1
|
Santos MRBD, Moreira Filho ALDB, Freitas Neto OC, Andrade MDFDS, Silva NMVD, Sales GFC, Oliveira CJBD, Givisiez PEN. Shifts in microbiota and gene expression of nutrient transporters, mucin and interleukins in the gut of fast-growing and slow-growing chickens infected by Salmonella Enteritidis. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1987-1996. [PMID: 38485903 PMCID: PMC11153419 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Slow-growing breeds are more resistant to Salmonella infection compared to fast-growing broilers. However, it is unclear whether that is associated with innate resistance or rather rely on differences in Salmonella-induced gut responses. We investigated the microbial composition and gene expression of nutrient transporters, mucin, and interleukin in the gut of a fast-growing (Cobb500) and a slow-growing naked neck (NN) chicken breeds challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis. Hatchlings were inoculated at two days of age using sterile broth (sham) or Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and distributed according to a completely randomized design into four treatments: Cobb-sham; Cobb-SE; NN-sham; and NN-SE. Cecal SE counting and microbial composition by 16 S rRNA sequencing were determined at 24-, 96-, and 168-hours post-inoculation (hpi). Gene expression of amino acid (Asct1) and peptide transporters (PepT1), glucose transporters (Sglt1, Glut2 and Glut5) and mucin (Muc2) in the jejunum and expression of interleukins (IL1 beta, IL8, IL17 and IL22) in the cecum was assessed by qPCR at 24 and 168 hpi. NN birds were colonized by SE just as Cobb birds but showed innate upregulation of Muc2, IL8 and IL17 in comparison to Cobb. While nutrient transporter mRNA expression was impaired in SE-challenged Cobb birds, the opposite was observed in NN. There were no differences in microbial diversity at different sampling times for Cobb-SE, whereas the other groups had higher diversity and lower dominance at 24 hpi compared with 96 hpi and 168 hpi. NN birds apparently develop earlier gut microbial stability, have higher basal level of mucin gene expression as well as differential nutrient transporter and interleukin gene expression in the presence of SE which might mitigate the effects of SE infection compared to Cobb birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maylane Rayane Brito Dos Santos
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | | | - Oliveiro Caetano Freitas Neto
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31710-220, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gustavo Felipe Correia Sales
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Celso José Bruno de Oliveira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Emília Naves Givisiez
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Konieczka P, Tykałowski B, Ognik K, Kinsner M, Szkopek D, Wójcik M, Mikulski D, Jankowski J. Increased arginine, lysine, and methionine levels can improve the performance, gut integrity and immune status of turkeys but the effect is interactive and depends on challenge conditions. Vet Res 2022; 53:59. [PMID: 35883183 PMCID: PMC9327309 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine (Arg), lysine (Lys), and methionine (Met) can be used to support the health status of turkeys. The present study investigated selected performance, gut integrity, and immunological parameters in turkeys reared in optimal or challenge conditions. The experiment lasted for 28 days, and it had a completely randomized 2 × 3 factorial design with two levels of dietary Arg, Lys and Met (high or low) and challenge with Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or no challenge (placebo). Increased dietary levels of Arg, Lys and Met had a beneficial effect on turkey performance and immunological parameters, and it improved selected indicators responsible for maintaining gut integrity in different challenge conditions. Under optimal conditions (with no challenge), high ArgLysMet diets did not compromise bird performance and they improved selected performance parameters in challenged birds. The immune system of turkeys was not excessively stimulated by high ArgLysMet diets, which did not disrupt the redox balance and had no negative effect on gut integrity. High ArgLysMet diets increased the expression levels of selected genes encoding nutrient transporters and tight junction proteins. However, the influence exerted by different dietary inclusion levels of Arg, Lys and Met on gut integrity was largely determined by the stressor (C. perfringens vs. LPS). Further studies are required to investigate the role of Arg, Lys and Met levels in the diet on the immune response, gut function and performance of turkeys in different challenge conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Konieczka
