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Leith FW, Grigg JL, Barham BJ, Barham PJ, Ludynia K, McGeorge C, Mdluli A, Parsons NJ, Waller LJ, Sherley RB. Intercolony variation in reproductive skipping in the African penguin. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9255. [PMID: 36091339 PMCID: PMC9448970 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In long‐lived species, reproductive skipping is a common strategy whereby sexually mature animals skip a breeding season, potentially reducing population growth. This may be an adaptive decision to protect survival, or a non‐adaptive decision driven by individual‐specific constraints. Understanding the presence and drivers of reproductive skipping behavior can be important for effective population management, yet in many species such as the endangered African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), these factors remain unknown. This study uses multistate mark‐recapture methods to estimate African penguin survival and breeding probabilities at two colonies between 2013 and 2020. Overall, survival (mean ± SE) was higher at Stony Point (0.82 ± 0.01) than at Robben Island (0.77 ± 0.02). Inter‐colony differences were linked to food availability; under decreasing sardine (Sardinops sagax) abundance, survival decreased at Robben Island and increased at Stony Point. Additionally, reproductive skipping was evident across both colonies; at Robben Island the probability of a breeder becoming a nonbreeder was ~0.22, versus ~0.1 at Stony Point. Penguins skipping reproduction had a lower probability of future breeding than breeding individuals; this lack of adaptive benefit suggests reproductive skipping is driven by individual‐specific constraints. Lower survival and breeding propensity at Robben Island places this colony in greater need of conservation action. However, further research on the drivers of inter‐colony differences is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddie W Leith
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Jennifer L Grigg
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | | | - Peter J Barham
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory University of Bristol Bristol UK.,Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology University of the Western Cape Cape Town South Africa
| | - Katrin Ludynia
- Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) Cape Town South Africa.,Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Cuan McGeorge
- Stony Point Nature Reserve, CapeNature Betty's Bay South Africa
| | - Andile Mdluli
- Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) Cape Town South Africa.,Robben Island Museum, Robben Island South Africa
| | - Nola J Parsons
- Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) Cape Town South Africa
| | - Lauren J Waller
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology University of the Western Cape Cape Town South Africa.,Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) Cape Town South Africa
| | - Richard B Sherley
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Penryn UK.,FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
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2
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Important marine areas for endangered African penguins before and after the crucial stage of moulting. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9489. [PMID: 35676286 PMCID: PMC9177839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The population of the Endangered African penguin Spheniscus demersus has decreased by > 65% in the last 20 years. A major driver of this decrease has been the reduced availability of their principal prey, sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus. To date, conservation efforts to improve prey availability have focused on spatial management strategies to reduce resource competition with purse-seine fisheries during the breeding season. However, penguins also undergo an annual catastrophic moult when they are unable to feed for several weeks. Before moulting they must accumulate sufficient energy stores to survive this critical life-history stage. Using GPS tracking data collected between 2012 and 2019, we identify important foraging areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins at three of their major colonies in South Africa: Dassen Island and Stony Point (Western Cape) and Bird Island (Eastern Cape). The foraging ranges of pre- and post-moult adult African penguins (c. 600 km from colony) was far greater than that previously observed for breeding penguins (c. 50 km from colony) and varied considerably between sites, years and pre- and post-moult stages. Despite their more extensive range during the non-breeding season, waters within 20 and 50 km of their breeding colonies were used intensively and represent important foraging areas to pre- and post-moult penguins. Furthermore, penguins in the Western Cape travelled significantly further than those in the Eastern Cape which is likely a reflection of the poor prey availability along the west coast of South Africa. Our findings identify important marine areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins and support for the expansion of fisheries-related spatio-temporal management strategies to help conserve African penguins outside the breeding season.
