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Pirgozliev VR, Whiting IM, Mansbridge SC, Rose SP. Sunflower and rapeseed meal as alternative feed materials to soybean meal for sustainable egg production, using aged laying hens. Br Poult Sci 2023; 64:634-640. [PMID: 37706266 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2239176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
1. This study assessed the impact of replacing two thirds of a soybean meal (SBM) based diet with an alternative protein (AP) based diet (sunflower and rapeseed meal), when fed to end of production Hy-Line Brown laying hens.2. Diets were fed in seven cages, each containing six birds aged from 75 to 83 weeks old. Measured variables included bird performance, egg production, quality variables of fresh eggs, total tract digestibility of dry matter (DMD), neutral detergent fibre (NDFD), fat (FD), and nitrogen corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn).3. No significant differences were observed (P > 0.05) for egg production, egg composition or egg quality. However, birds fed the AP diet had darker yolks (P < 0.05), possibly linked to natural pigments in AP.4. The SBM diet had higher AMEn, DMD and NDFD (P < 0.05), although FD was higher in the AP diet (P < 0.05).5. Diets based on AP sources can be fed to aged laying hens without deteriorating productive performance, providing care is taken in formulating diets (e.g. amino acid levels, balance etc). Using AP sources may reduce reliance on SBM associated with land use change, contributing towards sustainability for the egg industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Pirgozliev
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Shropshire, UK
| | - I M Whiting
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Shropshire, UK
| | - S C Mansbridge
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Shropshire, UK
| | - S P Rose
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Shropshire, UK
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Andrade PGCD, Mendonça MADF, Cruz FGG, Rufino JPF, Silva FMF, Reis LDA. Effects of dietary fiber on performance and egg quality of laying hens at pre-laying and laying peak. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v44i1.57534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary fiber on the performance and egg quality of laying hens at pre-laying and laying peak periods. The experimental period was divided into three periods: pre-laying (16 to 19 weeks of age), the start of laying (20 to 22 weeks of age) and laying peak (23 to 28 weeks of age). The experimental design was completely randomized with treatments constituted by five levels of fiber (2.00, 2.50, 3.00, 3.50, and 4.00%) in the diets, with five replicates (pens) of six birds each, totalling 180 hens. Performance and egg quality results were evaluated by polynomial regression at 5%. Fiber levels were not influenced (p >0.05) the first laying of the hens. However, levels above 2.50% of fiber provided worst (p <0.05) performance results, regardless of the period evaluated. Shortly after the start of laying, higher levels of fiber also caused a linear reduction (p <0.05) on egg weight and percentages of yolk and albumen, and an increase (p <0.05) on eggshells. Higher fiber levels caused a linear reduction (p <0.05) in the quality of the eggs, regardless of the period evaluated. It was concluded that the fiber levels did not influence the start period of the laying. Both pre-laying and start of the laying, levels above 2.5% of fiber caused a gradual worsening in performance. From the start of laying up to laying peak, levels above 2.5% of fiber also caused a gradual worsening in egg quality.
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Godínez-Juárez B, Hernández-Mendo O, Pro-Martínez A, Hernández-Sánchez D, Leyva-Ruelas G, Martínez-Martínez U, Zarate-Contreras D. Partially Dehulled Sunflower Seeds in Diets for Grazing Chickens: Effect in Meat Quality. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2021-1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ruan D, Dai Z, Fouad AM, Zhang Y, Li C, Wang S, Huang X, Li K, Sun Y, You J, Zheng C. Effects of dietary sunflower meal supplementation on productive performance, antioxidative capacity, lipid metabolism, and gut microbiota in laying ducks. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Khempaka S, Pukkung C, Okrathok S, Chaiyasit S, Khimkem A, Sirisopapong M, Pasri P. Mix of cassava pulp, napier grass, and enzymes can be used as low cost alternative feed ingredient for laying hens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 54:5. [PMID: 34890021 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-03013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of mixed cassava pulp and napier grass (MCN) supplemented with multi-component enzymes on the hen performance and egg quality as well as nutrient digestibility. In experiment 1, forty laying hens (Isa Brown) of 34 weeks in age were randomly allotted to 5 groups: control and 5, 10, 15, and 20% MCN for 10 days (one bird per cage, eight cage replicates). The results indicated that dry matter, and organic matter digestibilities, or nitrogen retention (P > 0.05) showed no significant alteration when used MCN up to 20%. In experiment 2, one hundred and eighty Isa Brown laying hens of 67 weeks in age were randomly assigned to 5 groups (control and 4 MCN: 5, 10, 15, and 20%) and raised for 8 weeks. It revealed that the inclusion rate of MCN up to 20% did not affect the productive performance, plasma cholesterol concentration, cecal microbial populations, or ammonia production (P > 0.05). In addition, egg yolk cholesterol was found to be lower in laying hens fed 20% MCN compared to 5% MCN (P < 0.05), but no significant differences compared to the control. In conclusion, it is indicated that MCN can be used as a partial part of an energy source in laying hen diets with no adverse effects on productive performance, nutrient digestibility or egg quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutisa Khempaka
