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Menjivar NG, Oropallo J, Gebremedhn S, Souza LA, Gad A, Puttlitz CM, Tesfaye D. MicroRNA Nano-Shuttles: Engineering Extracellular Vesicles as a Cutting-Edge Biotechnology Platform for Clinical Use in Therapeutics. Biol Proced Online 2024; 26:14. [PMID: 38773366 PMCID: PMC11106895 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-024-00241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous transporters of various active biomolecules with inflicting phenotypic capabilities, that are naturally secreted by almost all cells with a promising vantage point as a potential leading drug delivery platform. The intrinsic characteristics of their low toxicity, superior structural stability, and cargo loading capacity continue to fuel a multitude of research avenues dedicated to loading EVs with therapeutic and diagnostic cargos (pharmaceutical compounds, nucleic acids, proteins, and nanomaterials) in attempts to generate superior natural nanoscale delivery systems for clinical application in therapeutics. In addition to their well-known role in intercellular communication, EVs harbor microRNAs (miRNAs), which can alter the translational potential of receiving cells and thus act as important mediators in numerous biological and pathological processes. To leverage this potential, EVs can be structurally engineered to shuttle therapeutic miRNAs to diseased recipient cells as a potential targeted 'treatment' or 'therapy'. Herein, this review focuses on the therapeutic potential of EV-coupled miRNAs; summarizing the biogenesis, contents, and function of EVs, as well as providing both a comprehensive discussion of current EV loading techniques and an update on miRNA-engineered EVs as a next-generation platform piloting benchtop studies to propel potential clinical translation on the forefront of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico G Menjivar
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jaiden Oropallo
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory (OBRL), Translational Medicine Institute (TMI), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Orthopaedic Research Center (ORC), Translational Medicine Institute (TMI), Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Samuel Gebremedhn
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- J.R. Simplot Company, 1099 W. Front St, Boise, ID, 83702, USA
| | - Luca A Souza
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, 225 Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Ahmed Gad
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Christian M Puttlitz
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory (OBRL), Translational Medicine Institute (TMI), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Dawit Tesfaye
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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dos Santos CC, Lopes-Pacheco M, English K, Rolandsson Enes S, Krasnodembskaya A, Rocco PRM. The MSC-EV-microRNAome: A Perspective on Therapeutic Mechanisms of Action in Sepsis and ARDS. Cells 2024; 13:122. [PMID: 38247814 PMCID: PMC10813908 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as innovative therapeutic agents for the treatment of sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although their potential remains undisputed in pre-clinical models, this has yet to be translated to the clinic. In this review, we focused on the role of microRNAs contained in MSC-derived EVs, the EV microRNAome, and their potential contribution to therapeutic mechanisms of action. The evidence that miRNA transfer in MSC-derived EVs has a role in the overall therapeutic effects is compelling. However, several questions remain regarding how to reconcile the stochiometric issue of the low copy numbers of the miRNAs present in the EV particles, how different miRNAs delivered simultaneously interact with their targets within recipient cells, and the best miRNA or combination of miRNAs to use as therapy, potency markers, and biomarkers of efficacy in the clinic. Here, we offer a molecular genetics and systems biology perspective on the function of EV microRNAs, their contribution to mechanisms of action, and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C. dos Santos
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Center for Biomedical Research, Unity Health Toronto, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Miquéias Lopes-Pacheco
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
| | - Karen English
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland;
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Sara Rolandsson Enes
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Anna Krasnodembskaya
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
| | - Patricia R. M. Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSaúde, Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20020-000, Brazil
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