1
|
Jiang D, Yu Q, Liu M, Dai J. Effects of different external cooling placements prior to and during exercise on athletic performance in the heat: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1091228. [PMID: 36703929 PMCID: PMC9871495 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1091228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nowadays, many high-profile international sport events are often held in warm or hot environments, hence, it is inevitable for these elite athletes to be prepared for the challenges from the heat. Owing to internal cooling may cause gastrointestinal discomfort to athletes, external cooling technique seems to be a more applicable method to deal with thermal stress. Central cooling mainly refers to head, face, neck and torso cooling, can help to reduce skin temperature and relieve thermal perception. Peripheral cooling mainly refers to four limbs cooling, can help to mitigate metabolic heat from muscular contrac to effectively prevent the accumulation of body heat. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of different external cooling placements on athletic performance in the heat Methods: A literatures search was conducted using Web of Science, MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus until September 2022. The quality and risk of bias in the studies were independently assessed by two researchers. Results: 1,430 articles were initially identified (Web of Science = 775; MEDLINE = 358; SPORTDiscus = 271; Additional records identified through other sources = 26), 60 articles (82 experiments) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis, with overall article quality being deemed moderate. Central cooling (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.58, p < 0.001) was most effective in improving athletic performance in the heat, followed by central and peripheral cooling (SMD = 0.38, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.54, p < 0.001), AND peripheral cooling (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.57, p = 0.013). For the cooling-promotion effects on different sports types, the ranking order in central cooling was ETE (exercise to exhaustion), TT (time-trial), EWT (exercise within the fixed time or sets), IS (intermittent sprint); the ranking order in peripheral cooling was EWT, TT, ETE and IS; the ranking order in central and peripheral cooling was ETE, IS, EWT and TT. Conclusion: Central cooling appears to be an more effective intervention to enhance performance in hot conditions through improvements of skin temperature and thermal sensation, compared to other external cooling strategies. The enhancement effects of peripheral cooling require sufficient re-warming, otherwise it will be trivial. Although, central and peripheral cooling seems to retain advantages from central cooling, as many factors may influence the effects of peripheral cooling to offset the positive effects from central cooling, the question about whether central and peripheral cooling method is better than an isolated cooling technique is still uncertain and needs more researchs to explore it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongting Jiang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyu Yu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China,Big Ball Sports Center, Hebei Provincial Sports Bureau, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Meng Liu,
| | - Jinjin Dai
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu J, Yang S, Wang T, Wu Q, Liao X, Yao R, Du L. Comparison of immune cell profiles associated with heatstroke, sepsis, or cardiopulmonary bypass: Study protocol for an exploratory, case-control study trial. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1165786. [PMID: 37138748 PMCID: PMC10149687 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1165786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heatstroke is a life-threatening illness involving extreme hyperthermia and multi-organ failure, and it is associated with high mortality. The immune profiles of heatstroke have not been fully elucidated, and diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of heatstroke are lacking. This study will analyze immune profiles in heatstroke patients as they differ from profiles in patients with sepsis or aseptic inflammation patients in order to identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Methods This exploratory, case-control study will recruit patients with heatstroke, patients with sepsis, patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass as well as healthy controls at West China Hospital of Sichuan University from 1 January 2023 to 31 October 2023. The four cohorts will be profiled at one time point in terms of lymphocytes, monocytes, natural killer cells, and granulocytes using flow cytometry, and cell populations will be visualized in two dimensions using t-SNE and UMAP, then clustered using PhenoGraph and FlowSOM. Gene expression in the specific immune cell populations will also be compared across the four cohorts, as will levels of plasma cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Outcomes in the cohorts will be monitored during 30-day follow-up. Discussion This trial is, to our knowledge, the first attempt to improve the diagnosis of heatstroke and prediction of prognosis based on immune cell profiles. The study is also likely to generate new insights into immune responses during heatstroke, which may help clarify the disease process and lay the foundation for immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sha Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinjuan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyi Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Yao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Rong Yao,