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
| | - Chayanan Pukkung
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Supattra Okrathok
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Chaiyasit
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Arporn Khimkem
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Merisa Sirisopapong
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Phocharapon Pasri
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
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Adaptation of Livestock to New Diets Using Feed Components without Competition with Human Edible Protein Sources-A Review of the Possibilities and Recommendations. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082293. [PMID: 34438751 PMCID: PMC8388495 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Livestock feed contains components that can also be consumed by humans, which may become less available for livestock. Proteins are such components that may become less available for livestock feed. This review focuses on using alternative protein sources in feed. We may expect protein efficiency problems and we discuss how these could be solved using a combination of alternative protein sources and animal breeding. We make recommendations for the use and optimization of novel protein sources. Abstract Livestock feed encompasses both human edible and human inedible components. Human edible feed components may become less available for livestock. Especially for proteins, this calls for action. This review focuses on using alternative protein sources in feed and protein efficiency, the expected problems, and how these problems could be solved. Breeding for higher protein efficiency leading to less use of the protein sources may be one strategy. Replacing (part of) the human edible feed components with human inedible components may be another strategy, which could be combined with breeding for livestock that can efficiently digest novel protein feed sources. The potential use of novel protein sources is discussed. We discuss the present knowledge on novel protein sources, including the consequences for animal performance and production costs, and make recommendations for the use and optimization of novel protein sources (1) to improve our knowledge on the inclusion of human inedible protein into the diet of livestock, (2) because cooperation between animal breeders and nutritionists is needed to share knowledge and combine expertise, and (3) to investigate the effect of animal-specific digestibility of protein sources for selective breeding for each protein source and for precision feeding. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics will be important tools.
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Viana EDF, Carvalho Mello HHD, Carvalho FB, Café MB, Leandro NSM, Arnhold E, Stringhini JH. Blood biochemical parameters and organs development of brown layers fed reduced dietary protein levels in two rearing systems. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:444-452. [PMID: 34293840 PMCID: PMC8902232 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of crude protein (CP) and two rearing systems (cage and floor), on blood parameters and digestive and reproductive organ development of brown laying hens. Methods A total of 400 Hisex Brown laying hens between 30 and 45 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design and a 2×4 factorial arrangement, with main effects including two rearing systems (cage and floor) and levels of CP (140, 150, 160, and 180 g/kg), in a total of eight treatments and five replicates of 10 birds each with initial body weight of 1,877 g (laying hen in cage) and 1,866 g (laying hens in floor). The parameters evaluated were plasma total protein, albumin, uric acid, total cholesterol, relative weights of oviduct, abdominal fat, liver, gizzard, crest and dewlap, length of small intestine and oviduct. Results The blood parameters were similar in birds reared in cage and floor systems. The birds reared on the floor showed greater small intestine and oviduct weight (%) and lower liver and pancreas weight (%). A significant interaction was observed between factors for the relative gizzard, crest and dewlap weight, serum protein, uric acid, and total cholesterol (P<0.05). The diets with 140 g/kg CP resulted in lower serum protein and lower cholesterol in birds reared in floor system, while birds reared in cage system showed no effect of CP on both parameters. Birds reared in cage and fed with 140 and 150 g/kg CP presented lower uric acid. The group of birds reared in floor system fed 180 g/kg had greater uric acid. Conclusion The dietary protein level can be reduced up to 140 g/kg for Hisex Brown hens (30 to 45 weeks of age) without an important effect on metabolic profile and organ development in both rearing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Arnhold
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