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland. .,Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110, Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Bartłomiej Tykałowski
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10‑719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ognik
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Life Sciences, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Misza Kinsner
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Dominika Szkopek
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Maciej Wójcik
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Dariusz Mikulski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
An evaluation of elevated branched-chain amino acid inclusions on the performance of broiler chickens offered reduced-crude protein, wheat-based diets from 7 to 28 days post-hatch. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
4
|
Abdelli N, Ramser A, Greene ES, Beer L, Tabler TW, Orlowski SK, Pérez JF, Solà-Oriol D, Anthony NB, Dridi S. Effects of Cyclic Chronic Heat Stress on the Expression of Nutrient Transporters in the Jejunum of Modern Broilers and Their Ancestor Wild Jungle Fowl. Front Physiol 2021; 12:733134. [PMID: 34744775 PMCID: PMC8566887 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.733134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) has been reported to disrupt nutrient digestion and absorption in broilers. These effects may be more prominent in fast-growing chickens due to their high metabolic activity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated. Hence, the current study aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic HS on jejunal nutrient transport in slow- (Athens Canadian Random Bred, ACRB from 1950), moderate- (The 1995 random bred, 95RAN), rapid- (modern broilers, modern random bred, MRB) growing birds and their ancestor wild jungle fowl (JF). One-day male chicks (n = 150/line) were placed by line in environmentally controlled chambers and kept under the same industry-standard environmental conditions until d28. On d29, an 8-h daily cyclic HS (36°C) was applied to half of the chambers, which lasted until d55, while keeping the rest under thermal neutral (TN, 24°C) conditions. Jejunum tissues were collected for morphology assessment and molecular analysis of carbohydrate-, amino acid-, and fatty acid-transporters. MRB exhibited the highest body weight (BW) followed by 95RAN under both conditions. HS decreased feed intake (FI) in MRB and 95RAN, which resulted in lower BW compared to their TN counterparts; however, no effect was observed in ACRB and JF. MRB showed a greater villus height (VH) to crypt depth (CD) ratio under both environmental conditions. Molecular analyses showed that glucose transporter (GLUT) 2, 5, 10, and 11 were upregulated in MRB compared to some of the other populations under TN conditions. HS downregulated GLUT2, 10, 11, and 12 in MRB while it increased the expression of GLUT1, 5, 10, and 11 in JF. GLUT2 protein expression was higher in JF compared to ACRB and MRB under TN conditions. It also showed an increase in ACRB but no effect on 95RAN and MRB under HS conditions. ACRB exhibited greater expression of the EAAT3 gene as compared to the rest of the populations maintained under TN conditions. HS exposure did not alter the gene expression of amino acid transporters in MRB. Gene expression of CD36 and FABP2 was upregulated in HS JF birds. Protein expression of CD36 was downregulated in HS JF while no effect was observed in ACRB, 95RAN, and MRB. Taken together, these data are the first to show the effect of HS on jejunal expression of nutrient transporters in three broiler populations known to represent 70 years of genetic progress in the poultry industry and a Red Jungle Fowl population representative of the primary ancestor of domestic chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nedra Abdelli
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Alison Ramser
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Greene
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Lesleigh Beer
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Travis W Tabler
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sara K Orlowski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - José Francisco Pérez
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Nicholas B Anthony