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Du,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Muniz-Pardos B, Angeloudis K, Guppy FM, Tanisawa K, Hosokawa Y, Ash G, Schobersberger W, Grundstein A, Bargoria V, Lwande GO, Ombaka JH, Ergen E, Yamasawa F, Racinais S, Casa DJ, Pitsiladis YP. Potential use of new cooling technologies during Tokyo 2020 Olympics and associated ethical dilemmas. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:1315-1316. [PMID: 33990295 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Muniz-Pardos
- GENUD Research group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Fergus M Guppy
- Centre for Stress and Age Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Kumpei Tanisawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuri Hosokawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Garrett Ash
- Center for Medical Informatics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Pain Research, Informatics, Multi-morbidities, and Education (PRIME), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wolfgang Schobersberger
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism, Private University UMIT TIROL, Hall and Tirol Kliniken GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrew Grundstein
- Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Victor Bargoria
- Moi University, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya.,Team Doctor, Athletics Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerald O Lwande
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - James H Ombaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Emin Ergen
- Halic University, School of Sport Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.,Chief Medical Officer, Turkish National Olympic Committee (TNOC), Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Sebastien Racinais
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- Centre for Stress and Age Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK .,Centre for Exercise Sciences and Sports Medicine, FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy.,International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland.,European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Muniz-Pardos B, Angeloudis K, Guppy FM, Tanisawa K, Hosokawa Y, Ash GI, Schobersberger W, Grundstein AJ, Yamasawa F, Racinais S, Casa DJ, Pitsiladis YP. Ethical dilemmas and validity issues related to the use of new cooling technologies and early recognition of exertional heat illness in sport. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001041. [PMID: 33927884 PMCID: PMC8048013 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games is expected to be among the hottest Games in modern history, increasing the chances for exertional heat stroke (EHS) incidence, especially in non-acclimatised athletes/workers/spectators. The urgent need to recognise EHS symptoms to protect all attendees' health has considerably accelerated research examining the most effective cooling strategies and the development of wearable cooling technology and real-time temperature monitoring. While these technological advances will aid the early identification of EHS cases, there are several potential ethical considerations for governing bodies and sports organisers. For example, the impact of recently developed cooling wearables on health and performance is unknown. Concerning improving athletic performance in a hot environment, there is uncertainty about this technology's availability to all athletes. Furthermore, the real potential to obtain real-time core temperature data will oblige medical teams to make crucial decisions around their athletes continuing their competitions or withdraw. Therefore, the aim of this review is (1) to summarise the practical applications of the most novel cooling strategies/technologies for both safety (of athletes, spectators and workers) and performance purposes, and (2) to inform of the opportunities offered by recent technological developments for the early recognition and diagnosis of EHS. These opportunities are presented alongside several ethical dilemmas that require sports governing bodies to react by regulating the validity of recent technologies and their availability to all.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Muniz-Pardos
- GENUD Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Fergus M Guppy
- Centre for Stress and Age Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Kumpei Tanisawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuri Hosokawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Garrett I Ash
- Center for Medical Informatics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Pain Research, Informatics, Multi-morbidities, and Education (PRIME), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West haven, CT, USA
| | - Wolfgang Schobersberger
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism, Tirol Kliniken Innsbruck and UMIT Tirol, Hall, Austria
| | | | | | - Sebastien Racinais