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3
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Pitfalls and advances in morphometric sexing: insights from the Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae. Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSexing weakly/criptically dimorphic birds requires invasive techniques or molecular analysis. Alternatively, sexing can be based upon morphometric analysis, which remains invaluable in remote field conditions such as Polar regions. Nevertheless, discriminatory power may be affected by methodological issues hampering comparison between/within studies, e.g. considering alternative analytical techniques or measurements taken by different researchers. We investigated the sexing potential of bill length, bill depth and body mass in adult Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae of known sex. We performed discriminant analysis on a large dataset of measurements (237 males; 264 females) taken from penguins marked between 1994 and 2001, at Edmonson Point (Ross Sea, Antarctica). In a second step, we accounted for measurements collected by different researchers through permuted discriminant analysis. We found moderate support for sex discrimination through bill measurements (77%). Considering body mass did not improve classification power substantially (78.2%), possibly because of confounding inter/intra-annual oscillations in body condition. Discriminant rate decreased when controlling the researcher effect (72.7% and 71.4%, respectively). Results were also confirmed by logistic (mixed) models. Simulations showed that reduction in sample size markedly increased uncertainty in classification power. Differences with previous studies achieving a slightly greater classification power for sexing Adélie penguins through morphometrics could be related to (i) our higher sample size and/or (ii) geographical, population-specific differences, e.g. lower degree of sexual dimorphism. Our work emphasises key-factors influencing performance of morphometric sexing in avian species, advocating population-specific validation with large sample size as well as the necessity to account for the researcher effect prior to apply morphometric sexing.
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4
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Pärssinen V, Hulthén K, Brönmark C, Björnerås C, Ekelund Ugge G, Gollnisch R, Hansson L, Herzog SD, Hu N, Johansson E, Lee M, Rengefors K, Sha Y, Škerlep M, Vinterstare J, Zhang H, Langerhans RB, Nilsson PA. Variation in predation regime drives sex‐specific differences in mosquitofish foraging behaviour. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
| | | | | | - Gustaf Ekelund Ugge
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
- Univ. of Skövde, School of Bioscience Skövde Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Nan Hu
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
| | - Emma Johansson
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
| | - Marcus Lee
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
| | | | - Yongcui Sha
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
| | - Martin Škerlep
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
| | | | - Huan Zhang
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Inst. of Hydrobiology Wuhan China
| | - R. Brian Langerhans
- North Carolina State Univ., Dept of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology Raleigh USA
| | - P. Anders Nilsson
- Lund Univ., Aquatic Ecology, Dept of Biology Lund Sweden
- Karlstad Univ., River Ecology and Management Research Group RivEM, Dept of Environmental and Life Sciences Karlstad Sweden
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5
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Sutton G, Pichegru L, Botha JA, Kouzani AZ, Adams S, Bost CA, Arnould JPY. Multi-predator assemblages, dive type, bathymetry and sex influence foraging success and efficiency in African penguins. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9380. [PMID: 32655991 PMCID: PMC7333648 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine predators adapt their hunting techniques to locate and capture prey in response to their surrounding environment. However, little is known about how certain strategies influence foraging success and efficiency. Due to the miniaturisation of animal tracking technologies, a single individual can be equipped with multiple data loggers to obtain multi-scale tracking information. With the addition of animal-borne video data loggers, it is possible to provide context-specific information for movement data obtained over the video recording periods. Through a combination of video data loggers, accelerometers, GPS and depth recorders, this study investigated the influence of habitat, sex and the presence of other predators on the foraging success and efficiency of the endangered African penguin, Spheniscus demersus, from two colonies in Algoa Bay, South Africa. Due to limitations in the battery life of video data loggers, a machine learning model was developed to detect prey captures across full foraging trips. The model was validated using prey capture signals detected in concurrently recording accelerometers and animal-borne cameras and was then applied to detect prey captures throughout the full foraging trip of each individual. Using GPS and bathymetry information to inform the position of dives, individuals were observed to perform both pelagic and benthic diving behaviour. Females were generally more successful on pelagic dives than males, suggesting a trade-off between manoeuvrability and physiological diving capacity. By contrast, males were more successful in benthic dives, at least for Bird Island (BI) birds, possibly due to their larger size compared to females, allowing them to exploit habitat deeper and for longer durations. Both males at BI and both sexes at St Croix (SC) exhibited similar benthic success rates. This may be due to the comparatively shallower seafloor around SC, which could increase the likelihood of females capturing prey on benthic dives. Observation of camera data indicated individuals regularly foraged with a range of other predators including penguins and other seabirds, predatory fish (sharks and tuna) and whales. The presence of other seabirds increased individual foraging success, while predatory fish reduced it, indicating competitive exclusion by larger heterospecifics. This study highlights novel benthic foraging strategies in African penguins and suggests that individuals could buffer the effects of changes to prey availability in response to climate change. Furthermore, although group foraging was prevalent in the present study, its influence on foraging success depends largely on the type of heterospecifics present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Sutton
