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Pham HM, Do TT. Detection and assessment of risk factors associated with Newcastle disease virus infection in birds in backyard poultry in Laichau province of Vietnam. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:144-152. [PMID: 36533298 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2160697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly pathogenic and contagious viral infectious disease of poultry that causes a very serious problem for poultry production and economic loss worldwide. ND has been an epizootic disease in Vietnam. Information about the risk factors that are associated with virus transmission in backyard chickens in Vietnam is limited. To provide more epidemiological information about ND in Vietnam, this study was performed to estimate NDV prevalence and identify the risk factors for ND virus (NDV) infection in birds at the backyard flock level. Choanal swabs were taken from 400 randomly selected birds from 100 apparently healthy flocks from May to July 2020. Based on RT-PCR analysis, 43 of 400 swab samples (10.75%; 95% CI 8-14.17) and 21 of 100 flocks (21%; 95% CI 14.17-29.98) were positive for the fusion (F) gene of NDV. The management practice risks were: backyard flocks contacting wild birds (OR = 3.89; P = 0.030), mixed flocks with different types and species of birds (OR = 5.46; P = 0.004), and infrequency of cleaning and disinfecting poultry houses (OR (odds ratio) = 4.43; P = 0.034). The second and third risks (above) showed a positive interaction on the risk of NDV infection in birds (OR = 39.38; P = 0.001), and the first risk showed a negative interaction. Further studies on NDV surveillance in domestic waterfowl, longitudinal studies, a well-optimized RT-qPCR assay, and genetic characterization are needed. The development of handbooks, flyers, or lessons for educating poultry keepers are also needed.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT RT-PCR was used to detect the F gene of NDV in choanal swabs.Risk factors associated with NDV-positive samples were determined.The evidence for NDV circulation in backyard healthy birds was observed.Contact with wild birds, mixed flocks, and poor hygiene were major risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Minh Pham
- Epidemiology and Pathology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trang Thu Do
- Epidemiology and Pathology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Yussif I, Kugonza DR, Okot MW, Amuge PO, Costa R, Dos Anjos F. Uganda chicken genetic resources: I. phenotypic and production characteristics. Front Genet 2023; 13:1033031. [PMID: 36761692 PMCID: PMC9902952 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1033031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent of diversity in the indigenous chicken breeds of Uganda was assessed for their potential utilisation in breeding programmes. A total of 293 indigenous-chicken-keeping households in villages across 35 districts forming 12 sub-regions of the four regions were randomly sampled for 586 mature chickens of both sexes. While only 20.8% of households were headed by women, 40.6% of indigenous chicken keepers were women. The production objectives mainly focused on chickens as sources of income from sales and household food. The chickens were predominantly managed in a scavenging (94.2%) feeding system in a mainly (96.9%) mixed crop-livestock system. The average flock size was 19.80 ± 1.21 chickens with 3.83 ± 0.29 laying hens, each producing an average of 13.41 ± 0.20 eggs/clutch and 40.3 ± 0.6 eggs/annum of 5.20 ± 0.03-month egg production age. Normal-feather strains predominated (>90%), with scattered incidences of naked neck, frizzles, polydactyl, and ptilopody traits in both sexes. Dark (49.0% hen; 43.8% cock) and white (38.3% hen; 42.4% cock) skin colours were most common among the chickens compared to yellow skin. However, yellow-coloured shanks were proportionally the most observed (41% cock; 29% hen). Orange and brown iris (eye) colours were the most common in both sexes. The hens commonly had small round earlobes with varying colours, while cocks had large oval-shaped, mainly red (70%) earlobes. The single-comb type was dominant in both sexes, with wattles almost universally present. Frizzle and polydactyl allele frequencies were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the expected Mendelian proportions, indicating a possible state of endangerment. Meanwhile, the estimated allele frequencies of ptilopody, tufted-crest, and rose comb alleles in the population were similar (p > 0.05) to the expected Mendelian frequencies. However, these strains did not show any significant (p > 0.05) influence on the body weight or the linear morphometric estimates except for being marginally higher than the normal strains. The phenotypic correlations of body weight and morphometric traits ranged from 0.457 to 0.668 and 0.292 to 0.454 in cocks and hens, respectively. These findings provide hints about the prospects for improved performance with modifications in the production environment. The wide phenotypic diversity would support management efforts for their sustainable utilisation and preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illyass Yussif
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda,*Correspondence: Illyass Yussif,
| | - Donald Rugira Kugonza
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | - Filomena Dos Anjos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
