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Moreau T, Gautron J, Hincke MT, Monget P, Réhault-Godbert S, Guyot N. Antimicrobial Proteins and Peptides in Avian Eggshell: Structural Diversity and Potential Roles in Biomineralization. Front Immunol 2022; 13:946428. [PMID: 35967448 PMCID: PMC9363672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.946428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcitic avian eggshell provides physical protection for the embryo during its development, but also regulates water and gaseous exchange, and is a calcium source for bone mineralization. The calcified eggshell has been extensively investigated in the chicken. It is characterized by an inventory of more than 900 matrix proteins. In addition to proteins involved in shell mineralization and regulation of its microstructure, the shell also contains numerous antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPPs) including lectin-like proteins, Bacterial Permeability Increasing/Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein/PLUNC family proteins, defensins, antiproteases, and chelators, which contribute to the innate immune protection of the egg. In parallel, some of these proteins are thought to be crucial determinants of the eggshell texture and its resulting mechanical properties. During the progressive solubilization of the inner mineralized eggshell during embryonic development (to provide calcium to the embryo), some antimicrobials may be released simultaneously to reinforce egg defense and protect the egg from contamination by external pathogens, through a weakened eggshell. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the diversity of avian eggshell AMPPs, their three-dimensional structures and their mechanism of antimicrobial activity. The published chicken eggshell proteome databases are integrated for a comprehensive inventory of its AMPPs. Their biochemical features, potential dual function as antimicrobials and as regulators of eggshell biomineralization, and their phylogenetic evolution will be described and discussed with regard to their three-dimensional structural characteristics. Finally, the repertoire of chicken eggshell AMPPs are compared to orthologs identified in other avian and non-avian eggshells. This approach sheds light on the similarities and differences exhibited by AMPPs, depending on bird species, and leads to a better understanding of their sequential or dual role in biomineralization and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Moreau
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, Nouzilly, France
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Guyot, ; Thierry Moreau,
| | - Joël Gautron
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Maxwell T. Hincke
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Philippe Monget
- INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Nicolas Guyot
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, Nouzilly, France
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Guyot, ; Thierry Moreau,
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Kulshreshtha G, Diep T, Hudson HA, Hincke MT. High value applications and current commercial market for eggshell membranes and derived bioactives. Food Chem 2022; 382:132270. [PMID: 35149473 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chicken eggshell membrane (ESM) is a highly insoluble structure that is greatly stabilized by extensive desmosine, isodesmosine, and disulfide cross-linkages. The ESM possesses numerous biological functions including anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-wrinkle, and antioxidant activities. The ESM is mainly proteinaceous; proteomics and bioinformatics analysis of ESM has identified > 500 proteins, such as collagens, glycoproteins, avian beta-defensins, and lysozyme. ESM also contains significant amounts of carbohydrate, including hyaluronic acid (HA). In general, HA plays an important role in tissue hydration and cellular mechanisms such as growth, differentiation, and transport, and has diverse health and medical applications. Despite ESM being rich in important bioactive compounds, it is often considered as a waste product of the egg-breaking industry and is under-utilized. A major challenge for the successful commercial exploitation of ESM and bioactive constituents is its limited solubility and bioavailability due to cross-linkages of ESM fibers. Various processing and extraction methods are employed to overcome these limitations and improve the production of HA and collagen-based ESM formats. Moreover, we believe that there is a wide scope to exploit ESM for novel applications, leading to new intellectual property (IP) and patenting opportunities. This review presents an overview of scientific background, IP landscape and current commercial market for ESM and derived bioactives including collagens and HA. A detailed literature survey is provided for each area of interest. We analyze regulatory guidelines for ESM, contrasting quality control / microbial safety assessment in cosmetics and personal care products (hazard based) with that of the food industry (risk-based). New perspectives for upcycling of ESM waste to commercially viable high-value biomaterials as nutraceutical supplements and as cosmetics ingredients are discussed. This overview of ESM separation techniques and applications could form the basis for directed research and product development in order to exploit the unique bioactivities of ESM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Kulshreshtha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ty Diep
- Lyn Egg Production and Grading, Burnbrae Farms Limited, Lyn, Ontario K0E 1M0, Canada
| | - Helen-Anne Hudson
- Lyn Egg Production and Grading, Burnbrae Farms Limited, Lyn, Ontario K0E 1M0, Canada
