Extracts of Physalis peruviana Protect Astrocytic Cells Under Oxidative Stress With Rotenone

Recovery from spreading depolarization is slowed by aging and accelerated by antioxidant treatment in locusts

Spreading depolarization (SD) temporarily shuts down neural processing in mammals and insects. Age is a critical factor for predicting the consequences of SD in humans. We investigated the effect of aging in an insect model of SD and explored the contribution of oxidative stress. Aging slowed the recovery of intact locusts from asphyxia. We monitored SD by recording the DC potential across the blood-brain barrier in response to bath application of the Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, ouabain. Ouabain induced changes to the DC potential that could be separated into two distinct components: a slow, permanent negative shift, like the negative ultraslow potential recorded in mammals and human patients, and rapid, reversible negative DC shifts (SD events). Aging had no effect on the slow shift but increased the duration of SD events. This was accompanied by a decrease in the rate of recovery of DC potential at the end of the SD event. An attempt to generate oxidative stress using rotenone was unsuccessful, but pretreatment with the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine amide, had opposite effects to those of aging, reducing duration, and increasing rate of recovery, suggesting that it prevented oxidative damage occurring during the ouabain treatment. The antioxidant also reduced the rate of the slow negative shift. We propose that the aging locust nervous system is more vulnerable to stress due to a prior accumulation of oxidative damage. Our findings strengthen the notion that insects provide useful models for the investigation of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying SD in mammals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Anoxia and similar energetic crises trigger a shutdown of central neural processing in a process of spreading depolarization (SD) that is generally pathological in mammals and protective in insects. We show that older animals are slower to recover from SD in an insect model. Moreover, preventing oxidative stress with an antioxidant speeds recovery. These findings demonstrate the role of oxidative stress in contributing to the vulnerability of the aging insect central nervous system (CNS) in energetic emergencies.

Anti-inflammatory potential of goldenberry-derived exosome-like nanoparticles in macrophage polarization

Objective: Overpopulated M1 macrophages can trigger chronic inflammation. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles have been reported to show beneficial bioactivities. Aim: To isolate PDEN from goldenberry fruits and evaluate its anti-inflammatory potential in macrophage polarization. Methods: GDEN were isolated by centrifugation and precipitation methods. LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells were treated with GDEN before being evaluated with nitric oxide production assay and flow cytometry of CD80 and CD209. Results: GDEN averaged 227.7 nm in size and spherical-shaped. GDEN 40 μg/ml decreased NO production in LPS-induced cells. Flow cytometry showed that CD209 (M2 marker) positive cells were up-regulated after being treated with 20 μg/ml GDEN. Conclusion: GDEN showed anti-inflammatory potential through the ability to reduce M1 macrophages product and promote M2 polarization.

Rotenone impairs brain glial energetics and locomotor behavior in bumblebees

Bumblebees are essential pollinators of both wildflowers and crops and face multiple anthropogenic stressors, particularly the utilization of pesticides. Rotenone is an extensively applied neurotoxic pesticide that possesses insecticidal activities against a wide range of pests. However, whether environmentally realistic exposure levels of rotenone can damage neurons in bumblebee brains is still uncertain. Using single-cell RNA-seq, we revealed that rotenone induced cell-specific responses in bumblebee brains, emphasizing the disruption of energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in glial cells. Correspondingly, the gene regulatory network associated with neurotransmission was also suppressed. Notably, rotenone could specially reduce the number of dopaminergic neurons, impairing bumblebee's ability to fly and crawl. We also found impaired intestinal motility in rotenone-treated bumblebees. Finally, we demonstrated that many differentially expressed genes in our snRNA-seq data overlapped with rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease risk genes, especially in glial cells. Although rotenone is widely used owing to its hypotoxicity, we found that environmentally realistic exposure levels of rotenone induced disturbed glial energetics and locomotor dysfunction in bumblebees, which may lead to an indirect decline in this essential pollinator.

