richness and a nearly completely restructured microbial community. Tank-acclimated horseshoe crabs possessed distinct microbiomes that were highly uneven and low in species richness on the carapace (31 ± 7 ASVs), cloaca (53 ± 19 ASVs), gills (17 ± 2 ASVs), and oral cavity (31 ± 13 ASVs). The carapace, oral cavity, and gills of the tank-acclimated animals hosted abundant populations of Aeromonas (>60%) and Pseudomonas (>20%), both of which are known opportunistic pathogens of aquatic animals and can express chitinases, providing a plausible mechanism for the development of the carapace lesion pathology observed in this and other studies. The cloaca of the tank-acclimated animals was slightly more diverse than the other body locations with Aeromonas, Enterococcus, Shewanella, and Vagococcus dominating the community. These results provide an important baseline on the microbiomes of both wild and tank-acclimated horseshoe crabs and underscore the need to continue to investigate how native microbial populations may protect animals from pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel D Friel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Sean A Neiswenter
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Cale O Seymour
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Lauren Rose Bali
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Ginger McNamara
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Fabian Leija
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Jack Jewell
- Shark Reef Aquarium at Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Brian P Hedlund
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States.,Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
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