| | - Maxwell T Hincke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Fu Y, Zhang HJ, Wu SG, Zhou JM, Qi GH, Wang J. Dietary supplementation with sodium bicarbonate or sodium sulfate affects eggshell quality by altering ultrastructure and components in laying hens. Animal 2021; 15:100163. [PMID: 33485831 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary sodium (Na) levels were related to the content of the eggshell matrix. We therefore speculated that dietary Na supplementation as sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) may improve eggshell quality. Additionally, dietary NaHCO3 or Na2SO4 supplementation may further affect eggshell quality in different ways due to differences in anions. This study investigated and compared the effects of dietary Na supplementation in either NaHCO3 or Na2SO4 form on laying performance, eggshell quality, ultrastructure and components in laying hens. A total of 576 29-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were randomly allocated to 8 dietary treatments that were fed a Na-deficient basal diet (0.07% Na, 0.15% Cl) supplemented with Na2SO4 or NaHCO3 at 0.08, 0.18, 0.23 or 0.33% Na for 12 weeks. No differences were observed in laying production performance with dietary Na supplementation. Dietary Na supplementation resulted in quadratic increases of eggshell breaking strength in both Na2SO4 and NaHCO3 added groups (P < 0.05), and Na2SO4-fed groups had a quadratic increase in the eggshell ratio at week 12 (P < 0.05). Compared with supplementing 0.08% Na, dietary supplementation of 0.23% Na increased the effective thickness (P < 0.05) in both Na2SO4 and NaHCO3 added groups, but decreased the thickness and knob width of the mammillary layer (P < 0.05). A linear increase on the calcium content of the shell was only observed with Na supplementation from NaHCO3 (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in Na contents of the shell with dietary Na supplemented by both sources. Dietary Na addition had a quadratic increase on uronic acid contents of shell membrane in NaHCO3-fed groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, the sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) contents of shell membranes increased linearly with dietary Na supplementation (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation of 0.23% Na from Na2SO4 increased the sulfated GAG contents of calcified eggshell (P < 0.05). Additionally, compared with NaHCO3-fed groups, Na2SO4-fed groups had higher eggshell breaking strength, thickness, eggshell weight ratio, effective thickness and the sulfated GAG contents of calcified eggshell at week 12. Overall, dietary supplementation of NaHCO3 or Na2SO4 could increase eggshell breaking strength, which may be related to increased sulfated GAG contents in eggshell membranes and improved ultrastructure. Higher eggshell breaking strength, thickness and eggshell ratio could be obtained when the diet was supplemented with 0.23% Na from Na2SO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - H J Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - S G Wu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - J M Zhou
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - G H Qi
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - J Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Kalman DS, Hewlings S. The effect of oral hydrolyzed eggshell membrane on the appearance of hair, skin, and nails in healthy middle-aged adults: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 19:1463-1472. [PMID: 31904175 PMCID: PMC7418556 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many over the counter and consumer packaged goods are promoted to enhance the appearance of hair, skin, and nails for the consumer. Nutrition is a major factor in affecting the health and appearance of hair, skin, and nails. In addition to how one eats, dietary supplementation may play a role in overall health and in the physical appearance. AIMS It was the aim of this study to objectively and subjectively evaluate the impacts of a nutritional intervention as compared to placebo on the appearances of hair, skin, and nails in healthy middle-aged adults. METHODS Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study with 88 subjects randomized evenly to Study Product (BiovaBio™ 450 mg/d, n = 44) or Placebo (n = 44) for 12-weeks. Outcome tests included TrichoScan HD (hair), Canfield Visia® -CR (skin), modified FACE-Q (skin), and anchored Likert Scales (nails). RESULTS Oral hydrolyzed eggshell membrane ingestion was associated with a significant improvement in facial skin appearance in crow's feet in 4 weeks and skin tone in 8 weeks, with significant impact on hair thickness, reduction in hair breakage and improvement in hair growth at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. There were no observed subjective improvements for nails (appearance, strength or growth). CONCLUSIONS Oral supplementation of 450 mg/d hydrolyzed eggshell membrane for 12 weeks is associated with improvement in the appearance of facial skin and hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Kalman
- Health Professions Division, Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Health Care Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Susan Hewlings
- Department of Human Environmental Studies, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
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Liu Z, Song L, Zhang F, He W, Linhardt RJ. Characteristics of global organic matrix in normal and pimpled chicken eggshells. Poult Sci 2017; 96:3775-3784. [PMID: 28938773 PMCID: PMC5850339 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The organic matrix from normal and pimpled calcified chicken eggshells were dissociated into acid-insoluble, water-insoluble, and facultative-soluble (both acid- and water-soluble) components, to understand the influence of shell matrix on eggshell qualities. A linear correlation was shown among these 3 matrix components in normal eggshells but was not observed in pimpled eggshells. In pimpled eggshells, the percentage contents of all 4 groups of matrix (the total matrix, acid-insoluble matrix, water-insoluble matrix, and facultative-soluble matrix) were significantly higher than that in normal eggshells. The amounts of both total matrix and acid-insoluble matrix in individual pimpled calcified shells were high, even though their weight was much lower than a normal eggshell. In both normal and pimpled eggshells, the calcified eggshell weight and shell thickness significantly and positively correlated with the amounts of all 4 groups of matrix in an individual calcified shell. In normal eggshells, the calcified shell thickness and shell breaking strength showed no significant correlations with the percentage contents of all 4 groups of matrix. In normal eggshells, only the shell membrane weight significantly correlated with the constituent ratios of both acid-insoluble matrix and facultative-soluble matrix in the whole matrix. In pimpled eggshells, 3 variables (calcified shell weight, shell thickness, and breaking strength) were significantly correlated with the constituent proportions of both acid-insoluble matrix and facultative-matrix. This study suggests that mechanical properties of normal eggshells may not linearly depend on the organic matrix content in the calcified eggshells and that pimpled eggshells might result by the disequilibrium enrichment of some proteins with negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Lin’an 311300, Zhejiang, China