Comparison of Antioxidant Capacity and Network Pharmacology of Phloretin and Phlorizin against Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury

Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of traumatic brain injury (TBI)'s acute and chronic phases. Despite the medical and scientific advances in recent years, there is still no effective treatment that mitigates the oxidative and inflammatory damage that affects neurons and glial cells. Therefore, searching for compounds with a broader spectrum of action that can regulate various inflammatory signaling pathways is of clinical interest. In this study, we determined not only the in vitro antioxidant capacity of apple pomace phenolics, namely, phlorizin and its metabolite, phloretin, but we also hypothesize that the use of these bioactive molecules may have potential use in TBI. We explored the antioxidant effects of both compounds in vitro (DPPH, iron-reducing capacity (IRC), and Folin-Ciocalteu reducing capacity (FCRC)), and using network pharmacology, we investigated the proteins involved in their protective effects in TBI. Our results showed that the antioxidant properties of phloretin were superior to those of phlorizin in the DPPH (12.95 vs. 3.52 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/L), FCRC (86.73 vs. 73.69 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/L), and iron-reducing capacity (1.15 vs. 0.88 mg GAE/L) assays. Next, we examined the molecular signature of both compounds and found 11 proteins in common to be regulated by them and involved in TBI. Meta-analysis and GO functional enrichment demonstrated their implication in matrix metalloproteinases, p53 signaling, and cell secretion/transport. Using MCODE and Pearson's correlation analysis, a subcluster was generated. We identified ESR1 (estrogen receptor alpha) as a critical cellular hub being regulated by both compounds and with potential therapeutic use in TBI. In conclusion, our study suggests that because of their vast antioxidant effects, probably acting on estrogen receptors, phloretin and phlorizin may be repurposed for TBI treatment due to their ease of obtaining and low cost.

Structural characterization and immunoregulatory activity of a novel acidic polysaccharide from Scapharca subcrenata

A novel acidic polysaccharide named SSPA50-1 was isolated from Scapharca subcrenata using a simulated gastric fluid extraction method. SSPA50-1 is a heteropolysaccharide with an average molecular weight of 44.7 kDa that is composed of galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, mannose, ribose, rhamnose, fucose, xylose and arabinose at a molar ratio of 1.00:5.40:9.04:3.10:1.59:4.01:2.10:2.21:2.28. The structural characterization based on the methylation and 1D/2D NMR analyses indicated that SSPA50-1 is composed of →3)-β-L-Rhap-(1→, →3)-β-L-2-O-Me-Fucp-(1→, →2)-α-D-Xylp-(1→, →5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, →3)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4)-β-D-Manp-(1→, →3,4)-β-D-Galp-(1→, β-D-Ribf-(1→, α-D-Glcp-(1→, and α-D-GalAp6Me-(1→. Furthermore, SSPA50-1 possessed potent immunoregulatory activity by enhancing the phagocytosis and NO, iNOS, TNF-α and IL-6 secretion capacity of RAW264.7 cells. Otherwise, SSPA50-1 significantly promoted the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages. These results indicated that SSPA50-1 could be developed as a potential ingredient for immunostimulatory agents.

Alvarez KL, Aguilar-Pineda JA, Vera-Lopez KJ, Lino Cardenas CL. In Silico Analysis of Metabolites from Peruvian Native Plants as Potential Therapeutics against Alzheimer's Disease

Background: Despite research on the molecular bases of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), effective therapies against its progression are still needed. Recent studies have shown direct links between AD progression and neurovascular dysfunction, highlighting it as a potential target for new therapeutics development. In this work, we screened and evaluated the inhibitory effect of natural compounds from native Peruvian plants against tau protein, amyloid beta, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) pathologic AD markers. Methods: We applied in silico analysis, such as virtual screening, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation (MD), and MM/GBSA estimation, to identify metabolites from Peruvian plants with inhibitory properties, and compared them to nicotinamide, telmisartan, and grapeseed extract drugs in clinical trials. Results: Our results demonstrated the increased bioactivity of three plants’ metabolites against tau protein, amyloid beta, and AT1R. The MD simulations indicated the stability of the AT1R:floribundic acid, amyloid beta:rutin, and tau:brassicasterol systems. A polypharmaceutical potential was observed for rutin due to its high affinity to AT1R, amyloid beta, and tau. The metabolite floribundic acid showed bioactivity against the AT1R and tau, and the metabolite brassicasterol showed bioactivity against the amyloid beta and tau. Conclusions: This study has identified molecules from native Peruvian plants that have the potential to bind three pathologic markers of AD.