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.,Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS/Univ La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Lorien Pichegru
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Jonathan A Botha
- Marine Apex Predator Research Unit (MAPRU), Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Abbas Z Kouzani
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott Adams
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles A Bost
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS/Univ La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - John P Y Arnould
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Purwaningrum M, Nugroho HA, Asvan M, Karyanti K, Alviyanto B, Kusuma R, Haryanto A. Molecular techniques for sex identification of captive birds. Vet World 2019; 12:1506-1513. [PMID: 31749589 PMCID: PMC6813601 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1506-1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Many avian species are considered sexually monomorphic. In monomorphic bird species, especially in young birds, sex is difficult to identify based on an analysis of their external morphology. Accurate sex identification is essential for avian captive breeding and evolutionary studies. Methods with varying degrees of invasiveness such as vent sexing, laparoscopic surgery, steroid sexing, and chromosome inspection (karyotyping) are used for sex identification in monomorphic birds. This study aimed to assess the utility of a non-invasive molecular marker for gender identification in a variety of captive monomorphic birds, as a strategy for conservation. Materials and Methods: DNA was isolated from feather samples from 52 individuals representing 16 species of 11 families indigenous to both Indonesia and elsewhere. We amplified the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) gene using polymerase chain reaction with MP, NP, and PF primers to amplify introns with lengths that differ between the CHD-W and the CHD-Z genes, allowing sex discrimination because the W chromosome is exclusively present in females. Results: Molecular bird sexing confirmed 33 females and 19 males with 100% accuracy. We used sequencing followed by alignment on one protected bird species (Probosciger aterrimus). Conclusion: Sex identification may be accomplished noninvasively in birds, because males only have Z sex chromosomes, whereas females have both Z and W chromosomes. Consequently, the presence of a W-unique DNA sequence identifies an individual as female. Sexing of birds is vital for scientific research, and to increase the success rate of conservation breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medania Purwaningrum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Herjuno Ari Nugroho
- Research Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, West Java 16911, Indonesia
| | - Machmud Asvan
- Gembira Loka Zoo and Botanical Garden, Yogyakarta 55171, Indonesia
| | | | - Bertha Alviyanto
- Gembira Loka Zoo and Botanical Garden, Yogyakarta 55171, Indonesia
| | - Randy Kusuma
- Gembira Loka Zoo and Botanical Garden, Yogyakarta 55171, Indonesia
| | - Aris Haryanto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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7
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Steinfurth A, Booth JM, White J, Bond AL, McQuaid CD. Sexual and geographic dimorphism in northern rockhopper penguins breeding in the South Atlantic Ocean. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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8
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McInnes AM, Ryan PG, Lacerda M, Pichegru L. Targeted prey fields determine foraging effort thresholds of a marine diver: Important cues for the sustainable management of fisheries. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair M. McInnes
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST‐NRF Centre of Excellence University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Peter G. Ryan
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST‐NRF Centre of Excellence University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Miguel Lacerda
- Department of Statistical Sciences University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Lorien Pichegru
- DST‐NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research and Department of Zoology Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Summerstrand South Africa
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9
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McInnes AM, Pistorius PA. Up for grabs: prey herding by penguins facilitates shallow foraging by volant seabirds. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190333. [PMID: 31312494 PMCID: PMC6599777 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Visual and olfactory signals are commonly used by seabirds to locate prey in the horizontal domain, but foraging success depends on prey depth and the seabird's ability to access it. Facilitation by diving seabirds has long been hypothesized as a mechanism to elevate deep prey to regions more accessible to volant seabirds, but this has never been demonstrated empirically. Footage from animal-borne video loggers deployed on African penguins was analysed to establish if volant seabird encounters involved active cuing by seabirds on penguins to obtain prey and, during mutual prey encounters, if interactions were driven by the vertical displacement of prey by penguins. Independent of prey biomass estimates, we found a strong inverse relationship between penguin group size, a proxy for visibility, and the time elapsed from the start of penguins' dive bouts to their first encounter with other seabirds. Most mutual prey encounters (7 of 10) involved schooling prey elevated from depths greater than 33 m by penguins and only pursued by other seabird species once prey was herded into shallow waters. This is likely to enhance foraging efficiency in volant seabird species. As such, penguins may be integral to important processes that influence the structure and integrity of marine communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. McInnes