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Muhammad A, Prince M, DeLong KL, Gill T. Effects of Timing, Customer, and Location on Smallholder Broiler Sales in Rwanda. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Mujyambere V, Adomako K, Olympio SO, Ntawubizi M, Nyinawamwiza L, Mahoro J, Conroy A. Local chickens in East African region: their production and potential. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101547. [PMID: 34844110 PMCID: PMC8633685 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indigenous chickens (IC) contribute socioeconomically to household food security in the region of East Africa. However, their potential and improvement are not well documented. This review is aimed at exploring the production and potential of indigenous chickens in East Africa. The various tools for literature search such as google search and Google scholars, agricultural journals, animal sciences and health journals, poultry related journals, and country online databases were used to gather information. IC were primarily reared by women and were kept predominantly under scavenging systems where the conditions of management (feeding, housing, and health care) are poor. They presented a high variation in their reproduction and production characteristics. The products (meat and eggs) were of good quality and preferred by the local consumers. Despite the variation and potential of IC, improvements in the village system were constrained by diseases and loss due to Newcastle, Gumboro, and Ecto-endo parasites and predators. Farmers primarily used traditional methods to control the diseases, and some used conventional medications and vaccines. Due to the potential of IC, the exploration of various strategies for improvement supported by the details of their genetic variability and adaptation as well as different management conditions was a goal of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Mujyambere
- Department of Animal Production, University of Rwanda, P. O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda; Department of Animal Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Kwaku Adomako
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Simon O Olympio
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Martin Ntawubizi
- Department of Animal Production, University of Rwanda, P. O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - Laetitia Nyinawamwiza
- Department of Animal Production, University of Rwanda, P. O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - Janvier Mahoro
- Department of Animal Production, University of Rwanda, P. O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - Andrew Conroy
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, NH, USA
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Zindove TJ, Bakare AG, Iji PA. Indigenous chicken production in Fiji Islands: Knowledge, constraints and opportunities. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:778-788. [PMID: 34727642 PMCID: PMC9065774 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of the study was to understand and document socio-economic characteristics, production parameters, challenges and management practices used by Fijian households which keep indigenous chickens. Methods A survey involving 200 households was carried out in coastal and inland communities of Fiji's wet and semi-dry ecoregions. Data on the influence of ecoregion and location of households relative to the sea on management practices, challenges and productivity of indigenous chickens were analyzed using logistic regression and general linear model of SAS software. Results Irrespective of location relative to the sea and ecoregion, households indicated that they kept indigenous chickens for food and income generation. The Welsummer was the most( P > 0.05) preferred breed. Households in the semi-dry inland communities had the largest (P < 0.05) flocks compared to those in semi-dry coastal communities and the wet region. Chickens in the semi-dry region performed better (P < 0.05) than those in the wet region in terms of number of clutches per year and mature live weight. Predators and feed shortages were the biggest challenges faced by households in all areas. The mongoose was ranked as the most (P > 0.05) common predator followed by domestic dogs. Most households in the wet ecoregion's coastal communities housed their chickens at night, whereas communities in semi-dry ecoregion housed their chickens most of the time (P < 0.05). In all regions, no households sold their chickens to commercial markets (P > 0.05). Households in semi-dry ecoregion were more likely (P > 0.05) to sell their chickens at the local market place. Conclusion The productivity of local chickens in Fiji is low because of feed shortage, predators such as the mongoose and lack of market linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus Jairus Zindove
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Fiji National University, P.O Box 7222, Nasinu, Fiji
| | - Archibold Garikayi Bakare
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Fiji National University, P.O Box 7222, Nasinu, Fiji
| | - Paul Ade Iji
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Fiji National University, P.O Box 7222, Nasinu, Fiji
