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Stanca S, Rossetti M, Bokulic Panichi L, Bongioanni P. The Cellular Dysfunction of the Brain-Blood Barrier from Endothelial Cells to Astrocytes: The Pathway towards Neurotransmitter Impairment in Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1250. [PMID: 38279249 PMCID: PMC10816922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is an articulated psychiatric syndrome characterized by a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Our intention is to present a pathogenetic model combining SCZ alterations and the main cellular actors of the blood-brain barrier (BBB): endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, and astrocytes. The homeostasis of the BBB is preserved by the neurovascular unit which is constituted by ECs, astrocytes and microglia, neurons, and the extracellular matrix. The role of the BBB is strictly linked to its ability to preserve the biochemical integrity of brain parenchyma integrity. In SCZ, there is an increased BBB permeability, demonstrated by elevated levels of albumin and immunoglobulins in the cerebrospinal fluid, and this is the result of an intrinsic endothelial impairment. Increased BBB permeability would lead to enhanced concentrations of neurotoxic and neuroactive molecules in the brain. The pathogenetic involvement of astrocytes in SCZ reverberates its consequences on BBB, together with the impact on its permeability and selectivity represented by the EC and pericyte damage occurring in the psychotic picture. Understanding the strict interaction between ECs and astrocytes, and its consequent impact on cognition, is diriment not only for comprehension of neurotransmitter dyshomeostasis in SCZ, but also for focusing on other potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Stanca
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- NeuroCare Onlus, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Rossetti
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- NeuroCare Onlus, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Leona Bokulic Panichi
- NeuroCare Onlus, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Neuroscience Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Bongioanni
- NeuroCare Onlus, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Neuroscience Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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2
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Ryssel H, Egebjerg K, Nielsen SD, Lundgren J, Pøhl M, Langer SW, Kjaer A, Ostrowski SR, Fischer BM. Innate immune function during antineoplastic treatment is associated with 12-months survival in non-small cell lung cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1024224. [PMID: 36578486 PMCID: PMC9791214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1024224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The immune system has proven to be a key player in the progression as well as containment of cancer with new treatment strategies based on immunotherapy targeting this interaction. Assessing immune function could reveal critical information about the immune response to therapeutic interventions, revealing predictive biomarkers for tailored care and precision medicine. Methods We investigated immune function in 37 patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing treatment with PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), chemotherapy (CT) or chemo-radiotherapy (CT/RT). Blood samples before (day 0) and during therapy (day 7, 21 and 80) were investigated by a standardized immunoassay, TruCulture®. Results Outcomes revealed a developing innate immune response induced by both immunotherapy and chemotherapy. NSCLC-patients displayed evidence of chronic innate immune activation and exhaustion prior to treatment. This pattern was particularly pronounced during treatment in patients dying within 12-months follow-up. Compared to treatment with CT, ICI demonstrated a higher ex vivo-stimulated release of proinflammatory cytokines. Discussion These preliminary findings may pave the way for tailored treatment and immune-monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Ryssel
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Egebjerg
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Lundgren
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections (CHIP), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Pøhl
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Seppo W. Langer
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barbara Malene Fischer
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Barbara Malene Fischer,
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3
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Vallée A. Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia: The Key Role of the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052810. [PMID: 35269952 PMCID: PMC8910888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a very complex syndrome involving widespread brain multi-dysconnectivity. Schizophrenia is marked by cognitive, behavioral, and emotional dysregulations. Recent studies suggest that inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) and immune dysfunction could have a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. This hypothesis is supported by immunogenetic evidence, and a higher incidence rate of autoimmune diseases in patients with schizophrenia. The dysregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway is associated with the involvement of neuroinflammation in schizophrenia. Several studies have shown that there is a vicious and positive interplay operating between neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. This interplay is modulated by WNT/β-catenin, which interacts with the NF-kB pathway; inflammatory factors (including IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α); factors of oxidative stress such as glutamate; and dopamine. Neuroinflammation is associated with increased levels of PPARγ. In schizophrenia, the expression of PPAR-γ is increased, whereas the WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPARα are downregulated. This suggests that a metabolic-inflammatory imbalance occurs in this disorder. Thus, this research’s triptych could be a novel therapeutic approach to counteract both neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation (DRCI), Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France
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4