Acteoside exerts neuroprotection effects in the model of Parkinson's disease via inducing autophagy: Network pharmacology and experimental study

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. At present, the incidence rate of PD is increasing worldwide, there is no effective cure available so far, and currently using drugs are still limited in efficacy due to serious side effects. Acteoside (ACT) is an active ingredient of many valuable medicinal plants, possesses potential therapeutic effects on many pathological conditions. In this study, we dissected the neuroprotection effects of ACT on PD and its potential molecular mechanism in our PD model pathology based on network pharmacology prediction and experimental assays. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that ACT has 381 potential targets; among them 78 putative targets associated with PD were closely related to cellular autophagy and apoptotic processes. Our experimental results showed that ACT exerted significant neuroprotection effects on Rotenone (ROT) -induced injury of neuronal cells and Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster). Meanwhile, ACT treatment induced autophagy in both neuronal cell lines and fat bodies of D. melanogaster. Furthermore, ACT treatment decreased ROT induced apoptotic rate and reactive oxygen species production, increased mitochondrial membrane potentials in neuronal cells, and promoted clearance of α-synuclein (SNCA) aggregations in SNCA overexpressed cell model through the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Interestingly, ACT treatment significantly enhanced mitophagy and protected cell injury in neuronal cells. Taken together, ACT may represent a potent stimulator of mitophagy pathway, thereby exerts preventive and therapeutic effects against neurodegenerative diseases such as PD by clearing pathogenic proteins and impaired cellular organelles like damaged mitochondria in neurons.

Health Science Community Will Miss This Bright and Uniting Star: In Memory of Professor Gjumrakch Aliev, M.D, Ph.D

It is with deep sadness that we offer our memorial on the unexpected demise of our dear colleague, Professor Gjumrakch Aliev [...].

In Silico Identification of Novel Interactions for FABP5 (Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 5) with Nutraceuticals: Possible Repurposing Approach

Fatty Acid Binding-Protein 5 (FABP5) is a cytoplasmic protein, which binds long-chain fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands. This protein is implicated in several physiological processes including mitochondrial β-oxidation and transport of fatty acids, membrane phospholipid synthesis, lipid metabolism, inflammation and pain. In the present study, we used molecular docking tools to determine the possible interaction of FABP5 with six selected compounds retrieved form Drugbank. Our results showed that FABP5 binding pocket included 31 polar and non-polar amino acids, and these residues may be related to phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, and mono-methylation. Docking results showed that the most energetically favorable compounds are NADH (-9.12 kcal/mol), 5'-O-({[(Phosphonatooxy)phosphinato]oxy}phosphinato)adenosine (-8.62 kcal/mol), lutein (-8.25 kcal/mol), (2S)-2-[(4-{[(2-Amino-4-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-6-pteridinyl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)amino]pentanedioate (-7.17 kcal/mol), Pteroyl-L-glutamate (-6.86 kcal/mol) and (1S,3R,5E,7Z)-9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10-triene-1,3,25-triol (-6.79 kcal/mol). Common interacting residues of FABP5 with nutraceuticals included SER16, LYS24, LYS34, LYS40 and LYS17. Further, we used the SwissADME server to determine the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics and to predict the ADME parameters of the selected nutraceuticals after molecular analysis by docking with the FABP5 protein. Amongst all compounds, pteroyl-L-glutamate is the only one meeting the Lipinski's rule of five criteria, demonstrating its potential pharmacological use. Finally, our results also suggest the importance of FABP5 in mediating the anti-inflammatory activity of the nutraceutical compounds.