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Sustainable intensification of indigenous village chicken production system: matching the genotype with the environment. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:337. [PMID: 34021847 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02773-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The multi-purpose indigenous village chickens (IVCs) are kept in low- and middle-income countries. IVCs are hardy and are resilient to disease, hostile environment, global warming, and climate change. The IVCs are a little impacted by anthropogenic effects; consequently, they possess high genetic and phenotypic diversity. Likewise, the genetic structure of IVCs is principally shaped by natural selection, which enables them to accumulate high genetic polymorphism and to adaptively radiate. Regardless of this, the genetic wealth of IVCs has been eroded by indiscriminate crossbreeding. Emerging infectious and non-infectious diseases, flawed assumptions, predation, inadequate nutrition, poorly maintained night enclosures, and underdeveloped market infrastructure, and the overlooked multiple-use values and unique attributes of IVCs have threatened their mere survival. The IVCs lay a few eggs and produce less meat, which cannot meet the growing (existing) demand. However, the demand for IVC products is growing attributable to the flavor and texture of eggs and meat, and they are well-aligned with the subsistence farming system. The several use values and ecosystem services provided by IVCs have been increasingly realized. Enhanced production can be attained through sustainable use of local (genetic) resources and by scaling up and out best practices. Genetic improvement needs to mainly rely upon IVC genetic resources and should have to match the genotype with the environment. Moreover, it has to maintain the genetic polymorphism that has been accumulated for time immemorial to respond to unanticipated changes in the production system and consumers' demand. In this review, enhanced management, selection strategies, and genetic crosses including the crossing of commercial chickens with red junglefowl have been proposed to sustainably intensify the IVC production system.
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Desta TT. Indigenous village chicken production: a tool for poverty alleviation, the empowerment of women, and rural development. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 53:1. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Habimana R, Okeno TO, Ngeno K, Mboumba S, Assami P, Gbotto AA, Keambou CT, Nishimwe K, Mahoro J, Yao N. Genetic diversity and population structure of indigenous chicken in Rwanda using microsatellite markers. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0225084. [PMID: 32240167 PMCID: PMC7117670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rwanda has about 4.5 million of indigenous chicken (IC) that are very low in productivity. To initiate any genetic improvement programme, IC needs to be accurately characterized. The key purpose of this study was to ascertain the genetic diversity of IC in Rwanda using microsatellite markers. Blood samples of IC sampled from 5 agro-ecological zones were collected from which DNA was extracted, amplified by PCR and genotyped using 28 microsatellite markers. A total of 325 (313 indigenous and 12 exotic) chickens were genotyped and revealed a total number of 305 alleles varying between 2 and 22 with a mean of 10.89 per locus. One hundred eighty-six (186) distinct alleles and 60 private alleles were also observed. The frequency of private alleles was highest in samples from the Eastern region, whereas those from the North West had the lowest. The influx of genes was lower in the Eastern agro-ecological zone than the North West. The mean observed heterozygosity was 0.6155, whereas the average expected heterozygosity was 0.688. The overall inbreeding coefficient among the population was 0.040. Divergence from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was significant (p<0.05) in 90% of loci in all the populations. The analysis of molecular variance revealed that about 92% of the total variation originated from variation within populations. Additionally, the study demonstrated that IC in Rwanda could be clustered into four gene groups. In conclusion, there was considerable genetic diversity in IC in Rwanda, which represents a crucial genetic resource that can be conserved or optimized through genetic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Habimana
- Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, College of Agriculture, Nyagatare, Rwanda
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya
| | - Tobias Otieno Okeno
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya
| | - Kiplangat Ngeno
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya
| | - Sylvere Mboumba
- Faculty of Agronomy and Biotechnologies, Masuku University of Science and Techniques, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Pauline Assami
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anique Ahou Gbotto
- Laboratoire de genomique Fonctionnelle et Amélioration Génétique Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Christian Tiambo Keambou
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary medicine, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Kizito Nishimwe
- Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, College of Agriculture, Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - Janvier Mahoro
- Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, College of Agriculture, Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - Nasser Yao
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
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