Transfer of flubendazole and tylosin from feed at cross-contamination levels to various poultry matrices

Fate and disposition of [14C]-polystyrene microplastic after oral administration to laying hens

Micro/nanoplastics (MP) are emerging environmental contaminants of great concern because of their ubiquitous distribution in air, soil, water, and food. Reports have described MP in the excreta of food animals, but their absorption, distribution, and elimination in terrestrial animals used for human consumption is essentially unexplored. To determine the absorption and distribution of [14C]-polystyrene (PS) MP, laying hens (n = 15) were bolus dosed with 10 μCi/hen (11.1 ± 0.8 mg/kg) and the extent of radioactivity in blood and tissues was determined in birds harvested on withdrawal days (WD) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 (3 hens per WD). Radiocarbon was also determined in egg fractions and excreta collected throughout the study. Blood, eggs, and tissues contained a total of <1 % of the administered dose, demonstrating that polystyrene microparticles were poorly absorbed. Recovery of radioactivity in excreta within the first withdrawal day was nearly quantitative (96.8 ± 14.5 %, n = 15), suggesting exposure of poultry to dietary PS-MP would not likely represent subsequent food safety risks and that most PS-MP present in poultry diets would return to the environment.

Detection and quantification of multiclass antibiotic residues in poultry products using solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection

This article describes the initial study on the simultaneous determination of multiclass antibiotic residues in imported and local frozen poultry specimens, including turkey gizzard and muscle tissues, and chicken muscle tissues, commonly consumed in Ogun State, Nigeria. Minced tissues were treated with phosphate buffer adjusted to pH 7 that was cleaned using C18 SPE-column (Supelclean™) cartridge. For the determination of six antibiotic residues including fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, and macrolides, a solid-phase extraction method was used, followed by extract analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC–DAD). The coefficient of determination (R²) for the external standards for all the analytes ranged between 0.963 and 0.999. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) ranged between 5.37 – 55.4 μg/kg, and 17.9–185 μg/kg, respectively. Enrofloxacin, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine, and tylosin showed high concentration levels in the frozen poultry beyond acceptable maximum residue limits (MRLs). The six drugs considered in this study were present at higher concentrations in domestic chicken tissues than the permissible level. This suggests that farmers do not observe the cessation period before poultry birds previously treated with antibiotics are sold to consumers thus exposing them to potentially hazardous antibiotic residues.

Determination of Eleven Veterinary Drugs in Chicken Meat and Liver

Brazil chicken production is around 13 million tons and about a third is exported to over 150 countries, placing Brazil as the world largest chicken meat producer, and therefore it is crucial to follow the legislation of all importer markets. This study conducted a survey by chance in 45 meat industries able to export. Therefore, 2580 chicken meat samples were collected and submitted to 11 analyte extraction and chromatographic verification of compliance in an accredited laboratory. Ten chemical residues (amoxicillin, bacitracin, colistin, dinitolmide + zoalene, spectinomycin, roxarsone, tiamulin, tylosin, trenbolone acetate and virginiamycin) were investigated in chicken meat and one (halofuginone hydrobromide) in chicken liver. The results showed that no compound exceeded the maximum residue limits established by seven legislations. All residue concentrations found were below the method quantification limit, thereby confirming the capability of Brazilian chicken meat industries in complying to foreign markets.

Identification and Quantification of Tylosin in Animal Feed by Liquid Chromatography Combined with Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry

Introduction

The authorisation of tylosin as feed additive was withdrawn for reasons of human health concerning resistance of pathogenic bacteria. An analytical method for the identification and quantification of tylosin in animal feed was developed and validated.

Material and Methods

The samples were extracted using an acidified methanol:water mixture and solid-phase extraction was employed for the isolation of the antibiotic from diluted feed samples. Tylosin was analysed by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric detection. The method's performance was evaluated in adherence to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC.

Results

The recovery of the analyte from spiked samples was determined to be in the range from 78.9% to 108.3% depending on tylosin concentrations. The CCα and CCβ values for tylosin in feeds were determined at 0.085 mg kg^-1 and 0.091 mg kg^-1, respectively. The method detection limit was found to be 0.035 mg kg^-1 and the quantification limit 0.05 mg kg^-1. The applicability of the developed method was tested by analysing real feed samples.

Conclusion

A reliable LC-MS method was developed to identify and quantify tylosin in animal feed with a good repeatability and a high specificity and sensitivity. Because of these characteristics, the proposed method is applicable and could be deemed necessary within the field of feed control and safety.

The influence of Farmatan® and Flimabend® on the mucosal immunity of broiler chicken1

The aim of the present study was to monitor selected parameters of mucosal immunity in jejunum and ileum (immunoglobulin A [IgA], mucin 2 [MUC-2], and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in commercial broiler farm chicken after treatment with flubendazole (Flimabend®) and natural extract from chestnut wood (Farmatan®). A total of 24 forty-day-old Kalimero-Super Master hybrid chickens were divided into 4 groups (n = 6): the Fli group received Flimabend® per os, 100 mg/g suspension in 1.43 mg of active substance/kg body weight during 7 d of experiment; the Far group received Farmatan®per os at 0.2% concentration for 6 h/d during 5 d (experimental d 3 to 7); the Far + Fli group received a combination of doses administered in the same way as for the first two groups; and the C group represented control with no active substance administration. The concentrations of secretory IgA (sIgA) and MUC-2 and relative expression of selected immune parameters were evaluated. Our results show strong suppressive effect of the Farmatan® and Flimabend® combination on relative expression of IL-1β and IL-18 in selected parts of the intestine. On the other hand, administration of natural extract from selected chestnut wood (Farmatan®) increased expression of total IgA as well as concentration of sIgA in the studied parts of the chicken intestine. Moreover, expression and concentration of MUC-2 was positively affected by addition of Farmatan®. In contrast, 7-d administration of Flimabend® resulted in upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decrease in IgA and MUC-2 gene expression. In conclusion, for maintenance of mucosal immunity via activation of IgA and mucin production, the long-term preventive use of Farmatan® is a suitable choice.