Valeriana officinalis Counteracts Rotenone Effects on Spreading Depression in the Rat Brain in vivo and Protects Against Rotenone Cytotoxicity Toward Rat Glioma C6 Cells in vitro

Astrocytes can protect neurons against oxidative stress and excitability-dependent disorders, such as epilepsy. Valeriana officinalis has been used as anticonvulsant and can exert an antioxidant effect, which may underlie its opposing action against the toxic effects of the pesticide rotenone. We investigated the V. officinalis/rotenone interaction in the cortical spreading depression (CSD), a phenomenon that depends upon brain excitability (in vivo model). In addition, we analyzed the protective action of V. officinalis against the cytotoxic effects of rotenone in cultures of rat C6 glioma cells (in vitro model). For the CSD study, Wistar rats received either V. officinalis (250 mg/kg/day via gavage for 15 days; n = 8) or 10 mg/kg/day rotenone via subcutaneous injections for 7 days (n = 7), or they received both substances (n = 5). Two control groups received either saline (vehicle for V. officinalis; n = 8) or 1% Tween-80 aqueous solution (vehicle for rotenone; n = 9). After treatment, CSD was recorded for 4 h. The rotenone- and V. officinalis-treated groups presented, respectively, with lower (2.96 ± 0.14 mm/min), and higher CSD propagation velocity (3.81 ± 0.10 mm/min) when compared with the controls (Tween-80, 3.37 ± 0.06 mm/min and saline, 3.35 ± 0.08 mm/min; p < 0.05). The rotenone plus V. officinalis-treated group displayed a CSD velocity (3.38 ± 0.07 mm/min) that was similar to controls. In line with these results, in vitro experiments on rat glioma C6 cells revealed a protective effect (MTT assay) of V. officinalis against rotenone-induced cytotoxicity. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of V. officinalis for treating neurological diseases involving redox imbalance and astrocyte dysfunction.

Physalis peruviana L. Pulp Prevents Liver Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscles of Diet-Induced Obese Mice

A chronic high-fat diet (HFD) produces obesity, leading to pathological consequences in the liver and skeletal muscle. The fat in the liver leads to accumulation of a large number of intrahepatic lipid droplets (LD), which are susceptible to oxidation. Obesity also affects skeletal muscle, increasing LD and producing insulin signaling impairment. Physalis peruviana L. (PP) (Solanaceae) is rich in peruvioses and has high antioxidant activity. We assessed the ability of PP to enhance insulin-dependent glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and the capacity to prevent both inflammation and lipoperoxidation in the liver of diet-induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into groups and fed for eight weeks: control diet (C; 10% fat, 20% protein, 70% carbohydrates); C + PP (300 mg/kg/day); HFD (60% fat, 20% protein, 20% carbohydrates); and HFD + PP. Results suggest that PP reduces the intracellular lipoperoxidation level and the size of LD in both isolated hepatocytes and skeletal muscle fibers. PP also promotes insulin-dependent skeletal muscle glucose uptake. In conclusion, daily consumption of 300 mg/kg of fresh pulp of PP could be a novel strategy to prevent the hepatic lipoperoxidation and insulin resistance induced by obesity.

Effects of curcumin on mitochondria in neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) result from progressive deterioration of selectively susceptible neuron populations in different central nervous system (CNS) regions. NDs are classified in accordance with the primary clinical manifestations (e.g., parkinsonism, dementia, or motor neuron disease), the anatomic basis of neurodegeneration (e.g., frontotemporal degenerations, extrapyramidal disorders, or spinocerebellar degenerations), and fundamental molecular abnormalities (e.g., mutations, mitochondrial dysfunction, and its related molecular alterations). NDs include the Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease, among others. There is a growing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction and its related mutations in the form of oxidative/nitrosative stress and neurotoxic compounds play major roles in the pathogenesis of various NDs. Curcumin, a polyphenol and nontoxic compound, obtained from turmeric, has been shown to have a therapeutic beneficial effect in various disorders especially on the CNS cells. It has been shown that curcumin has considerable neuro- and mitochondria-protective properties against broad-spectrum neurotoxic compounds and diseases/injury-associating NDs. In this article, we have reviewed the various effects of curcumin on mitochondrial dysfunction in NDs.