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Heurich M, Föcking M, Mongan D, Cagney G, Cotter DR. Dysregulation of complement and coagulation pathways: emerging mechanisms in the development of psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:127-140. [PMID: 34226666 PMCID: PMC8256396 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early identification and treatment significantly improve clinical outcomes of psychotic disorders. Recent studies identified protein components of the complement and coagulation systems as key pathways implicated in psychosis. These specific protein alterations are integral to the inflammatory response and can begin years before the onset of clinical symptoms of psychotic disorder. Critically, they have recently been shown to predict the transition from clinical high risk to first-episode psychosis, enabling stratification of individuals who are most likely to transition to psychotic disorder from those who are not. This reinforces the concept that the psychosis spectrum is likely a central nervous system manifestation of systemic changes and highlights the need to investigate plasma proteins as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and pathophysiological mediators. In this review, we integrate evidence of alterations in proteins belonging to the complement and coagulation protein systems, including the coagulation, anticoagulation, and fibrinolytic pathways and their dysregulation in psychosis, into a consolidated mechanism that could be integral to the progression and manifestation of psychosis. We consolidate the findings of altered blood proteins relevant for progression to psychotic disorders, using data from longitudinal studies of the general population in addition to clinical high-risk (CHR) individuals transitioning to psychotic disorder. These are compared to markers identified from first-episode psychosis and schizophrenia as well as other psychosis spectrum disorders. We propose the novel hypothesis that altered complement and coagulation plasma levels enhance their pathways' activating capacities, while low levels observed in key regulatory components contribute to excessive activation observed in patients. This hypothesis will require future testing through a range of experimental paradigms, and if upheld, complement and coagulation pathways or specific proteins could be useful diagnostic or prognostic tools and targets for early intervention and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Heurich
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Melanie Föcking
- grid.4912.e0000 0004 0488 7120Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Mongan
- grid.4912.e0000 0004 0488 7120Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard Cagney
- grid.7886.10000 0001 0768 2743School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R. Cotter
- grid.4912.e0000 0004 0488 7120Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Ľupták M, Michaličková D, Fišar Z, Kitzlerová E, Hroudová J. Novel approaches in schizophrenia-from risk factors and hypotheses to novel drug targets. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:277-296. [PMID: 34327122 PMCID: PMC8311514 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i7.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by emotional, behavioral and cognitive disturbances, and the treatment of schizophrenia is often complicated by noncompliance and pharmacoresistance. The search for the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying schizophrenia has resulted in the proposal of several hypotheses to explain the impacts of environmental, genetic, neurodevelopmental, immune and inflammatory factors on disease onset and progression. This review discusses the newest insights into the pathophysiology of and risk factors for schizophrenia and notes novel approaches in antipsychotic treatment and potential diagnostic and theranostic biomarkers. The current hypotheses focusing on neuromediators (dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin), neuroinflammation, the cannabinoid hypothesis, the gut-brain axis model, and oxidative stress are summarized. Key genetic features, including small nucleotide polymorphisms, copy number variations, microdeletions, mutations and epigenetic changes, are highlighted. Current pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia relies mostly on dopaminergic and serotonergic antagonists/partial agonists, but new findings in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia have allowed the expansion of novel approaches in pharmacotherapy and the establishment of more reliable biomarkers. Substances with promising results in preclinical and clinical studies include lumateperone, pimavanserin, xanomeline, roluperidone, agonists of trace amine-associated receptor 1, inhibitors of glycine transporters, AMPA allosteric modulators, mGLUR2-3 agonists, D-amino acid oxidase inhibitors and cannabidiol. The use of anti-inflammatory agents as an add-on therapy is mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Ľupták
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Danica Michaličková
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague 12000, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kitzlerová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague 12000, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hroudová
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague 12000, Czech Republic
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Linnaranta O, Trontti KT, Honkanen J, Hovatta I, Keinänen J, Suvisaari J. Peripheral metabolic state and immune system in first-episode psychosis - A gene expression study with a prospective one-year follow-up. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 137:383-392. [PMID: 33765450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
he excess availability of glucose and lipids can also have an impact on the dynamics of activation and regulation of peripheral immune cellsWe aimed at understanding the correlations between peripheral metabolic state and immune system during the first year in first-episode psychosis (FEP). Patients with FEP (n = 67) and matched controls (n = 38), aged 18-40 years, were met at baseline, 2 and 12 months. Fasting peripheral blood samples were collected. We applied the NanoString nCounter in-solution hybridization technology to determine gene expression levels of 178 candidate genes reflecting activation of the immune system. Serum triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and insulin and plasma glucose (fP-Gluc) were measured. We applied Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to visualize enrichment of genes to functional classes. Strength of positive or negative regulation of the disease and functional pathways was deduced from IPA activation Z-score at the three evaluation points. We correlated gene expression with plasma glucose, triglycerids and HDL and LDL, and used hierarchical clustering of the pairwise correlations to identify groups of genes with similar correlation patterns with metabolic markers. In patients, initially, genes associated with the innate immune system response pathways were upregulated, which decreased by 12 months. Furthermore, genes associated with apoptosis and T cell death were downregulated, and genes associated with lipid metabolism were increasingly downregulated by 12 months. The immune activation was thus an acute phase during illness onset. At baseline, after controlling for multiple testing, 31/178 genes correlated positively with fasting glucose levels, and 54/178 genes negatively with triglycerides in patients only. The gene clusters showed patterns of correlations with metabolic markers over time. The results suggest a functional link between peripheral immune system and metabolic state in FEP. Metabolic factors may have had an influence on the initial activation of the innate immune system. Future work is necessary to understand the role of metabolic state in the regulation of immune response in the early phases of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Linnaranta
