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Loeffler H, Waletzko-Hellwig J, Fischer RJ, Basen M, Frank M, Jonitz-Heincke A, Bader R, Klinder A. Systematic enhancement of microbial decontamination efficiency in bone graft processing by means of high hydrostatic pressure using Escherichia coli as a model organism. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35383. [PMID: 38345152 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
To obtain bone allografts that are safe for transplantation, several processing steps for decellularization and decontamination have to be applied. Currently available processing methods, although well-established, may interfere with the biomechanical properties of the bone. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is known to devitalize tissues effectively while leaving the extracellular matrix intact. However, little is known about the inactivation of the contaminating microorganisms by HHP. This study aims to investigate the ability of high-pressure decontamination and to establish a treatment protocol that is able to successfully inactivate microorganisms with the final goal to sterilize bone specimens. Using Escherichia coli (E. coli) as a model organism, HHP treatment parameters like temperature and duration, pressurization medium, and the number of treatment cycles were systematically adjusted to maximize the efficiency of inactivating logarithmic and stationary phase bacteria. Towards that we quantified colony-forming units (cfu) after treatment and investigated morphological changes via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Additionally, we tested the decontamination efficiency of HHP in bovine cancellous bone blocks that were contaminated with bacteria. Finally, two further model organisms were evaluated, namely Pseudomonas fluorescens as a Gram-negative microorganism and Micrococcus luteus as a Gram-positive representative. A HHP protocol, using 350 MPa, was able to sterilize a suspension of stationary phase E. coli, leading to a logarithmic reduction factor (log RF) of at least -7.99 (±0.43). The decontamination of bone blocks was less successful, indicating a protective effect of the surrounding tissue. Sterilization of 100% of the samples was achieved when a protocol optimized in terms of treatment temperature, duration, pressurization medium, and number and/or interval of cycles, respectively, was applied to bone blocks artificially contaminated with a suspension containing 104 cfu/mL. Hence, we here successfully established protocols for inactivating Gram-negative model microorganisms by HHP of up to 350 MPa, while pressure levels of 600 MPa were needed to inactivate the Gram-positive model organism. Thus, this study provides a basis for further investigations on different pathogenic bacteria that could enable the use of HHP in the decontamination of bone grafts intended for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Loeffler
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Janine Waletzko-Hellwig
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf-Joerg Fischer
- Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mirko Basen
- Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department Maritime Systems, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marcus Frank
- Medical Biology and Electron Microscopy Center, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light and Matter, Faculty for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Jonitz-Heincke
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rainer Bader
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Annett Klinder
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Mierke CT. Extracellular Matrix Cues Regulate Mechanosensing and Mechanotransduction of Cancer Cells. Cells 2024; 13:96. [PMID: 38201302 PMCID: PMC10777970 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular biophysical properties have particular implications for a wide spectrum of cellular behaviors and functions, including growth, motility, differentiation, apoptosis, gene expression, cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion, and signal transduction including mechanotransduction. Cells not only react to unambiguously mechanical cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM), but can occasionally manipulate the mechanical features of the matrix in parallel with biological characteristics, thus interfering with downstream matrix-based cues in both physiological and pathological processes. Bidirectional interactions between cells and (bio)materials in vitro can alter cell phenotype and mechanotransduction, as well as ECM structure, intentionally or unintentionally. Interactions between cell and matrix mechanics in vivo are of particular importance in a variety of diseases, including primarily cancer. Stiffness values between normal and cancerous tissue can range between 500 Pa (soft) and 48 kPa (stiff), respectively. Even the shear flow can increase from 0.1-1 dyn/cm2 (normal tissue) to 1-10 dyn/cm2 (cancerous tissue). There are currently many new areas of activity in tumor research on various biological length scales, which are highlighted in this review. Moreover, the complexity of interactions between ECM and cancer cells is reduced to common features of different tumors and the characteristics are highlighted to identify the main pathways of interaction. This all contributes to the standardization of mechanotransduction models and approaches, which, ultimately, increases the understanding of the complex interaction. Finally, both the in vitro and in vivo effects of this mechanics-biology pairing have key insights and implications for clinical practice in tumor treatment and, consequently, clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Biological Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Maletzki C, Freiin Grote V, Kalle F, Kleitke T, Zimpfer A, Becker AS, Bergmann-Ewert W, Jonitz-Heincke A, Bader R, Vollmar B, Hackenberg S, Scherzad A, Mlynski R, Strüder D. Establishing safe high hydrostatic pressure devitalization thresholds for autologous head and neck cancer vaccination and reconstruction. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:390. [PMID: 37872173 PMCID: PMC10593744 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