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Summerstrand 6031, South Africa
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10
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Campbell KJ, Steinfurth A, Underhill LG, Coetzee JC, Dyer BM, Ludynia K, Makhado AB, Merkle D, Rademan J, Upfold L, Sherley RB. Local forage fish abundance influences foraging effort and offspring condition in an endangered marine predator. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate J. Campbell
- Animal Demography Unit, Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
- Marine Research (MA‐RE) Institute University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Antje Steinfurth
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST‐NRF Centre of Excellence University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Les G. Underhill
- Animal Demography Unit, Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Janet C. Coetzee
- Fisheries Management Branch Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Cape Town South Africa
| | - Bruce M. Dyer
- Oceans and Coasts Branch Department of Environmental Affairs Cape Town South Africa
| | - Katrin Ludynia
- Marine Research (MA‐RE) Institute University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
- Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) Cape Town South Africa
| | - Azwianewi B. Makhado
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST‐NRF Centre of Excellence University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
- Oceans and Coasts Branch Department of Environmental Affairs Cape Town South Africa
| | - Dagmar Merkle
- Fisheries Management Branch Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Cape Town South Africa
| | - Johan Rademan
- Fisheries Management Branch Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Cape Town South Africa
| | - Leshia Upfold
- Oceans and Coasts Branch Department of Environmental Affairs Cape Town South Africa
| | - Richard B. Sherley
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Exeter UK
- Bristol Zoological Society Bristol UK
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11
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Traisnel G, Pichegru L. Boldness at the nest predicts foraging and diving behaviour of female but not male African penguins. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Rico-Guevara A, Hurme KJ. Intrasexually selected weapons. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:60-101. [PMID: 29924496 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We propose a practical concept that distinguishes the particular kind of weaponry that has evolved to be used in combat between individuals of the same species and sex, which we term intrasexually selected weapons (ISWs). We present a treatise of ISWs in nature, aiming to understand their distinction and evolution from other secondary sex traits, including from 'sexually selected weapons', and from sexually dimorphic and monomorphic weaponry. We focus on the subset of secondary sex traits that are the result of same-sex combat, defined here as ISWs, provide not previously reported evolutionary patterns, and offer hypotheses to answer questions such as: why have only some species evolved weapons to fight for the opposite sex or breeding resources? We examined traits that seem to have evolved as ISWs in the entire animal phylogeny, restricting the classification of ISW to traits that are only present or enlarged in adults of one of the sexes, and are used as weapons during intrasexual fights. Because of the absence of behavioural data and, in many cases, lack of sexually discriminated series from juveniles to adults, we exclude the fossil record from this review. We merge morphological, ontogenetic, and behavioural information, and for the first time thoroughly review the tree of life to identify separate evolution of ISWs. We found that ISWs are only found in bilateral animals, appearing independently in nematodes, various groups of arthropods, and vertebrates. Our review sets a reference point to explore other taxa that we identify with potential ISWs for which behavioural or morphological studies are warranted. We establish that most ISWs come in pairs, are located in or near the head, are endo- or exoskeletal modifications, are overdeveloped structures compared with those found in females, are modified feeding structures and/or locomotor appendages, are most common in terrestrial taxa, are frequently used to guard females, territories, or both, and are also used in signalling displays to deter rivals and/or attract females. We also found that most taxa lack ISWs, that females of only a few species possess better-developed weapons than males, that the cases of independent evolution of ISWs are not evenly distributed across the phylogeny, and that animals possessing the most developed ISWs have non-hunting habits (e.g. herbivores) or are faunivores that prey on very small prey relative to their body size (e.g. insectivores). Bringing together perspectives from studies on a variety of taxa, we conceptualize that there are five ways in which a sexually dimorphic trait, apart from the primary sex traits, can be fixed: sexual selection, fecundity selection, parental role division, differential niche occupation between the sexes, and interference competition. We discuss these trends and the factors involved in the evolution of intrasexually selected weaponry in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rico-Guevara