Astrocytic Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Contributes to Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis: The Dual Role of Reactive Astrocytes

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide; it is characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta, but its etiology is not fully understood. Astrocytes, a class of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), provide critical structural and metabolic support to neurons, but growing evidence reveals that astrocytic oxidative and nitrosative stress contributes to PD pathogenesis. As astrocytes play a critical role in the production of antioxidants and the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), astrocytic oxidative/nitrosative stress has emerged as a critical mediator of the etiology of PD. Cellular stress and inflammation induce reactive astrogliosis, which initiates the production of astrocytic ROS/RNS and may lead to oxidative/nitrosative stress and PD pathogenesis. Although the cause of aberrant reactive astrogliosis is unknown, gene mutations and environmental toxicants may also contribute to astrocytic oxidative/nitrosative stress. In this review, we briefly discuss the physiological functions of astrocytes and the role of astrocytic oxidative/nitrosative stress in PD pathogenesis. Additionally, we examine the impact of PD-related genes such as α-synuclein, protein deglycase DJ-1( DJ-1), Parkin, and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) on astrocytic function, and highlight the impact of environmental toxicants, such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), rotenone, manganese, and paraquat, on astrocytic oxidative/nitrosative stress in experimental models.

Macrophage plasticity, polarization and function in response to curcumin, a diet-derived polyphenol, as an immunomodulatory agent

Monocytes and macrophages are important cells of the innate immune system that have diverse functions, including defense against invading pathogens, removal of dead cells by phagocytosis, antigen presentation in the context of MHC class I and class II molecules, and production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1. In addition, pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages clearly play important roles in the progression of several inflammatory diseases. Therefore, therapies that target macrophage polarization and function by either blocking their trafficking to sites of inflammation, or skewing M1 to M2 phenotype polarization may hold clinical promise in several inflammatory diseases. Dietary-derived polyphenols have potent natural anti-oxidative properties. Within this group of polyphenols, curcumin has been shown to suppress macrophage inflammatory responses. Curcumin significantly reduces co-stimulatory molecules and also inhibits MAPK activation and the translocation of NF-κB p65. Curcumin can also polarize/repolarize macrophages toward the M2 phenotype. Curcumin-treated macrophages have been shown to be highly efficient at antigen capture and endocytosis via the mannose receptor. These novel findings provide new perspectives for the understanding of the immunopharmacological role of curcumin, as well as its therapeutic potential for impacting macrophage polarization and function in the context of inflammation-related disease. However, the precise effects of curcumin on the migration, differentiation, polarization and immunostimulatory functions of macrophages remain unknown. Therefore, in this review, we summarized whether curcumin can influence macrophage polarization, surface molecule expression, cytokine and chemokine production and their underlying pathways in the prevention of inflammatory diseases.

Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Parkinson Treatment: Future Therapeutic Perspectives

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder accompanied by depletion of dopamine and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain that is believed to be responsible for the motor and non-motor symptoms in this disease. The main drug prescribed for Parkinsonian patients is L-dopa, which can be converted to dopamine by passing through the blood-brain barrier. Although L-dopa is able to improve motor function and improve the quality of life in the patients, there is inter-individual variability and some patients do not achieve the therapeutic effect. Variations in treatment response and side effects of current drugs have convinced scientists to think of treating Parkinson's disease at the cellular and molecular level. Molecular and cellular therapy for Parkinson's disease include (i) cell transplantation therapy with human embryonic stem (ES) cells, human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and human fetal mesencephalic tissue, (ii) immunological and inflammatory therapy which is done using antibodies, and (iii) gene therapy with AADC-TH-GCH gene therapy, viral vector-mediated gene delivery, RNA interference-based therapy, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system, and alternative methods such as optogenetics and chemogenetics. Although these methods currently have a series of challenges, they seem to be promising techniques for Parkinson's treatment in future. In this study, these prospective therapeutic approaches are reviewed.