High hydrostatic pressure specifically devitalizes cells and tissues without major changes in their molecular structure. Hence, high hydrostatic pressure may enhance the development of whole-cell anti-tumor vaccines, representing tumor heterogeneity and thus (neo-) antigen diversity. Moreover, safe devitalization of tumor-infiltrated supporting tissue may facilitate reimplantation for functional reconstruction. However, precise high hydrostatic pressure thresholds for safe cancer cell killing are unknown. Here, we show that high hydrostatic pressure of at least 450 MPa is necessary to safely devitalize head and neck squamous cell cancer. A pressure of 300 MPa, which has been used frequently in cancer vaccine preparation, resulted in partial devitalization with 27% live cells in flow cytometry and 4% remaining autofluorescence in cell culture after one week. The remaining cells could form vital tumors in the chorioallantoic membrane assay. In contrast, 450 MPa killed all cells in vitro and prevented tumor outgrowth in ovo. The effectiveness of 450 MPa was attributed to the induction of DNA double-strand breaks, independent of apoptosis, autophagy, or methuosis. Furthermore, 450 MPa continued to induce immunogenic cell death. Our results demonstrate that 450 MPa of high hydrostatic pressure induces safe and sustained devitalization of head and neck cancer cells and tissues. Because of the heterogeneity in pressure resistance, we propose our approach as a starting point for determining the precise thresholds for other cancer entities. Further studies on head and neck cancer should focus on immunological co-cultures, combinations of immune checkpoint inhibition, and accurate anatomical reconstruction with pressure-treated autografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maletzki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Vivica Freiin Grote
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Friederike Kalle
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery "Otto Körner", Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thoralf Kleitke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery "Otto Körner", Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Annette Zimpfer
- Institute of Pathology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Becker
- Institute of Pathology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wendy Bergmann-Ewert
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Jonitz-Heincke
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rainer Bader
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Agmal Scherzad
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Mlynski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery "Otto Körner", Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniel Strüder
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery "Otto Körner", Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
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BMP-2 Long-Term Stimulation of Human Pre-Osteoblasts Induces Osteogenic Differentiation and Promotes Transdifferentiation and Bone Remodeling Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063077. [PMID: 35328498 PMCID: PMC8949995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenic protein (BMP-) 2 plays an important role in the regeneration of bone defects by promoting osteogenic differentiation. However, several animal studies have reported adverse side effects of BMP-2, including osteoclast activation, induction of peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPARG)expression, and inflammation. High BMP-2 concentrations are thought to be responsible for these side effects. For this reason, primary pre-osteoblasts were exposed to lower BMP-2 concentrations (1 and 2 µg/mL). Long-term exposure (up to 28 days) was performed to investigate whether this stimulation protocol may promote osteogenic differentiation without causing the side effects mentioned above. The results showed that BMP-2 treatment for 14 or 28 days resulted in increased osteogenesis, through an increase in runt-related transcription factor 2, osterix, alkaline phosphatase, and integrin-binding sialoprotein expression. However, an increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand protein levels was observed after BMP-2 exposure, indicating also an increased potential for osteoclast activation by osteoblasts. Additionally, morphological changes like intracellular, filled vacuoles could be detected. Enhanced PPARG and perilipin 1 mRNA transcripts and lipid droplets indicated an induced adipogenic differentiation. Overall, the data demonstrate that long-term BMP-2 exposure promotes not only osteogenic differentiation but also adipogenesis and regulates mediators involved in osteoclast activation in vitro.
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