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Douglas Centre for Sleep and Biological Rhythms, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, H4H 1R3, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Public Health Solutions, Mental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kalevi T Trontti
- Sleep Well Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarno Honkanen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iiris Hovatta
- Sleep Well Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Keinänen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Mental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 590, FI-00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Mental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
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Gjaerde LK, Brooks PT, Andersen NS, Friis LS, Kornblit B, Petersen SL, Schjødt I, Nielsen SD, Ostrowski SR, Sengeløv H. Functional immune reconstitution early after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation: A comparison of pre- and post-transplantation cytokine responses in stimulated whole blood. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13042. [PMID: 33772836 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to use a novel standardized whole-blood stimulation system to evaluate differences in the functional immune reconstitution in patients early after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Between April and September 2018, 30 patients undergoing HCT had whole blood samples collected around day -21 (day 0 being the day of haematopoietic cell infusion) and day +28. Whole blood was transferred to TruCulture assays comprising prefilled incubation tubes with cell culture medium and a standardized stimulus. We used a panel of four stimuli (lipopolysaccharide, resiquimod, heat-killed Candida albicans and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid) and a blank, designed to evaluate the function of critical extra- and intracellular immunological signalling pathways. For each stimulus, the cytokine response was assessed by the concentration of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-12p40, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-17A and tumour necrosis factor-α using a multiplex Luminex assay. Pre-HCT cytokine responses were globally decreased across several different stimuli. Despite patients receiving immunosuppressive prophylaxis at the time, post-HCT cytokine responses were higher and less intercorrelated than pre-HCT responses, also after adjusting for differences in the leukocyte differential counts. For the resiquimod and heat-killed Candida albicans stimuli, we identified a cluster of patients in whom post-HCT responses were lower than average across several cytokines, indicating a possible functional immune deficiency. Our findings suggest that the standardized whole blood stimulation system can be used to reveal heterogeneity in the in vitro cytokine responses to various stimuli after HCT. Larger studies are needed to address if the functional immune reconstitution after HCT can predict the risk of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Klingen Gjaerde
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick Terrence Brooks
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Smedegaard Andersen
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone Smidstrup Friis
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian Kornblit
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Lykke Petersen
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Schjødt
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Denmark of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Sengeløv
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Muneer A. The Discovery of Clinically Applicable Biomarkers for Bipolar Disorder: A Review of Candidate and Proteomic Approaches. Chonnam Med J 2020; 56:166-179. [PMID: 33014755 PMCID: PMC7520367 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2020.56.3.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe psychiatric condition which affects innumerable people across the globe. The etiopathogenesis of BD is multi-faceted with genetic, environmental and psychosocial factors playing a role. Hitherto, the diagnosis and management of BD are purely on empirical grounds as we lack confirmed biomarkers for this condition. In this regard, hypothesis-driven investigations have been unable to identify clinically applicable biomarkers, steering the field towards newer technologies. Innovative, state-of-the-art techniques like multiplex immunoassays and mass spectrometry can potentially investigate the entire proteome. By detecting up or down regulated proteins, novel biomarkers are identified and new postulates about the etiopathogenesis of BD are specified. Hence, biological pathways are uncovered which are involved in the initiation and advancement of the disease and new therapeutic targets are identified. In this manuscript, the extant literature is thoroughly reviewed and the latest findings on candidate BD biomarkers are provided, followed by an overview of the proteomic approaches. It was found that due to the heterogeneous nature of BD no single biomarker is feasible, instead a panel of tests is more likely to be useful. With the application of latest technologies, it is expected that validated biomarkers will be discovered which will be useful as diagnostic tools and help in the delivery of individually tailored therapies to the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ather Muneer