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mohammadigheisar M, Shouldice VL, Torrey S, Widowski TM, Ward NE, Kiarie EG. Growth performance, organ attributes, nutrient and caloric utilization in broiler chickens differing in growth rates when fed a corn-soybean meal diet with multienzyme supplement containing phytase, protease and fiber degrading enzymes. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101362. [PMID: 34358957 PMCID: PMC8350502 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth performance, organ weight, ceca digesta short chain fatty acids (SCFA), jejunal histomorphometry, tibia ash, apparent retention (AR) of components and caloric efficiency were investigated in broiler chicken strains differing in growth rate fed diets with multienzyme supplement (MES). The strains differed in estimated time to reach 2.1 kg BW: 37, 43, 47, and 50 d and were designated C, F, J, and N, respectively. A corn-soybean meal diet was formulated for 2-phase program (starter and grower) and fed without or with MES containing phytase, protease and fiber-degrading enzymes. A total of 640-day-old chicks (42.3 + 0.01 g/bird) were housed in cages (5 cockerels and 5 pullets/cage) and allocated to give 8 replicates/ strain and diet combination. Equal amount of feed was fed based on observed ad-libitum intake of C strain in the starter (d 0-14) and grower (d 15-28). Body weight was monitored, grab excreta samples taken and at completion of allocated feed one bird per cage necropsied for samples. With exception of P, apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) and ceca digesta acetic acid, there was no (P > 0.05) interaction between strain and MES on examined responses. Strains differed (P < 0.01) on growth, FCR, gizzard weight, tibia ash, breast weight, ceca digesta concentration of lactic, propionic, and isobutyric acid and caloric efficiency. The final body weight (BW) was 1,344, 1,134, 959, and 916 g/bird for C, F, J, and N, respectively. Corresponding caloric efficiency was 4,930, 5,807, 6,680 and 7,199 kcal/kg BW gain, respectively. Birds fed MES had higher BW gain (P < 0.05) in grower phase, larger gizzard, higher AR of CP, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, and Ca than non-MES birds. In conclusion, growth rate influenced organ attributes, nutrient, and caloric utilization. Enzyme supplementation improved growth in grower phase and nutrient utilization independent of strain, suggesting that effects of feed enzymes are not influenced by inherent growth rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria L Shouldice
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G2W1
| | - Stephanie Torrey
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G2W1
| | - Tina M Widowski
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G2W1
| | - Nelson E Ward
- DSM Nutritional Products Inc., Parsippany, NJ, 07054, USA
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G2W1.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miska KB, Schreier LL, Kahl S, Russell B, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M. Expression of genes associated with nutrient uptake in intestines of chickens with different growth potentials show temporal changes but are not correlated with growth. Br Poult Sci 2021; 63:179-193. [PMID: 34378478 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1966753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to compare the expression of genes that encode proteins located at either the brush border (BB) or basolateral (BL) of the gut epithelium among fast and slow-growing broilers.Six lines of chicks with different growth capacities were used: Ross 708, Hubbard H1 (HH1), Cobb 500, Longnecker's Heritage (LHR), Red-Bro, and the Athens Canadian Randombred Control (ACRB). Birds were sampled between embryonic day (ED) 19 and day 35 post-hatch (PH).Performance parameters indicated that Ross 708, HH1, and Cobb 500 had the highest body weights (BW) while ACRBs had the lowest.Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on 13 genes encoding proteins associated with nutrient processing and uptake. Statistical analysis was carried out (ANOVA) for eight BB genes: Aminopeptidase N (APN), four amino acid transporters, (ATBo,+, BoAT, bo,+AT, EAAT3) a di- and tri- peptide transporter (PepT1), and two sugar transporters (GLUT5 and SGLT1). Analysis of four amino acid transporters (CAT1, CAT2, LAT1, and γ+LAT1), and a single sugar transporter (GLUT2) associated with BL was carried out.Four BB associated genes (APN, EAAT3, BoAT, and b0,+AT) in the small intestine were negatively correlated with growth.In most cases, genes encoding BB proteins increased in expression over time (P<0.05) in the small intestine, while, in the caeca, the expression decreased (P<0.05). The mRNA of BL-associated proteins showed decreased (P<0.05) expression over time in all gut segments, with exception of GLUT2, which increased in expression in the small intestine.The temporal changes in gene expression were consistent among bird lines and BB associated genes tended to increase over time, while BL associated genes tended to decrease over time. Correlation analysis indicated that mRNA expression of nutrient transporter genes may not be a good predictor of growth potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna B Miska
- Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Lori L Schreier
- Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Stanislaw Kahl
- Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Beverly Russell
- Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Monika Proszkowiec-Weglarz
- Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Macelline SP, Chrystal PV, Liu SY, Selle PH. The Dynamic Conversion of Dietary Protein and Amino Acids into Chicken-Meat Protein. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2288. [PMID: 34438749 PMCID: PMC8388418 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review considers the conversion of dietary protein and amino acids into chicken-meat protein and seeks to identify strategies whereby this transition may be enhanced. Viable alternatives to soybean meal would be advantageous but the increasing availability of non-bound amino acids is providing the opportunity to develop reduced-crude protein (CP) diets, to promote the sustainability of the chicken-meat industry and is the focus of this review. Digestion of protein and intestinal uptakes of amino acids is critical to broiler growth performance. However, the transition of amino acids across enterocytes of the gut mucosa is complicated by their entry into either anabolic or catabolic pathways, which reduces their post-enteral availability. Both amino acids and glucose are catabolised in enterocytes to meet the energy needs of the gut. Therefore, starch and protein digestive dynamics and the possible manipulation of this 'catabolic ratio' assume importance. Finally, net deposition of protein in skeletal muscle is governed by the synchronised availability of amino acids and glucose at sites of protein deposition. There is a real need for more fundamental and applied research targeting areas where our knowledge is lacking relative to other animal species to enhance the conversion of dietary protein and amino acids into chicken-meat protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shemil P. Macelline
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter V. Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Sonia Y. Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Selle PH, Dorigam JCDP, Lemme A, Chrystal PV, Liu SY. Synthetic and Crystalline Amino Acids: Alternatives to Soybean Meal in Chicken-Meat Production. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E729. [PMID: 32331461 PMCID: PMC7222841 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
: This review explores the premise that non-bound (synthetic and crystalline) amino acids are alternatives to soybean meal, the dominant source of protein, in diets for broiler chickens. Non-bound essential and non-essential amino acids can partially replace soybean meal so that requirements are still met but dietary crude protein levels are reduced. This review considers the production of non-bound amino acids, soybeans, and soybean meal and discusses the concept of reduced-crude protein diets. There is a focus on specific amino acids, including glycine, serine, threonine, and branched-chain amino acids, because they may be pivotal to the successful development of reduced-crude protein diets. Presently, moderate dietary crude protein reductions of approximately 30 g/kg are feasible, but more radical reductions compromise broiler performance. In theory, an 'ideal' amino acid profile would prevent this, but this is not necessarily the case in practice. The dependence of the chicken-meat industry on soybean meal will be halved if crude protein reductions in the order of 50 g/kg are attained without compromising the growth performance of broiler chickens. In this event, synthetic and crystalline, or non-bound, amino acids will become viable alternatives to soybean meal in chicken-meat production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia; (P.H.S.); (P.V.C.)
| | | | - Andreas Lemme
- Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany (A.L.)
| | - Peter V. Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia; (P.H.S.); (P.V.C.)