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Rd, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT, 06269, U.S.A.,Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Código Postal 11001, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Kristiina J Hurme
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Rd, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT, 06269, U.S.A
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13
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Gownaris NJ, Boersma PD. Sex-biased survival contributes to population decline in a long-lived seabird, the Magellanic Penguin. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 29:e01826. [PMID: 30601594 PMCID: PMC6849821 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We developed a Hidden Markov mark-recapture model (R package marked) to examine sex-specific demography in Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Our model was based on 33 yr of resightings at Punta Tombo, Argentina, where we banded ~44,000 chicks from 1983 to 2010. Because we sexed only 57% of individuals over their lifetime, we treated sex as an uncertain state in our model. Our goals were to provide insight into the population dynamics of this declining colony, to inform conservation of this species, and to highlight the importance of considering sex-specific vital rates in demographic seabird studies. Like many other seabirds, Magellanic Penguins are long-lived, serially monogamous, and exhibit obligate biparental care. We found that the non-breeding-season survival of females was lower than that of males and that the magnitude of this bias was highest for juveniles. Biases in survival accumulated as cohorts aged, leading to increasingly skewed sex ratios. The survival bias was greatest in years when overall survival was low, that is, females fared disproportionality worse when conditions were unfavorable. Our model-estimated survival patterns are consistent with independent data on carcasses from the species' non-breeding grounds, showing that mortality is higher for juveniles than for adults and higher for females than for males. Juveniles may be less efficient foragers than adults are and, because of their smaller size, females may show less resilience to food scarcity than males. We used perturbation analysis of a population matrix model to determine the impact of sex-biased survival on adult sex ratio and population growth rate at Punta Tombo. We found that adult sex ratio and population growth rate have the greatest proportional response, that is, elasticity, to female pre-breeder and adult survival. Sex bias in juvenile survival (i.e., lower survival of females) made the greatest contribution to population declines from 1990 to 2009. Because starvation is a leading cause of morality in juveniles and adults, precautionary fisheries and spatial management in the region could help to slow population decline. Our data add to growing evidence that knowledge of sex-specific demography and sex ratios are necessary for accurate assessment of seabird population trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. J. Gownaris
- Department of Biology and Center for Ecosystem SentinelsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington98103USA
| | - P. D. Boersma
- Department of Biology and Center for Ecosystem SentinelsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington98103USA
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14
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Colominas-Ciuró R, Santos M, Coria N, Barbosa A. Sex-specific foraging strategies of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae): Females forage further and on more krill than males in the Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Booth JM, Steinfurth A, Fusi M, Cuthbert RJ, McQuaid CD. Foraging plasticity of breeding Northern Rockhopper Penguins, Eudyptes moseleyi, in response to changing energy requirements. Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Cappello CD, Boersma PD. Sexing Galápagos penguins Spheniscus mendiculus by morphological measurements. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Traisnel G, Pichegru L. Does it always pay to defend one's nest? A case study in African penguin. Ethology 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Traisnel
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology; Institute for Coastal and Marine Research and Department of Zoology at the Nelson Mandela University; Port Elizabeth South Africa
| | - Lorien Pichegru
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology; Institute for Coastal and Marine Research and Department of Zoology at the Nelson Mandela University; Port Elizabeth South Africa
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Morten JM, Parsons NJ, Schwitzer C, Holderied MW, Sherley RB. Body condition as a quantitative tool to guide hand-rearing decisions in an endangered seabird. Anim Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Morten
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
- Bristol Zoological Society; Clifton Bristol UK
| | - N. J. Parsons
- Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB); Cape Town South Africa
| | | | - M. W. Holderied
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - R. B. Sherley
- Bristol Zoological Society; Clifton Bristol UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute; University of Exeter; Penryn Cornwall UK
- Animal Demography Unit; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Cape Town; Rondebosch Western Cape South Africa