- Islamic International Medical College, Riphah International University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Rodrigues-Amorim D, Rivera-Baltanás T, Vallejo-Curto MDC, Rodriguez-Jamardo C, de Las Heras E, Barreiro-Villar C, Blanco-Formoso M, Fernández-Palleiro P, Álvarez-Ariza M, López M, García-Caballero A, Olivares JM, Spuch C. Proteomics in Schizophrenia: A Gateway to Discover Potential Biomarkers of Psychoneuroimmune Pathways. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:885. [PMID: 31849731 PMCID: PMC6897280 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe and disabling psychiatric disorder with a complex and multifactorial etiology. The lack of consensus regarding the multifaceted dysfunction of this ailment has increased the need to explore new research lines. This research makes use of proteomics data to discover possible analytes associated with psychoneuroimmune signaling pathways in schizophrenia. Thus, we analyze plasma of 45 patients [10 patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) and 35 patients with chronic schizophrenia] and 43 healthy subjects by label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The analysis revealed a significant reduction in the levels of glia maturation factor beta (GMF-β), the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and the 115-kDa isoform of the Rab3 GTPase-activating protein catalytic subunit (RAB3GAP1) in patients with schizophrenia as compared to healthy volunteers. In conclusion, GMF-β, BDNF, and 115-kDa isoform of RAB3GAP1 showed significantly reduced levels in plasma of patients with schizophrenia, thus making them potential biomarkers in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues-Amorim
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Vallejo-Curto
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Cynthia Rodriguez-Jamardo
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Elena de Las Heras
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Carolina Barreiro-Villar
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - María Blanco-Formoso
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Palleiro
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - María Álvarez-Ariza
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta López
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Alejandro García-Caballero
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Manuel Olivares
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Spuch
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, University of Vigo, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
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Comes AL, Papiol S, Mueller T, Geyer PE, Mann M, Schulze TG. Proteomics for blood biomarker exploration of severe mental illness: pitfalls of the past and potential for the future. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:160. [PMID: 30115926 PMCID: PMC6095863 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent improvements in high-throughput proteomic approaches are likely to constitute an essential advance in biomarker discovery, holding promise for improved personalized care and drug development. These methodologies have been applied to study multivariate protein patterns and provide valuable data of peripheral tissues. To highlight findings of the last decade for three of the most common psychiatric disorders, namely schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD), we queried PubMed. Here we delve into the findings from thirty studies, which used proteomics and multiplex immunoassay approaches for peripheral blood biomarker exploration. In an explorative approach, we ran enrichment analyses in peripheral blood according to these results and ascertained the overlap between proteomic findings and genetic loci identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The studies we appraised demonstrate that proteomics for psychiatric research has been heterogeneous in aims and methods and limited by insufficient sample sizes, poorly defined case definitions, methodological inhomogeneity, and confounding results constraining the conclusions that can be extracted from them. Here, we discuss possibilities for overcoming methodological challenges for the implementation of proteomic signatures in psychiatric diagnosis and offer an outlook for future investigations. To fulfill the promise of proteomics in mental disease diagnostics, future research will need large, well-defined cohorts in combination with state-of-the-art technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Comes
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany ,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany ,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Mueller
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp E. Geyer
- 0000 0004 0491 845Xgrid.418615.fDepartment of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany ,0000 0001 0674 042Xgrid.5254.6NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Mann
- 0000 0004 0491 845Xgrid.418615.fDepartment of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany ,0000 0001 0674 042Xgrid.5254.6NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas G. Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital Munich, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany
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11
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Li Q, Zhou J, Cao X, Liu Q, Li Q, Li W, Wang X. Clonal Characteristics of T-Cell Receptor Repertoires in Violent and Non-violent Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:403. [PMID: 30233426 PMCID: PMC6127418 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Activated or impaired T-cell function in inflammatory and degenerative process can contribute to the risk and progression of schizophrenia. This study used immune repertoire sequencing to investigate the T-cell receptor beta variable chain (TRBV) presence in blood mononuclear cells in the violent or non-violent schizophrenic patients. Methods: Ten violent and 10 non-violent schizophrenic patients and 8 matched healthy controls were enrolled. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was used to evaluate patients' psychiatric symptoms. The level of aggression was assessed using the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS). The complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of TRBV was detected using multiplex-PCR and high-throughput sequencing. Results: The TCR repertoire diversity were no significant differences in the Shannon-Wiener or inverse Simpson diversity index between three groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) of TRBV composition and abundance showed that principal component 1 and principal component 2 can explain 28.88 and 13.24% of total variation, respectively. Schizophrenic patients (violent and non-violent) had significantly different V gene distribution compared to healthy controls. In particular, TRBV2 occurred at a significantly higher frequency in the violent schizophrenia group than in the non-violent schizophrenia and healthy control groups, and TRBV7-2 occurred at a significantly higher frequency in the non-violent schizophrenia group than in the violent schizophrenia and healthy control groups. Conclusions: The results suggest that violent and non-violent schizophrenic patients carry abnormal T-cell receptor repertoires, and these data provide a useful clue to explore the etiology of violent behavior in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguang Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders and National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Jiansong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders and National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Cao
