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Jan N, Shah H, Khan S, Nasar F, Madni A, Badshah SF, Ali A, Bostanudin MF. Old drug, new tricks: polymer-based nanoscale systems for effective cytarabine delivery. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:3565-3584. [PMID: 38015258 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cytarabine, an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent, has been utilized to treat various cancers. However, because of its short half-life, low stability, and limited bioavailability, achieving an optimal plasma concentration requires continuous intravenous administration, which can lead to toxicity in normal cells and tissues. Addressing these limitations is crucial to optimize the therapeutic efficacy of cytarabine while minimizing its adverse effects. The use of novel drug delivery systems, such as polymer-based nanocarriers have emerged as promising vehicles for targeted drug delivery due to their unique properties, including high stability, biocompatibility, and tunable release kinetics. In this review, we examine the application of various polymer-based nanocarriers, including polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, polymer-drug conjugates, and nano-hydrogels, for the delivery of cytarabine. The article highlights the limitations of conventional cytarabine administration which often lead to suboptimal therapeutic outcomes and systemic toxicity. The rationale for using polymer-based nanocarriers is discussed, highlighting their ability to overcome challenges by providing controlled drug release, improved stability, and enhanced targeting capabilities. In summary, this review offers a valuable resource for drug delivery scientists by providing insights into the design principles, formulation strategies, and potential applications of polymer-based nanocarriers that can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of cytarabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrullah Jan
- Akson College of Pharmacy, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Chenab, Gujrat, 50700, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Hassan Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Chenab, Gujrat, 50700, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Safiullah Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
- Cadson College of Pharmacy, Kharian, 50090, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Nasar
- Akson College of Pharmacy, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Asadullah Madni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Syed Faisal Badshah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, 12350, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad F Bostanudin
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, 112612, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, 112612, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Islam R, Kotalík K, Šubr V, Gao S, Zhou JR, Yokomizo K, Etrych T, Fang J. HPMA copolymer conjugated 5-aminolevulinic acid exhibits superior efficacy for photodynamic therapy with tumor-responsive and targeting properties. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 48:102636. [PMID: 36549553 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a nanoformulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) for tumor-targeted photodynamic therapy, in which 5-ALA was conjugated with a biocompatible polymer N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) through the hydrazone bond, i.e., P-ALA. P-ALA behaves as the nano-sized molecule with an average size of 5.5 nm in aqueous solution. P-ALA shows a largely increased release rate in acidic pH than physiological pH, suggesting the rapid release profile in acidic tumor environment. P-ALA did not show apparent cytotoxicity up to 0.1 mg/ml, however, under light irradiation, remarkable cell death was induced with the IC50 of 20-30 μg/ml. More importantly, we found significantly higher tumor accumulation of P-ALA than 5-ALA which benefit from its nano-size by taking advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Consequently, P-ALA exhibited much improved in vivo antitumor efficacy without any apparent side effects. We thus anticipate the application of P-ALA as a nano-designed photosensitizer for anticancer photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayhanul Islam
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
| | - Kevin Kotalík
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Šubr
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Shanghui Gao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
| | - Jian-Rong Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
| | - Kazumi Yokomizo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jun Fang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
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Polymer-Antimicrobial Peptide Constructs with Tailored Drug-Release Behavior. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020406. [PMID: 36839728 PMCID: PMC9960778 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial resistance is one of the main problems of modern medicine. Recently, antimicrobial peptides have been recognized as a novel approach to overcome the microbial resistance issue, nevertheless, their low stability, toxicity, and potential immunogenic response in biological systems have limited their clinical application. Herein, we present the design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation of polymer-antibacterial peptide constructs. The antimicrobial GKWMKLLKKILK-NH2 oligopeptide (PEP) derived from halictine, honey bee venom, was bound to a polymer carrier via various biodegradable spacers employing the pH-sensitive or enzymatically-driven release and reactivation of the PEP's antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial properties of the polymer-PEP constructs were assessed by a determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations, followed by fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. The PEP exerted antibacterial activity against both, gram-positive and negative bacteria, via disruption of the bacterial cell wall mechanism. Importantly, PEP partly retained its antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumanii even though it was bound to the polymer carrier. Indeed, to observe antibacterial activity similar to the free PEP, the peptide has to be released from the polymer carrier in response to a pH decrease. Enzymatically-driven release and reactivation of the PEP antimicrobial activity were recognized as less effective when compared to the pH-sensitive release of PEP.