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Effects of Sunflower Meal Supplementation as a Complementary Protein Source in the Laying Hen’s Diet on Productive Performance, Egg Quality, and Nutrient Digestibility. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13063557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The practical usage of untraditional feedstuffs such as sunflower meal (SFM) in laying hens nutrition in developing countries has received considerable attention. SFM is a by-product of the sunflower oil industry and has been progressively added to bird’s diets. Sunflower meal (SFM) is gaining great interest as a feed ingredient due to its eminent crude protein content, low anti-nutritional compounds, and low price. The current experiment was aimed to assess the production efficiency, egg quality, yolk fatty acids composition, and nutrient digestibility of laying hens fed SFM. A total of 162 Bovans Brown laying hens aged 60 weeks old were randomly allocated using a completely randomized design into three experimental groups of nine replicates each (n = six/replicate) for eight weeks. The dietary treatments involved a control (basal diet) and two levels of SFM, 50 and 100 g/kg feed. The dietary treatments did not influence live weight gain, feed intake, and egg mass. On one hand, the laying rate was increased; on the other hand, the feed conversion ratio and broken eggs rate of laying hens were decreased (p < 0.05) by the dietary inclusion of SFM. Dietary treatments had no effect on the egg’s quality characteristics except the yolk color and yolk height were larger (p = 0.01) for laying hens fed SFM compared with those fed the control. Dietary inclusion of SFM decreased (p < 0.05) the content of cholesterol in the egg yolk. Still, it increased the yolk contents of vitamin E, calcium, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and oleic acid (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the dietary inclusion of SFM increased crude protein and calcium digestibility, but decreased the ether extract digestibility. In conclusion, our results suggested that the dietary inclusion of SFM, up to 100 g/kg at a late phase of laying, could improve the production performance, some of the egg quality traits, and nutrient digestibility while decreasing egg yolk cholesterol.
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Tüzün AE, Koçer B, Ege G, Bozkurt M. Influence of sunflower meal utilisation on growth performance and digestive tract traits of white strain pullets fed from 29 to 112 d of age. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:285-292. [PMID: 33196293 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1851353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1. A trial was conducted to study the effects of partial replacement of sunflower meal (SFM) for soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract traits (GIT) in pullets.2. A total of 600 pullets (29 d of age) was randomly assigned to three dietary treatments and fed for 84 d. The birds were fed a practical diet with a low level of crude fibre (CF; LF) or test diets containing a medium or high level of CF (MF and HF) by partial (50% to 75%) replacement of SBM with SFM. Accordingly, the grower diets contained 29, 40 and 51 g CF/kg, which corresponded to 31, 45 and 59 g CF/kg in developer diets. Each dietary treatment was replicated 8 times (25 pullets per replicate).3. Body weight did not differ significantly among treatments at d 29, 84 and 112 d but increased (P < 0.05) with SFM supplementation at d 54. From 29 to 112 d of age, daily feed and energy intake linearly increased (P < 0.01) with SFM supplementation, but body weight gain and feed conversion ratios were comparable amongst the groups.4. Digestive organ size was not affected by the dietary treatments, but gizzard weight increased in pullets fed MF and HF diets (P < 0.01). Digesta pH in the gizzard, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were reduced linearly (P < 0.01) with SFM supplementation, while a quadratic response was observed for proventriculus pH (P < 0.05).5. Small intestine morphology traits improved with a moderate level of CF intake, whereas no benefit was observed with a high level of CF consumption.6. The results showed that use of SFM up to 140 g/kg can be recommended for pullets fed diets based on corn and soybean meal. However, smaller intestinal absorptive capacity with higher SFM supplementation may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Tüzün
- Koçarlı Vocational School, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - B Koçer
- Agricultural Extension and In-Service Training Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Aydın, Turkey
| | - G Ege
- Directorate of Food Control Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - M Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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Koçer B, Bozkurt M, Ege G, Tüzün AE. Effects of sunflower meal supplementation in the diet on productive performance, egg quality and gastrointestinal tract traits of laying hens. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:101-109. [PMID: 32835498 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1814202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. A trial was conducted to study the effects of additional dietary fibre (DF), resulting from partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with high-fibre sunflower meal (SFM), on egg production and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) traits in laying hens. 2. A total of 480 Nick Chick white laying hens (21 weeks of age) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments and fed for 24 weeks. The hens were fed either the control diet based on corn and SBM, which contained 30 g/kg crude fibre (CF) without SFM, or test diets containing 40 g more CF/kg from adding 47 g/kg SFM or 50 g more CF/kg from adding 97 g SFM/kg. Each dietary treatment was replicated eight times (20 hens per replicate). 3. Body weight (P < 0.05), egg production rate (P < 0.05), egg weight (P < 0.01) and egg mass (P < 0.01) linearly increased but feed conversion ratio linearly decreased (P < 0.01) with increasing SFM supplementation. Feed intake, cracked/broken egg ratios and shell less egg ratios were comparable amongst the groups. 4. The egg quality indices were not influenced by dietary treatments, except for the Haugh units, which decreased (linear, P < 0.01; quadratic P < 0.05) when SFM was added. 5. Digestive organ size was not affected by the dietary treatments, but caecum length increased in hens fed SFM (P < 0.05). Digesta pH in the ileum and caecum was reduced linearly (P < 0.01) with SFM supplementation. 6. Small intestine morphology traits improved with 47 g SFM/kg supplementation, whereas negative effects were observed with 97 g SFM/kg. 7. Productive performance of laying hens improved with 40 or 50 g/kg more CF in feed, mostly from SFM supplementation. It was concluded that this performance increase was attributed mostly to the increase in fat content, rather than DF level, when high-fibre SFM was included in layer diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Koçer