- Baiada Poultry Pty Limited, Pendle Hill NSW2145, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia
| | - Sonia Y. Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia; (P.H.S.); (P.V.C.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW2570, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Choi J, Li W, Schindell B, Ni L, Liu S, Zhao X, Gong J, Nyachoti M, Yang C. Molecular cloning, tissue distribution and the expression of cystine/glutamate exchanger (xCT, SLC7A11) in different tissues during development in broiler chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:107-114. [PMID: 32211536 PMCID: PMC7082690 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cystine/glutamate exchanger (xCT, SLC7A11) is a component of the system Xc amino-acid antiporter that is able to export glutamate and import cysteine into cells. The xCT amino acid exchanger has received a lot of attention, due to the fact that cysteine is an essential substrate for the synthesis of glutathione (GSH), an endogenous antioxidant in cells. The objective of this research was to clone the full-length cDNA of chicken xCT, and to investigate the gene expression of xCT in different tissues, including intestinal segments of broiler chickens during development. The full-length cDNA of chicken xCT (2,703 bp) was obtained from the jejunum by reverse transcription-PCR and sequenced. Homology tests showed that chicken xCT had 80.4%, 80.2%, and 71.2% homology at the nucleotide level with humans, cattle, and rats, respectively. Likewise, amino acid sequence analysis showed that chicken xCT protein is 86.4%, 79.3%, and 75.6% homologous with humans, cattle, and rats, respectively. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis indicated that chicken xCT genes share a closer genetic relationship with humans and cattle, than with rats. The chicken xCT protein has 12 transmembrane helixes, 6 extracellular loops, and 5 intracellular loops. The mRNA of xCT was detected in all tissues, including intestinal segments, in which the mRNA expression of xCT was significantly higher (P < 0.05) within the colon, compared to the jejunum and ileum. During development, a linear pattern of changes regarding the levels of the xCT mRNA was found, indicating that there was an abundance of xCT within the duodenum (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there were changes of the xCT mRNA abundance in the colon during development, which displayed linear and cubic patterns (P < 0.05). These results indicated that xCT is widely expressed both in intestinal segments, as well as other organs that are not associated with nutrient absorption. Further investigation is needed to characterize the functional relevance of xCT activity in oxidative stress and inflammation in the small intestine of broiler chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janghan Choi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Weiqi Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Brayden Schindell
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Liju Ni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.,Shanghai Lab-Animal Research Center, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shangxi Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Xiaoya Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Martin Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
de Almeida Mallmann B, Martin EM, Soo Kim K, Calderon-Apodaca NL, Baxter MFA, Latorre JD, Hernandez-Velasco X, Paasch-Martinez L, Owens CM, Dridi S, Bottje WG, Greene ES, Tellez-Isaias G. Evaluation of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Bone Mineralization on Broiler Chickens Affected by Wooden Breast Myopathy. Front Physiol 2019; 10:674. [PMID: 31191361 PMCID: PMC6549442 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, alterations in bone metabolism have been associated with myopathies. We postulate the hypothesis that perhaps similar pathologies can also be associated in modern chickens. Hence, this study aimed to assess the fat infiltration in bone marrow and its repercussion on broiler chicken affected by Wooden Breast (WB) myopathy. Ten Cobb 500 live birds with extreme rigidity of the Pectoralis major (PM) muscle were selected as WB affected chickens by physical examination of the muscle at 49 days of age, whereas ten chickens healthy with no physical signs of hardness in the breast muscle were considered to be unaffected. Macroscopic lesions in affected chickens included areas of firm and inflamed muscle with pale appearance, hemorrhaging, and viscous exudate on the surface. Bone marrow and sections of the PM muscle were collected and analyzed for light microscopy. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy was conducted in affected or unaffected muscle. Chickens affected with WB showed significant reductions (P < 0.05) in femur diameter, calcium, and phosphorous percentage but increased breast weight, compression force and filet thickness when compared with non-affected chickens. Interestingly, bone marrow from WB chicken had subjectively, more abundant infiltration of adipose tissue, when compared with non-affected chickens. Histology of the Pectoralis major of birds with WB showed abundant infiltration of adipose tissue, muscle fibers degeneration with necrosis and infiltration of heterophils and mononuclear cells, connective tissue proliferation, and vasculitis. Ultrastructural changes of WB muscle revealed lack definition of bands in muscle tissue, or any normal ultrastructural anatomy such as myofibrils. The endomysium components were necrotic, and in some areas, the endomysium was notable only as a string of necrotic tissue between degraded myofibrils. The fascia appeared hypertrophied, with large areas of necrosis and myofiber without structural identity with degraded mitochondria adjacent to the disrupted muscle tissue. As far as we know, this is the first study that describes a subjective increase in adipose tissue in the bone marrow of chickens affected with WB when compared with non-affected chickens, and reduced bone mineralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth M Martin
- Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Kyung Soo Kim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Norma L Calderon-Apodaca
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mikayla F A Baxter
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Juan D Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Paasch-Martinez
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Casey M Owens
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Walter G Bottje
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Greene
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|