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Studenovský M, Rumlerová A, Kostka L, Etrych T. HPMA-Based Polymer Conjugates for Repurposed Drug Mebendazole and Other Imidazole-Based Therapeutics. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152530. [PMID: 34372133 PMCID: PMC8347626 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the antitumor potential of benzimidazole anthelmintics, such as mebendazole and its analogues, have been reported to have minimal side effects, in addition to their well-known anti-parasitic abilities. However, their administration is strongly limited owing to their extremely poor solubility, which highly depletes their overall bioavailability. This study describes the design, synthesis, and physico-chemical properties of polymer-mebendazole nanomedicines for drug repurposing in cancer therapy. The conjugation of mebendazole to water-soluble and biocompatible polymer carrier was carried out via biodegradable bond, relying on the hydrolytic action of lysosomal hydrolases for mebendazole release inside the tumor cells. Five low-molecular-weight mebendazole derivatives, differing in their inner structure, and two polymer conjugates differing in their linker structure, were synthesized. The overall synthetic strategy was designed to enable the modification and polymer conjugation of most benzimidazole-based anthelmintics, such as albendazole, fenbendazole or albendazole, besides the mebendazole. Furthermore, the described methodology may be suitable for conjugation of other biologically active compounds with a heterocyclic N-H group in their molecules.
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Gao S, Islam R, Fang J. Tumor Environment-Responsive Hyaluronan Conjugated Zinc Protoporphyrin for Targeted Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy. J Pers Med 2021; 11:136. [PMID: 33671291 PMCID: PMC7922489 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted tumor accumulation, tumor environment responsive drug release, and effective internalization are critical issues being considered in developing anticancer nanomedicine. In this context, we synthesized a tumor environment-responsive nanoprobe for anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) that is a hyaluronan conjugated zinc protoporphyrin via an ester bond (HA-es-ZnPP), and we examined its anticancer PDT effect both in vitro and in vivo. HA-es-ZnPP exhibits high water-solubility and forms micelles of ~40 nm in aqueous solutions. HA-es-ZnPP shows fluorescence quenching without apparent 1O2 generation under light irradiation because of micelle formation. However, 1O2 was extensively generated when the micelle is disrupted, and ZnPP is released. Compared to native ZnPP, HA-es-ZnPP showed lower but comparable intracellular uptake and cytotoxicity in cultured mouse C26 colon cancer cells; more importantly, light irradiation resulted in 10-time increased cytotoxicity, which is the PDT effect. In a mouse sarcoma S180 solid tumor model, HA-es-ZnPP as polymeric micelles exhibited a prolonged systemic circulation time and the consequent tumor-selective accumulation based on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect was evidenced. Consequently, a remarkable anticancer PDT effect was achieved using HA-es-ZnPP and a xenon light source, without apparent side effects. These findings suggest the potential of HA-es-ZnPP as a candidate anticancer nanomedicine for PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Fang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; (S.G.); (R.I.)
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Islam R, Maeda H, Fang J. Factors affecting the dynamics and heterogeneity of the EPR effect: pathophysiological and pathoanatomic features, drug formulations and physicochemical factors. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 19:199-212. [PMID: 33430661 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1874916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect serves as the foundation of anticancer nanomedicine design. EPR effect-based drug delivery is an effective strategy for most solid tumors. However, the degree of efficacy depends on the pathophysiological conditions of tumors, drug formulations, and other factors. AREAS COVERED Vascular mediators including nitric oxide, bradykinin , and prostaglandins are vital for facilitating and maintaining EPR effect dynamics. Progression to large, advanced cancers may induce activated blood coagulation cascades, which lead to thrombus formation in tumor vasculature. Rapidly growing tumors cause obstructed or suppressed blood flow in tumor vasculature related to embolism or occluded blood vessels. The resulting limited tumor blood flow leads to less drug delivered to tumors, i.e. no or poor EPR effect. High stromal content also suppresses vascular permeability and drug diffusion. Restoring obstructed tumor blood flow and improving tumor vascular permeability via vascular mediators will improve drug delivery and the EPR effect. Physicochemical features of nanomedicines also influence therapeutic outcomes and are vital for the EPR effect. EXPERT OPINION The tumor microenvironment, especially tumor blood flow, is critical for a potent EPR effect. A rational strategy for circumventing EPR effect barriers must include restoring tumor blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayhanul Islam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- BioDynamics Research Foundation, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Pola R, Pokorná E, Vočková P, Böhmová E, Pechar M, Karolová J, Pankrác J, Šefc L, Helman K, Trněný M, Etrych T, Klener P. Cytarabine nanotherapeutics with increased stability and enhanced lymphoma uptake for tailored highly effective therapy of mantle cell lymphoma. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:349-359. [PMID: 33186784 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) with chronically relapsing clinical course. Implementation of cytarabine (araC) into induction and salvage regimen became standard of care for majority of MCL patients. In this study, tailored N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA)-based polymer nanotherapeutics containing covalently bound araC (araC co-polymers) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti-lymphoma efficacy in vivo using a panel of six patient-derived lymphoma xenografts (PDX) derived from newly diagnosed and relapsed / refractory (R/R) MCL. While free araC led to temporary inhibition of growth of MCL tumors, araC co-polymers induced long-term disappearance of the engrafted lymphomas with no observed toxicity even in the case of PDX models derived from patients, who relapsed after high-dose araC-based treatments. The results provide sound preclinical rationale for the use of HPMA-based araC co-polymers in induction, salvage or palliative therapy of MCL patients.