- Department of Health Management Center, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, State Key Laboratory for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, HKU-SIRI, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders and National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders and National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
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12
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Abstract
Exploration of neuroimmune mechanisms is vital to the understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of mental disorders. Inflammatory and immune mechanisms are increasingly understood to underpin a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, with an ever-expanding evidence base drawn from basic science to large-scale epidemiological data. Unravelling of these mechanisms should lead to biomarker discovery and potential new avenues for therapeutics that modulate immunological mechanisms. Identification of neuroimmune biomarkers is vital to improving diagnosis, stratification and treatment of mental disorders. There is an urgent clinical need for new therapeutic approaches with poor treatment response and treatment resistance a major problem for many psychiatric disorders including depression and schizophrenia. Neurodegenerative psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's also have clear neuroimmune underpinnings and manifest an urgent clinical need for improvements in diagnosis and research towards transformative disease-modifying treatments. This chapter provides some background on the role of the neuroimmune system in mental illness, exploring the role for biomarkers, in addition to reviewing the current state of knowledge in this exciting field. We also reflect on the inherent challenges and methodological pitfalls faced by research in this field, including the complexity of conceptualising multidimensional mental disorders and the dynamic shifting sands of the immune system.
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13
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Kroken RA, Sommer IE, Steen VM, Dieset I, Johnsen E. Constructing the Immune Signature of Schizophrenia for Clinical Use and Research; An Integrative Review Translating Descriptives Into Diagnostics. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:753. [PMID: 30766494 PMCID: PMC6365449 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is considered a syndrome comprised by several disease phenotypes, covering a range of underlying pathologies. One of these disease mechanisms seems to involve immune dysregulation and neuroinflammation. While the current dopamine receptor-blocking antipsychotic drugs decrease psychotic symptoms and prevent relapse in the majority of patients with schizophrenia, there is a huge need to explore new treatment options that target other pathophysiological pathways. Such studies should aim at identifying robust biomarkers in order to diagnose and monitor the immune biophenotype in schizophrenia and develop better selection procedures for clinical trials with anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating drugs. In this focused review, we describe available methods to assess inflammatory status and immune disturbances in vivo. We also outline findings of immune disturbances and signs of inflammation at cellular, protein, and brain imaging levels in patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, we summarize the results from studies with anti-inflammatory or other immune-modulating drugs, highlighting how such studies have dealt with participant selection. Finally, we propose a strategy to construct an immune signature that may be helpful in selecting and monitoring participants in studies with immune modulating drugs and also applicable in regular clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune A Kroken
- Psychiatric Division, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar M Steen
- Department of Clinical Science, Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Dr. E. Martens Research Group of Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Dieset
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Acute Psychiatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Johnsen
- Psychiatric Division, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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14
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Gnjatic S, Bronte V, Brunet LR, Butler MO, Disis ML, Galon J, Hakansson LG, Hanks BA, Karanikas V, Khleif SN, Kirkwood JM, Miller LD, Schendel DJ, Tanneau I, Wigginton JM, Butterfield LH. Identifying baseline immune-related biomarkers to predict clinical outcome of immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:44. [PMID: 28515944 PMCID: PMC5432988 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As cancer strikes, individuals vary not only in terms of factors that contribute to its occurrence and development, but as importantly, in their capacity to respond to treatment. While exciting new therapeutic options that mobilize the immune system against cancer have led to breakthroughs for a variety of malignancies, success is limited to a subset of patients. Pre-existing immunological features of both the host and the tumor may contribute to how patients will eventually fare with immunotherapy. A broad understanding of baseline immunity, both in the periphery and in the tumor microenvironment, is needed in order to fully realize the potential of cancer immunotherapy. Such interrogation of the tumor, blood, and host immune parameters prior to treatment is expected to identify biomarkers predictive of clinical outcome as well as to elucidate why some patients fail to respond to immunotherapy. To approach these opportunities for progress, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) reconvened the Immune Biomarkers Task Force. Comprised of an international multidisciplinary panel of experts, Working Group 4 sought to make recommendations that focus on the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, with its diversity of immune genes, proteins, cells, and pathways naturally present at baseline and in circulation, and novel tools to aid in such broad analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Gnjatic
