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Heredero Berzal A, Wagstaff EL, ten Asbroek ALMA, ten Brink JB, Bergen AA, Boon CJF. The Analysis of Embryoid Body Formation and Its Role in Retinal Organoid Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1444. [PMID: 38338722 PMCID: PMC10855324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the last decade, a wide variety of protocols have emerged for the generation of retinal organoids. A subset of studies have compared protocols based on stem cell source, the physical features of the microenvironment, and both internal and external signals, all features that influence embryoid body and retinal organoid formation. Most of these comparisons have focused on the effect of signaling pathways on retinal organoid development. In this study, our aim is to understand whether starting cell conditions, specifically those involved in embryoid body formation, affect the development of retinal organoids in terms of differentiation capacity and reproducibility. To investigate this, we used the popular 3D floating culture method to generate retinal organoids from stem cells. This method starts with either small clumps of stem cells generated from larger clones (clumps protocol, CP) or with an aggregation of single cells (single cells protocol, SCP). Using histological analysis and gene-expression comparison, we found a retention of the pluripotency capacity on embryoid bodies generated through the SCP compared to the CP. Nonetheless, these early developmental differences seem not to impact the final retinal organoid formation, suggesting a potential compensatory mechanism during the neurosphere stage. This study not only facilitates an in-depth exploration of embryoid body development but also provides valuable insights for the selection of the most suitable protocol in order to study retinal development and to model inherited retinal disorders in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Heredero Berzal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.L.W.); (A.L.M.A.t.A.); (J.B.t.B.)
| | - Ellie L. Wagstaff
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.L.W.); (A.L.M.A.t.A.); (J.B.t.B.)
| | - Anneloor L. M. A. ten Asbroek
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.L.W.); (A.L.M.A.t.A.); (J.B.t.B.)
| | - Jacoline B. ten Brink
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.L.W.); (A.L.M.A.t.A.); (J.B.t.B.)
| | - Arthur A. Bergen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.L.W.); (A.L.M.A.t.A.); (J.B.t.B.)
- Emma Center for Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel J. F. Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden University, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Liang Y, Sun X, Duan C, Tang S, Chen J. Application of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and organoids in inherited retinal diseases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:340. [PMID: 38012786 PMCID: PMC10683306 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) can induce severe sight-threatening retinal degeneration and impose a considerable economic burden on patients and society, making efforts to cure blindness imperative. Transgenic animals mimicking human genetic diseases have long been used as a primary research tool to decipher the underlying pathogenesis, but there are still some obvious limitations. As an alternative strategy, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), particularly three-dimensional (3D) organoid technology, are considered a promising platform for modeling different forms of IRDs, including retinitis pigmentosa, Leber congenital amaurosis, X-linked recessive retinoschisis, Batten disease, achromatopsia, and best vitelliform macular dystrophy. Here, this paper focuses on the status of patient-derived iPSCs and organoids in IRDs in recent years concerning disease modeling and therapeutic exploration, along with potential challenges for translating laboratory research to clinical application. Finally, the importance of human iPSCs and organoids in combination with emerging technologies such as multi-omics integration analysis, 3D bioprinting, or microfluidic chip platform are highlighted. Patient-derived retinal organoids may be a preferred choice for more accurately uncovering the mechanisms of human retinal diseases and will contribute to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Liang
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, 410015, China
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xihao Sun
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, 410015, China
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Chunwen Duan
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, 410015, China
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, 410015, China
| | - Shibo Tang
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, 410015, China.
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, 410015, China.
| | - Jiansu Chen
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, 410015, China.
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, 410015, China.
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Kang J, Gong J, Yang C, Lin X, Yan L, Gong Y, Xu H. Application of Human Stem Cell Derived Retinal Organoids in the Exploration of the Mechanisms of Early Retinal Development. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023:10.1007/s12015-023-10553-x. [PMID: 37269529 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The intricate neural circuit of retina extracts salient features of the natural world and forms bioelectric impulse as the origin of vision. The early development of retina is a highly complex and coordinated process in morphogenesis and neurogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that stem cells derived human retinal organoids (hROs) in vitro faithfully recapitulates the embryonic developmental process of human retina no matter in the transcriptome, cellular biology and histomorphology. The emergence of hROs greatly deepens on the understanding of early development of human retina. Here, we reviewed the events of early retinal development both in animal embryos and hROs studies, which mainly comprises the formation of optic vesicle and optic cup shape, differentiation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), photoreceptor cells (PRs) and its supportive retinal pigment epithelium cells (RPE). We also discussed the classic and frontier molecular pathways up to date to decipher the underlying mechanisms of early development of human retina and hROs. Finally, we summarized the application prospect, challenges and cutting-edge techniques of hROs for uncovering the principles and mechanisms of retinal development and related developmental disorder. hROs is a priori selection for studying human retinal development and function and may be a fundamental tool for unlocking the unknown insight into retinal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Kang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Cao Yang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lijuan Yan
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Sciences Research Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Wysmolek PM, Kiessler FD, Salbaum KA, Shelton ER, Sonntag SM, Serwane F. A minimal-complexity light-sheet microscope maps network activity in 3D neuronal systems. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20420. [PMID: 36443413 PMCID: PMC9705530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro systems mimicking brain regions, brain organoids, are revolutionizing the neuroscience field. However, characterization of their electrical activity has remained a challenge as it requires readout at millisecond timescale in 3D at single-neuron resolution. While custom-built microscopes used with genetically encoded sensors are now opening this door, a full 3D characterization of organoid neural activity has not been performed yet, limited by the combined complexity of the optical and the biological system. Here, we introduce an accessible minimalistic light-sheet microscope to the neuroscience community. Designed as an add-on to a standard inverted microscope it can be assembled within one day. In contrast to existing simplistic setups, our platform is suited to record volumetric calcium traces. We successfully extracted 4D calcium traces at high temporal resolution by using a lightweight piezo stage to allow for 5 Hz volumetric scanning combined with a processing pipeline for true 3D neuronal trace segmentation. As a proof of principle, we created a 3D connectivity map of a stem cell derived neuron spheroid by imaging its activity. Our fast, low complexity setup empowers researchers to study the formation of neuronal networks in vitro for fundamental and neurodegeneration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M. Wysmolek
- grid.414703.50000 0001 2202 0959Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Filippo D. Kiessler
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XFaculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja A. Salbaum
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XFaculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany ,Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience (GSN), Munich, Germany
| | - Elijah R. Shelton
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XFaculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Selina M. Sonntag
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XFaculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Friedhelm Serwane
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XFaculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany ,Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience (GSN), Munich, Germany ,grid.452617.3Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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