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Exploiting the dynamics of the EPR effect and strategies to improve the therapeutic effects of nanomedicines by using EPR effect enhancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 157:142-160. [PMID: 32553783 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is a unique phenomenon of solid tumors that is related to their particular anatomical and pathophysiological characteristics, e.g. defective vascular architecture; large gaps between endothelial cells in blood vessels; abundant vascular mediators such as bradykinin, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and vascular endothelial growth factor; and impaired lymphatic recovery. These features lead to tumor tissues showing considerable extravasation of plasma components and nanomedicines. These data comprise the basic theory underlying the development of macromolecular agents or nanomedicines. The EPR effect is not necessarily valid for all solid tumors, because tumor blood flow and vascular permeability vary greatly. Tumor blood flow is frequently obstructed as tumor size increases, as often seen clinically; early stage, small tumors show a more uniform EPR effect, whereas advanced large tumor show heterogeneity in EPR effect. Accordingly, it would be very important to apply enhancers of EPR effect in clinical setting to make EPR effect more uniform. In this review, we discuss the EPR effect: its history, factors involved, and dynamics and heterogeneity. Strategies to overcome the EPR effect's heterogeneity may guarantee better therapeutic outcomes of drug delivery to advanced cancers.
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Pola R, Parnica J, Zuska K, Böhmová E, Filipová M, Pechar M, Pankrác J, Mucksová J, Kalina J, Trefil P, Šefc L, Větvička D, Poučková P, Bouček J, Janoušková O, Etrych T. Oligopeptide-targeted polymer nanoprobes for fluorescence-guided endoscopic surgery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab159e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Koziolová E, Venclíková K, Etrych T. Polymer-drug conjugates in inflammation treatment. Physiol Res 2019; 67:S281-S292. [PMID: 30379550 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a vital defense mechanism of living organisms. However, persistent and chronic inflammation may lead to severe pathological processes and evolve into various chronic inflammatory diseases (CID), e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus or inflammatory bowel diseases, or certain types of cancer. Their current treatment usually does not lead to complete remission. The application of nanotherapeutics may significantly improve CID treatment, since their accumulation in inflamed tissues has been described and is referred to as extravasation through leaky vasculature and subsequent inflammatory cell-mediated sequestration (ELVIS). Among nanotherapeutics, water-soluble polymer-drug conjugates may be highly advantageous in CID treatment due to the possibility of their passive and active targeting to the inflammation site and controlled release of active agents once there. The polymer-drug conjugate consists of a hydrophilic biocompatible polymer backbone along which the drug molecules are covalently attached via a biodegradable linker that enables controlled drug release. Their active targeting or bio-imaging can be achieved by introducing the cell-specific targeting moiety or imaging agents into the polymer conjugate. Here, we review the relationship between polymer conjugates and inflammation, including the benefits of the application of polymer conjugates in inflammation treatment, the anti-inflammatory activity of polymer drug conjugates and potential polymer-promoted inflammation and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Koziolová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Kotrchová L, Etrych T. Synthesis of water-soluble star polymers based on cyclodextrins. Physiol Res 2019; 67:S357-S365. [PMID: 30379556 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel star polymers based on the water-soluble N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer and cyclodextrin were synthesized and the physico-chemical behavior of these precursors was studied. Semitelechelic HPMA copolymers were grafted onto the cyclodextrin core, thus forming star-like structure. Both prepared systems were designed as possible polymer carriers for the controlled release of cytostatic drugs, which after the drug release and degradation will be eliminated from the organism. Two synthesis approaches were used to obtain similar polymer carriers with different degradation rates. All the polymers were prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization, which guarantees low dispersity of the prepared systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kotrchová
- Department of Biomedicinal Polymers, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
In this review we summarize several synthetic approaches to the advanced synthesis of star-like polymer-based drug carriers. Moreover, their application as nanomedicines for therapy or the diagnosis of neoplastic diseases and their biodistribution are reviewed in detail. From a broad spectrum of star-like systems, we focus only on fully water-soluble systems, mainly based on poly(ethylene glycol) or N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide polymer and copolymer arms and polyamidoamine dendrimers serving as the core of the star-like systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kotrchová
- Department of Biomedicinal Polymers, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Pechar M, Pola R, Janoušková O, Sieglová I, Král V, Fábry M, Tomalová B, Kovář M. Polymer Cancerostatics Targeted with an Antibody Fragment Bound via a Coiled Coil Motif: In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy against Murine BCL1 Leukemia. Macromol Biosci 2017; 18. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pechar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Heyrovského nám. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Robert Pola
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Heyrovského nám. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Olga Janoušková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Heyrovského nám. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Irena Sieglová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Král
- Institute of Molecular Genetics; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Milan Fábry
- Institute of Molecular Genetics; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Tomalová
- Institute of Microbiology; Czech Academy of Sciences; Vídeňská 1083 142 20 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kovář
- Institute of Microbiology; Czech Academy of Sciences; Vídeňská 1083 142 20 Prague 4 Czech Republic
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