Application of Solid-State NMR to Reveal Structural Differences in Cefazolin Sodium Pentahydrate From Different Manufacturing Processes

Preparation of a novel clay loaded with Fe (VI) for degradation of cefazolin: performance, pathway, and mechanism

Cephalosporin antibiotics, a group of widely prescribed antibiotics, are frequently detected in wastewater effluent and in the natural aquatic environment. Materials have been sought to effectively degrade the antibiotics. In this study, a novel high-iron clay was prepared with potassium ferrate and montmorillonite via a strong alkaline in situ synthesis method. Degradation of cefazolin sodium (CFZ) by this novel Fe (VI)-clay was investigated. The optimal conditions for the degradation of CFZ were determined using a single factor experiment and response surface optimization method. We found that 89.84% removal efficiency was obtained in 137 min when pH value was 5.16 and Fe (VI)-clay dosage was 0.79 g. The CFZ degradation mechanism was studied by computations on the Frontier Electron Density (FED) in combination with spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic analysis. The spectroscopic characteristics of the products at different stages showed that the oxidation decomposition reaction occurred during the degradation of CFZ by Fe (VI)-clay. Furthermore, FED calculation combined with GC-MS results showed that the degradation pathways of CFZ by the Fe (VI)-clay was mainly the cleavage of β-lactam, thiadiazole, tetrazole, and dihydrothiazine rings.

Cefazolin sodium pentahydrate combined with vacuum sealing drainage in the treatment of open fracture complicated with soft tissue injury

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the clinical efficacy of cefazolin sodium pentahydrate combined with vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) in the treatment of open fracture complicated with soft tissue injury.

METHODS

Sixty-three patients with open fracture complicated with soft tissue injury were divided into observation (n = 33) and control (n = 30) groups. After surgical reduction, fixation, and repair of the fractures, the control group was treated with VSD for 10 days, and the observation group was treated with cefazolin sodium pentahydrate based on VSD for 10 days. The infection control time was recorded. After treatment, the pain of patients was evaluated. Before and after treatment, the serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucose were detected. After 6 months of treatment, the total effective rate of the treatment was evaluated.

RESULTS

The infection control time and Visual Analogue Scale score after treatment in the observation group were significantly lower than in the control group, respectively (P < 0.05). After the treatment, the serum levels of CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucose in each group were significantly lower than before the treatment (P < 0.05), and each index in observation was significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

In the treatment of open fractures complicated with soft tissue injury, cefazolin sodium pentahydrate combined with VSD can effectively reduce inflammation and stress, thus improving the treatment efficacy.

Characterization of Solid-State Drug Polymorphs and Real-Time Evaluation of Crystallization Process Consistency by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Herein, we aimed to develop a strategy for evaluating the consistency of pharmaceutically important crystallization processes in real time, focusing on two typical cases of polymorphism. Theoretical analysis using a combination of ¹³C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with other polymorphism analysis techniques identified a number of marker signals, the changes of which revealed the presence of two or more structural orientations (lattices and/or molecular conformations) in both cefazolin sodium pentahydrate (α-CEZ-Na) and cephathiamidine (CETD). The proportions of these forms were shown to be batch-dependent and were defined as critical quality attributes (CQAs) to evaluate process consistency. Subsequently, real-time analysis by chemometrics-assisted near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) was used to obtain useful information corresponding to CQAs. The pretreated spectra of representative samples were transformed by first derivative and vector normalization methods and used to calculate standard deviations at each wavelength and thus detect significant differences. As a result, vibrational responses of H₂O, CH₃, and CH₂ moieties (at 5,280, 4,431, and 4,339 cm^-1, respectively) were shown to be sensitive to the CQAs of α-CEZ-Na, which allowed us to establish a highly accurate discrimination model. Moreover, signals of H₂O, CONH, and COOH moieties (at 5,211, 5,284, and 5,369 cm^-1, respectively) played the same role in the case of CETD, as confirmed by theoretical results. Thus, we established a technique for the rapid evaluation of crystallization process consistency and deepened our understanding of crystallization behavior by using NIR in combination with polymorphism analysis techniques.