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- Centre for Stress and Age Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.,Centre for Exercise Sciences and Sports Medicine, FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy.,International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland.,European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu M, Wu Z, Dong Y, Qu C, Xu Y, Qin F, Wang Z, Nassis GP, Zhao J. A Mixed-Method Approach of Pre-Cooling Enhances High-Intensity Running Performance in the Heat. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:26-34. [PMID: 33707983 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether single or combined methods of pre-cooling could affect high-intensity exercise performance in a hot environment. Seven male athletes were subjected to four experimental conditions for 30 min in a randomised order. The four experimental conditions were: 1) wearing a vest cooled to a temperature of 4 ℃ (Vest), 2) consuming a beverage cooled to a temperature of 4 ℃ (Beverage), 3) simultaneous usage of vest and consumption of beverage (Mix), and 4) the control trial without pre-cooling (CON). Following those experimental conditions, they exercised at a speed of 80% VO2max until exhaustion in the heat (38.1 ± 0.6 ℃, 55.3 ± 0.3% RH). Heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (Tcore), skin temperature (Tskin), sweat loss (SL), urine specific gravity (USG), levels of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal sensation (TS), and levels of blood lactic acid ([Bla]) were monitored. Performance was improved using the mixed pre-cooling strategy (648.43 ± 77.53 s, p = 0.016) compared to CON (509.14 ± 54.57 s). Tcore after pre-cooling was not different (Mix: 37.01 ± 0.27 ℃, Vest: 37.19 ± 0.33 ℃, Beverage: 37.03 ± 0.35 ℃) in all cooling conditions compared to those of CON (37.31 ±0.29 ℃). A similar Tcore values was achieved at exhaustion in all trials (from 38.10 ℃ to 39.00 ℃). No difference in the level of USG was observed between the conditions. Our findings suggest that pre-cooling with a combination of cold vest usage and cold fluid intake can improve performance in the heat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minxiao Xu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sports, Shanghai, China.,Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaozhao Wu
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China.,Physical Education Department, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanan Dong
- Beijing Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyi Qu
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China.,School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoduo Xu
- Physical Education Department, Northwestern Poly-technical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Qin
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sports, Shanghai, China.,Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - George P Nassis
- Physical Education Department-(CEDU), United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bradley LJ, Miller KC, Wiese BW, Novak JR. Precooling's Effect on American Football Skills. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2616-2621. [PMID: 31425459 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bradley, LJ, Miller, KC, Wiese, BW, and Novak, JR. Precooling's effect on American football skills. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2616-2621, 2019-Precooling (i.e., cooling before exercise) may reduce the risk of exertional heatstroke (EHS) in American football athletes. However, implementation of precooling by coaches or medical staff would likely be poor if it impaired performance. We investigated whether precooling impacted American football skill performance in this randomized, crossover, counterbalanced study. Twelve men (24 ± 2 years, mass = 85.5 ± 6.3 kg, height = 181.8 ± 8.1 cm) completed a familiarization day to practice each skill and then 2 testing days. On testing days (wet-bulb globe temperature = 19.3 ± 4.1° C), subjects were either precooled for 15 minutes using cold-water immersion (10.1 ± 0.3° C) or not (control). Then, they donned an American football uniform and completed several bouts of 8 different football skills. Rectal temperature (Trec) was measured before, during, and after skill testing. Precooling did not affect vertical jump, broad jump, agility, dynamic or stationary catching, or maximum throwing distance (p ≥ 0.13). Precooling impaired 40-yard dash time (precooling = 5.72 ± 0.53 seconds, control = 5.31 ± 0.34 seconds; p = 0.03, effect size = 1.2) and throwing accuracy (precooling = 4 ± 1 points, control = 7 ± 2 points; p = 0.001, effect size = 1.4). On average, Trec was 0.58 ± 0.35° C lower during skills testing after precooling and statistically differed from control from minute 10 to the end of testing (∼35 minutes; p < 0.05, effect size ≥ 1.2). Precooling may be a useful EHS prevention strategy in American football players because it lowered Trec without impacting most skills. By lowering Trec, precooling would prolong the time it would take for an athlete's Trec to become dangerous (i.e., >40.5° C). If precooling is implemented, coaches should alter practice so that throwing accuracy and speed drills occur after an athlete's Trec returns to normal (i.e., >35 minutes).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libby J Bradley
- School of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Kevin C Miller
- School of Rehabilitation and Medical Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Brian W Wiese
- Intercollegiate Athletics, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Jason R Novak
- Intercollegiate Athletics, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|