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, S5-105, 1470 Madison Avenue, Box 1128, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Vincenzo Bronte
- Head of Immunology Section, University of Verona, Piazzale Le L. A. Scuro, 10, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Rosa Brunet
- Immodulon Therapeutics Ltd, Stockley Park, 6-9 The Square, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Marcus O Butler
- Princess Margaret Hospital/Ontario Cancer Institute, RM 9-622, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Mary L Disis
- University of Washington, Tumor Vaccine Group, 850 Mercer Street, Box 358050, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM - Cordeliers Research Center, Integrative Cancer Immunology Laboratory, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Leif G Hakansson
- CanImGuide Therapeutics AB, Domkyrkovägen 23, Hoellviken, Sweden
| | - Brent A Hanks
- Duke University Medical Center, 308 Research Drive, LSRC, Room C203, Box 3819, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Vaios Karanikas
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 18, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Samir N Khleif
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CN-2101A, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - John M Kirkwood
- University of Pittsburgh, Hillman Cancer Center-Research Pavilion, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.32, Pittsburg, PA 15213 USA
| | - Lance D Miller
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Dolores J Schendel
- Medigene Immunotherapies GmbH, Lochhamer Strasse 11, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Jon M Wigginton
- MacroGenics, Inc., 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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15
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Tomasik J, Rahmoune H, Guest PC, Bahn S. Neuroimmune biomarkers in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 176:3-13. [PMID: 25124519 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous psychiatric disorder with a broad spectrum of clinical and biological manifestations. Due to the lack of objective tests, the accurate diagnosis and selection of effective treatments for schizophrenia remains challenging. Numerous technologies have been employed in search of schizophrenia biomarkers. These studies have suggested that neuroinflammatory processes may play a role in schizophrenia pathogenesis, at least in a subgroup of patients. The evidence indicates alterations in both pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules in the central nervous system, which have also been found in peripheral tissues and may correlate with schizophrenia symptoms. In line with these findings, certain immunomodulatory interventions have shown beneficial effects on psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia patients, in particular those with distinct immune signatures. In this review, we evaluate these findings and their potential for more targeted drug interventions and the development of companion diagnostics. Although currently no validated markers exist for schizophrenia patient stratification or the prediction of treatment efficacy, we propose that utilisation of inflammatory markers for diagnostic and theranostic purposes may lead to novel therapeutic approaches and deliver more effective care for schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Tomasik
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hassan Rahmoune
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul C Guest
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Nascimento JM, Garcia S, Saia-Cereda VM, Santana AG, Brandao-Teles C, Zuccoli GS, Junqueira DG, Reis-de-Oliveira G, Baldasso PA, Cassoli JS, Martins-de-Souza D. Proteomics and molecular tools for unveiling missing links in the biochemical understanding of schizophrenia. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:1148-1158. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M. Nascimento
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Laboratory of Neuroproteomics; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Sheila Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Laboratory of Neuroproteomics; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Verônica M. Saia-Cereda
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Laboratory of Neuroproteomics; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Aline G. Santana
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Laboratory of Neuroproteomics; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Caroline Brandao-Teles
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Laboratory of Neuroproteomics; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Giuliana S. Zuccoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Laboratory of Neuroproteomics; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Danielle G. Junqueira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Laboratory of Neuroproteomics; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Guilherme Reis-de-Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Laboratory of Neuroproteomics; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Paulo A. Baldasso
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Laboratory of Neuroproteomics; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Juliana S. Cassoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Laboratory of Neuroproteomics; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Laboratory of Neuroproteomics; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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17
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Central Nervous System-Peripheral Immune System Dialogue in Neurological Disorders: Possible Application of Neuroimmunology in Urology. Int Neurourol J 2016; 20:S8-14. [PMID: 27230462 PMCID: PMC4895905 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1632614.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous concepts of immune-privileged sites obscured the role of peripheral immune cells in neurological disorders and excluded the consideration of the potential benefits of immunotherapy. Recently, however, numerous studies have demonstrated that the blood–brain barrier in the central nervous system is an educational barrier rather than an absolute barrier to peripheral immune cells. Emerging knowledge of immune-privileged sites suggests that peripheral immune cells can infiltrate these sites via educative gates and that crosstalk can occur between infiltrating immune cells and the central nervous system parenchyma. This concept can be expanded to the testis, which has long been considered an immune-privileged site, and to neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Thus, we propose that the relationship between peripheral immune cells, the brain, and the urologic system should be considered as an additional possible mechanism in urologic diseases, and that immunotherapy might be an alternative therapeutic strategy in treating neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