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McInnes AM, McGeorge C, Ginsberg S, Pichegru L, Pistorius PA. Group foraging increases foraging efficiency in a piscivorous diver, the African penguin. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170918. [PMID: 28989785 PMCID: PMC5627125 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine piscivores have evolved a variety of morphological and behavioural adaptations, including group foraging, to optimize foraging efficiency when targeting shoaling fish. For penguins that are known to associate at sea and feed on these prey resources, there is nonetheless a lack of empirical evidence to support improved foraging efficiency when foraging with conspecifics. We examined the hunting strategies and foraging performance of breeding African penguins equipped with animal-borne video recorders. Individuals pursued both solitary as well as schooling pelagic fish, and demonstrated independent as well as group foraging behaviour. The most profitable foraging involved herding of fish schools upwards during the ascent phase of a dive where most catches constituted depolarized fish. Catch-per-unit-effort was significantly improved when targeting fish schools as opposed to single fish, especially when foraging in groups. In contrast to more generalist penguin species, African penguins appear to have evolved specialist hunting strategies closely linked to their primary reliance on schooling pelagic fish. The specialist nature of the observed hunting strategies further limits the survival potential of this species if Allee effects reduce group size-related foraging efficiency. This is likely to be exacerbated by diminishing fish stocks due to resource competition and environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair M. McInnes
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Summerstrand 6031, South Africa
- Author for correspondence: Alistair M. McInnes e-mail:
| | - Cuan McGeorge
- CapeNature, Stony Point, Betty's Bay 7141, South Africa
| | - Samuel Ginsberg
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Lorien Pichegru
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Summerstrand 6031, South Africa
| | - Pierre A. Pistorius
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Summerstrand 6031, South Africa
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Connan M, Hofmeyr GJG, Pistorius PA. Reappraisal of the Trophic Ecology of One of the World's Most Threatened Spheniscids, the African Penguin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159402. [PMID: 27434061 PMCID: PMC4951110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of seabirds, including the only penguin species breeding on the African continent, are threatened with extinction. The world population of the endangered African penguin Spheniscus demersus has decreased from more than 1.5 million individuals in the early 1900s to c.a. 23 000 pairs in 2013. Determining the trophic interactions of species, especially those of conservation concern, is important when declining numbers are thought to be driven by food limitation. By and large, African penguin dietary studies have relied on the identification of prey remains from stomach contents. Despite all the advantages of this method, it has well known biases. We therefore assessed the African penguin’s diet, using stable isotopes, at two colonies in Algoa Bay (south-east coast of South Africa). These represent over 50% of the world population. Various samples (blood, feathers, egg membranes) were collected for carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses. Results indicate that the trophic ecology of African penguins is influenced by colony, season and age class, but not adult sex. Isotopic niches identified by standard Bayesian ellipse areas and convex hulls, highlighted differences among groups and variability among individual penguins. Using Bayesian mixing models it was for the first time shown that adults target chokka squid Loligo reynaudii for self-provisioning during particular stages of their annual cycle, while concurrently feeding their chicks primarily with small pelagic fish. This has important ramifications and means that not only pelagic fish, but also squid stocks, need to be carefully managed in order to allow population recovery of African penguin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Connan
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - G. J. Greg Hofmeyr
- Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
- Port Elizabeth Museum at Bayworld, Humewood, Port Elizabeth, 6013, South Africa
| | - Pierre A Pistorius
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
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Parsons NJ, Schaefer AM, van der Spuy SD, Gous TA. Establishment of baseline haematology and biochemistry parameters in wild adult African penguins (Spheniscus demersus). J S Afr Vet Assoc 2015; 86:e1-e8. [PMID: 26016391 PMCID: PMC8574100 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v86i1.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few publications on the clinical haematology and biochemistry of African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) and these are based on captive populations. Baseline haematology and serum biochemistry parameters were analysed from 108 blood samples from wild, adult African penguins. Samples were collected from the breeding range of the African penguin in South Africa and the results were compared between breeding region and sex. The haematological parameters that were measured were: haematocrit, haemoglobin, red cell count and white cell count. The biochemical parameters that were measured were: sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, inorganic phosphate, creatinine, cholesterol, serum glucose, uric acid, bile acid, total serum protein, albumin, aspartate transaminase and creatine kinase. All samples were serologically negative for selected avian diseases and no blood parasites were detected. No haemolysis was present in any of the analysed samples. Male African penguins were larger and heavier than females, with higher haematocrit, haemoglobin and red cell count values, but lower calcium and phosphate values. African penguins in the Eastern Cape were heavier than those in the Western Cape, with lower white cell count and globulin values and a higher albumin/globulin ratio, possibly indicating that birds are in a poorer condition in the Western Cape. Results were also compared between multiple penguin species and with African penguins in captivity. These values for healthy, wild, adult penguins can be used for future health and disease assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nola J Parsons
- Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB).
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