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180
| | - L. Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Lin’an 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - F. Zhang
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180
| | - W. He
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180
| | - R. J. Linhardt
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180
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Liu Z, Song L, Lu L, Zhang X, Zhang F, Wang K, Linhardt RJ. Comparative proteomics of matrix fractions between pimpled and normal chicken eggshells. J Proteomics 2017; 167:1-11. [PMID: 28755913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Eggshell matrix can be dissociated into three matrix fractions: acid-insoluble matrix (M1), water-insoluble matrix (M2) and acid-water facultative-soluble matrix (M3). Matrix fractions from pimpled and normal eggshells were compared using label-free proteomic method to understand the differences among three matrix fractions and the proteins involved with eggshell quality. A total of 738 and 600 proteins were identified in the pimpled and normal calcified eggshells, respectively. Both eggshells showed a combined proteomic inventory of 769 proteins. In the same type of eggshell, a high similarity was present in the proteomes of three matrix fractions. These triply overlapped common proteins formed the predominant contributor to proteomic abundance in the matrix fractions. In each matrix fraction and between both eggshell models, normal and pimpled eggshells, a majority of the proteomes of the fractions were commonly observed. Forty-two common major proteins (iBAQ-derived abundance ≥0.095% of proteomic abundance) were identified throughout the three matrix fractions and these proteins might act as backbone constituents in chicken eggshell matrix. Finally, using 1.75-fold as up-regulated and using 0.57-fold as down-regulated cutoff values, twenty-five differential major proteins were screened and they all negatively influence and none showed any effect on eggshell quality. Overall, we uncovered the characteristics of proteomics of three eggshell matrix fractions and identified candidate proteins influencing eggshell quality. The next research on differential proteins will uncover the potential mechanisms underlying how proteins affect eggshell quality. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE It was reported that the proteins in an eggshell can be divided into insoluble and soluble proteins. The insoluble proteins are thought to be an inter-mineral matrix and acts as a structural framework, while the soluble proteins are thought as intra-mineral matrix that are embedded within the crystal during calcification. However, the difference between matrix fractions is unknown. Cross-analysis of proteomic data of three matrix fractions from the same type of eggshell, uncovered triply overlapped common proteins formed the predominant contributor to proteomic abundance of any matrix fraction, and we suggested that abundance variance of some common proteins between the three matrix fractions might be an important cause of their solubility differences. Moreover, eggshell is formed in hen's uterus, and uterus tend to be considered as unique organ determining eggshell quality. By cross-analysis on proteomic data of three matrix fractions between two eggshell models, normal and pimpled eggshells, the differential proteins were screened as candidates influencing eggshell quality. And we suggested that the liver and spleen or lymphocytes might be the major organs influencing eggshell quality, because the most promising candidates are almost blood and non-collagenous proteins, and originated from above organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangguo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Lin'an 311300, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Lingzi Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Lin'an 311300, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Provincial Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 311000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xianfu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Lin'an 311300, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180, NY, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180, NY, USA; Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180, NY, USA
| | - Kehua Wang
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180, NY, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180, NY, USA; Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180, NY, USA
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Glycosaminoglycans from chicken muscular stomach or gizzard. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:119-126. [PMID: 27752801 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were prepared from the muscular stomach or gizzard of the chicken. The content of GAGs on a dry weight basis contains 0.4 wt.% a typical value observed for a muscle tissue. The major GAG components were chondroitin-6-sulfate and chondroitin-4-sulfate (~64 %) of molecular weight 21-22 kDa. Hyaluronan (~24 %) had a molecular weight 120 kDa. Smaller amounts (12 %) of heparan sulfate was also present which was made of more highly sulfated chains of molecular weight of 21-22 kDa and a less sulfated low molecular weight (< 10 kDa) heterogeneous partially degraded heparan sulfate. Chicken gizzard represents an inexpensive and readily available source of muscle tissue-derived GAGs.
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