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18
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Lai CY, Scarr E, Udawela M, Everall I, Chen WJ, Dean B. Biomarkers in schizophrenia: A focus on blood based diagnostics and theranostics. World J Psychiatry 2016; 6:102-17. [PMID: 27014601 PMCID: PMC4804259 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying biomarkers that can be used as diagnostics or predictors of treatment response (theranostics) in people with schizophrenia (Sz) will be an important step towards being able to provide personalized treatment. Findings from the studies in brain tissue have not yet been translated into biomarkers that are practical in clinical use because brain biopsies are not acceptable and neuroimaging techniques are expensive and the results are inconclusive. Thus, in recent years, there has been search for blood-based biomarkers for Sz as a valid alternative. Although there are some encouraging preliminary data to support the notion of peripheral biomarkers for Sz, it must be acknowledged that Sz is a complex and heterogeneous disorder which needs to be further dissected into subtype using biological based and clinical markers. The scope of this review is to critically examine published blood-based biomarker of Sz, focusing on possible uses for diagnosis, treatment response, or their relationship with schizophrenia-associated phenotype. We sorted the studies into six categories which include: (1) brain-derived neurotrophic factor; (2) inflammation and immune function; (3) neurochemistry; (4) oxidative stress response and metabolism; (5) epigenetics and microRNA; and (6) transcriptome and proteome studies. This review also summarized the molecules which have been conclusively reported as potential blood-based biomarkers for Sz in different blood cell types. Finally, we further discusses the pitfall of current blood-based studies and suggest that a prediction model-based, Sz specific, blood oriented study design as well as standardize blood collection conditions would be useful for Sz biomarker development.
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19
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Brunet LR, LaBrie S, Hagemann T. Immune monitoring technology primer: immunoprofiling of antigen-stimulated blood. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:18. [PMID: 26981248 PMCID: PMC4791803 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rosa Brunet
- Immodulon Therapeutics Ltd, Stockley Park 6-9 The Square, Uxbridge, UB11 1FW UK
| | | | - Thorsten Hagemann
- Immodulon Therapeutics Ltd, Stockley Park 6-9 The Square, Uxbridge, UB11 1FW UK
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20
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Cassoli JS, Guest PC, Santana AG, Martins-de-Souza D. Employing proteomics to unravel the molecular effects of antipsychotics and their role in schizophrenia. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:442-55. [PMID: 26679983 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is an incurable neuropsychiatric disorder managed mostly by treatment of the patients with antipsychotics. However, the efficacy of these drugs has remained only low to moderate despite intensive research efforts since the early 1950s when chlorpromazine, the first antipsychotic, was synthesized. In addition, antipsychotic treatment can produce often undesired severe side effects in the patients and addressing these remains a large unmet clinical need. One of the reasons for the low effectiveness of these drugs is the limited knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia, which impairs the development of new and more effective treatments. Recently, proteomic studies of clinical and preclinical samples have identified changes in the levels of specific proteins in response to antipsychotic treatment, which have converged on molecular pathways such as cell communication and signaling, inflammation and cellular growth, and maintenance. The findings of these studies are summarized and discussed in this review and we suggest that this provides validation of proteomics as a useful tool for mining drug mechanisms of action and potentially for pinpointing novel molecular targets that may enable development of more effective medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Cassoli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul C Guest
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline G Santana
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,UNICAMP Neurobiology Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Adaptive Immunity in Schizophrenia: Functional Implications of T Cells in the Etiology, Course and Treatment. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:610-9. [PMID: 26162591 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe and highly complex neurodevelopmental disorder with an unknown etiopathology. Recently, immunopathogenesis has emerged as one of the most compelling etiological models of schizophrenia. Over the past few years considerable research has been devoted to the role of innate immune responses in schizophrenia. The findings of such studies have helped to conceptualize schizophrenia as a chronic low-grade inflammatory disorder. Although the contribution of adaptive immune responses has also been emphasized, however, the precise role of T cells in the underlying neurobiological pathways of schizophrenia is yet to be ascertained comprehensively. T cells have the ability to infiltrate brain and mediate neuro-immune cross-talk. Conversely, the central nervous system and the neurotransmitters are capable of regulating the immune system. Neurotransmitter like dopamine, implicated widely in schizophrenia risk and progression can modulate the proliferation, trafficking and functions of T cells. Within brain, T cells activate microglia, induce production of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as reactive oxygen species and subsequently lead to neuroinflammation. Importantly, such processes contribute to neuronal injury/death and are gradually being implicated as mediators of neuroprogressive changes in schizophrenia. Antipsychotic drugs, commonly used to treat schizophrenia are also known to affect adaptive immune system; interfere with the differentiation and functions of T cells. This understanding suggests a pivotal role of T cells in the etiology, course and treatment of schizophrenia and forms the basis of this review.