- Directorate of Agricultural Production Enterprise, Agricultural Extension and In-Service Training Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry , Aydın, Turkey
| | - M Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University , Aydın, Turkey
| | - G Ege
- Directorate of Food Control Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry , Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - A E Tüzün
- Koçarlı Vocational School, Aydın Adnan Menderes University , Aydın, Turkey
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Recent advances in sunflower seed meal as an alternate source of protein in broilers. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933917000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Availability, quality and utilisation of oil seed meals produced in the Middle East and North Africa regions. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933917001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Practical applications of agricultural wastes in poultry feeding in Mediterranean and Middle East regions. Part 2: tomato, olive, date, sunflower wastes. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s004393391800051x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Naseem S, King AJ. Ammonia production in poultry houses can affect health of humans, birds, and the environment-techniques for its reduction during poultry production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:15269-15293. [PMID: 29705898 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to greater consumption of poultry products and an increase in exports, more poultry houses will be needed. Therefore, it is important to investigate ways that poultry facilities can coexist in close proximity to residential areas without odors and environmental challenges. Ammonia (NH3) is the greatest concern for environmental pollution from poultry production. When birds consume protein, they produce uric acid, ultimately converted to NH3 under favorable conditions. Factors that increase production include pH, temperature, moisture content, litter type, bird age, manure age, relative humidity, and ventilation rate (VR). NH3 concentration and emissions in poultry houses depend on VR; seasons also have effects on NH3 production. Modern ventilation systems can minimize NH3 in enclosed production spaces quickly but increase its emissions to the environment. NH3 adversely affects the ecosystem, environment, and health of birds and people. Less than 10 ppm is the ideal limit for exposure, but up to 25 ppm is also not harmful. NH3 can be minimized by housing type, aerobic and anaerobic conditions, manure handling practices, litter amendment, and diet manipulation without affecting performance and production. Antibiotics can minimize NH3, but consumers have concerns about health effects. Administration of probiotics seems to be a useful replacement for antibiotics. More studies have been conducted on broilers, necessitating the need to evaluate the effect of probiotics on NH3 production in conjunction with laying hen performance and egg quality. This comprehensive review focuses on research from 1950 to 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Naseem
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Annie J King
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Guerre P. Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E350. [PMID: 27886128 PMCID: PMC5198545 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present information about raw materials that can be used in pig and poultry diets and the factors responsible for variations in their mycotoxin contents. The levels of mycotoxins in pig and poultry feeds are calculated based on mycotoxin contamination levels of the raw materials with different diet formulations, to highlight the important role the stage of production and the raw materials used can have on mycotoxins levels in diets. Our analysis focuses on mycotoxins for which maximum tolerated levels or regulatory guidelines exist, and for which sufficient contamination data are available. Raw materials used in feed formulation vary considerably depending on the species of animal, and the stage of production. Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites whose frequency and levels also vary considerably depending on the raw materials used and on the geographic location where they were produced. Although several reviews of existing data and of the literature on worldwide mycotoxin contamination of food and feed are available, the impact of the different raw materials used on feed formulation has not been widely studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Guerre
- Sciences Biologiques et Fonctionnelles, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, F-31076, France.
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Sunflower meal as a nutritional and economically viable substitute for soybean meal in diets for free-range laying hens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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