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22
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Turck CW, Filiou MD. What Have Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics and Metabolomics (Not) Taught Us about Psychiatric Disorders? MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2015; 1:69-75. [PMID: 27602358 PMCID: PMC4996030 DOI: 10.1159/000381902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular causes and finding appropriate therapies for psychiatric disorders are challenging tasks for research; -omics technologies are used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction in a hypothesis-free manner. In this review, we will focus on mass spectrometry-based proteomics and metabolomics and address how these approaches have contributed to our understanding of psychiatric disorders. Specifically, we will discuss what we have learned from mass spectrometry-based proteomics and metabolomics studies in rodent models and human cohorts, outline current limitations and discuss the potential of these methods for future applications in psychiatry.
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23
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Tzeng NS, Hsu YH, Ho SY, Kuo YC, Lee HC, Yin YJ, Chen HA, Chen WL, Chu WCC, Huang HL. Is schizophrenia associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease? A nationwide matched-cohort study. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e006777. [PMID: 25628048 PMCID: PMC4316552 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of schizophrenia on vital diseases, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), has not as yet been verified. This study aims to establish whether there is an association between schizophrenia and CKD. DESIGN A nationwide matched cohort study. SETTING Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2338 patients with schizophrenia, and 7014 controls without schizophrenia (1:3), matched cohort for sex, age group, geography, urbanisation and monthly income, between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2007, based on the International Classifications of Disease Ninth Edition (ICD-9), Clinical Modification codes. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES After making adjustments for confounding risk factors, a Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the risk of developing CKD during a 3-year follow-up period from the index date. RESULTS Of the 2338-subject case cohort, 163 (6.97%) developed a CKD, as did 365 (5.20%) of the 7014 control participants. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that patients with schizophrenia were more likely to develop CKD (HR=1.36, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.63; p<0.001). After adjusting for gender, age group, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, heart disease and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) usage, the HR for patients with schizophrenia was 1.25 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.50; p<0.05). Neither typical nor atypical antipsychotics was associated an increased risk of CKD in patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this population-based retrospective cohort study suggest that schizophrenia is associated with a 25% increase in the risk of developing CKD within only a 3-year follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Sheng Tzeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Student Counseling Center, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ho Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Ying Ho
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Kuo
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Chin Lee
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Yin
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hong-An Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Liang Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | - Hui-Ling Huang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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24
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Applications of blood-based protein biomarker strategies in the study of psychiatric disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 122:45-72. [PMID: 25173695 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, major depressive and bipolar disorders are severe, chronic and debilitating, and are associated with high disease burden and healthcare costs. Currently, diagnoses of these disorders rely on interview-based assessments of subjective self-reported symptoms. Early diagnosis is difficult, misdiagnosis is a frequent occurrence and there are no objective tests that aid in the prediction of individual responses to treatment. Consequently, validated biomarkers are urgently needed to help address these unmet clinical needs. Historically, psychiatric disorders are viewed as brain disorders and consequently only a few researchers have as yet evaluated systemic changes in psychiatric patients. However, promising research has begun to challenge this concept and there is an increasing awareness that disease-related changes can be traced in the peripheral system which may even be involved in the precipitation of disease onset and course. Converging evidence from molecular profiling analysis of blood serum/plasma have revealed robust molecular changes in psychiatric patients, suggesting that these disorders may be detectable in other systems of the body such as the circulating blood. In this review, we discuss the current clinical needs in psychiatry, highlight the importance of biomarkers in the field, and review a representative selection of biomarker studies to highlight opportunities for the implementation of personalized medicine approaches in the field of psychiatry. It is anticipated that the implementation of validated biomarker tests will not only improve the diagnosis and more effective treatment of psychiatric patients, but also improve prognosis and disease outcome.
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