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Sethi J, Glowacki E, Reid MS, Larsson PA, Wågberg L. Ultra-thin parylene-aluminium hybrid coatings on nanocellulose films to resist water sensitivity. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121365. [PMID: 37940265 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-sustainable single-use plastics used for food packaging needs to be phased out. Films made from cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are suitable candidates for biodegradable and recyclable packaging materials as they exhibit good mechanical properties, excellent oxygen barrier properties and high transparency. Yet, their poor water vapour barrier properties have been a major hindrance in their commercialisation. Here, we describe the preparation of 25 μm thick CNF films with significantly improved water vapour barrier properties after deposition of ultrathin polymeric and metallic coatings, parylene C and aluminium, respectively. When first adding a 40 nm aluminium layer followed by an 80 nm parylene layer, i.e. with a combined thickness of less than one percent of the CNF film, a water vapour transmission rate of 2.8 g m-2 d-1 was achieved at 38 °C and 90 % RH, surpassing a 25 μm polypropylene film (4-12 g m-2 d-1). This is an improvement of more than 700 times compared to uncoated CNF films, under some of the harshest possible conditions a packaging material will need to endure in commercial use. The layers showed a good and even coverage, as assessed by atomic force microscopy, and the parylene-coated surfaces were hydrophobic with a contact angle of 110°, providing good water repellency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Sethi
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Glowacki
- Linköping University, Campus Norrköping, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, SE-602 21 Norrköping, Sweden; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, CZ-601 77 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael S Reid
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Material and Surface Design, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per A Larsson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lars Wågberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Mariello M, Kim K, Wu K, Lacour SP, Leterrier Y. Recent Advances in Encapsulation of Flexible Bioelectronic Implants: Materials, Technologies, and Characterization Methods. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201129. [PMID: 35353928 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronic implantable systems (BIS) targeting biomedical and clinical research should combine long-term performance and biointegration in vivo. Here, recent advances in novel encapsulations to protect flexible versions of such systems from the surrounding biological environment are reviewed, focusing on material strategies and synthesis techniques. Considerable effort is put on thin-film encapsulation (TFE), and specifically organic-inorganic multilayer architectures as a flexible and conformal alternative to conventional rigid cans. TFE is in direct contact with the biological medium and thus must exhibit not only biocompatibility, inertness, and hermeticity but also mechanical robustness, conformability, and compatibility with the manufacturing of microfabricated devices. Quantitative characterization methods of the barrier and mechanical performance of the TFE are reviewed with a particular emphasis on water-vapor transmission rate through electrical, optical, or electrochemical principles. The integrability and functionalization of TFE into functional bioelectronic interfaces are also discussed. TFE represents a must-have component for the next-generation bioelectronic implants with diagnostic or therapeutic functions in human healthcare and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mariello
- Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Electrical and MicroEngineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kangling Wu
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Electrical and MicroEngineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie P Lacour
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Electrical and MicroEngineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yves Leterrier
- Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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Boarino A, Schreier A, Leterrier Y, Klok HA. Uniformly Dispersed Poly(lactic acid)-Grafted Lignin Nanoparticles Enhance Antioxidant Activity and UV-Barrier Properties of Poly(lactic acid) Packaging Films. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:4808-4817. [PMID: 35846781 PMCID: PMC9274615 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) represents one of the most widely used biodegradable polymers for food packaging applications. While this material provides many advantages, it is characterized by limited antioxidant and UV-barrier properties. Blending PLA with lignin is an attractive strategy to address these limitations. Lignin possesses antioxidant properties and absorbs UV-light and is a widely available low value byproduct of the paper and pulp industry. This study has explored the use of lignin nanoparticles to augment the properties of PLA-based films. A central challenge in the preparation of PLA-lignin nanoparticle blend films is to avoid nanoparticle aggregation, which could compromise optical properties as well as antioxidant activity, among others. To avoid nanoparticle aggregation in the PLA matrix, PLA-grafted lignin nanoparticles were prepared via organocatalyzed lactide ring-opening polymerization. In contrast to lignin and unmodified lignin nanoparticles, these PLA-grafted lignin nanoparticles could be uniformly dispersed in PLA for lignin contents up to 10 wt %. The addition of as little as the equivalent of 1 wt % of lignin of these nanoparticles effectively blocked transmission of 280 nm UV-light. At the same time, these blend films retained reasonable visible light transmittance. The optical properties of the PLA lignin blend films also benefited from the well-dispersed nature of the PLA-grafted nanoparticles, as evidenced by significantly higher visible light transmittance of blends of PLA and PLA-grafted nanoparticles, as compared to blends prepared from PLA with lignin or unmodified lignin nanoparticles. Finally, blending PLA with PLA-grafted lignin nanoparticles greatly augments the antioxidant activity of these films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Boarino
- Institut
des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aigoul Schreier
- Institut
des Matériaux, Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Station
12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yves Leterrier
- Institut
des Matériaux, Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Station
12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut
des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- . Phone: + 41 21 693 4866
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Maleš L, Fakin D, Bračič M, Gorgieva S. Efficiency of Differently Processed Membranes Based on Cellulose as Cationic Dye Adsorbents. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040642. [PMID: 32235489 PMCID: PMC7221949 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to minimize the pollution caused by the reuse of textile dyes, technologies and materials have been developed that purify waste water in an efficient and cost-effective manner before it is discharged into a water body. In this context, the presented research investigates the potential of two types of fully cellulose-based membranes as adsorbents for cationic dyes used in the textile industry. The first type combines cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and carboxymethylated cellulose (CMC) using the solvent casting process and an esterification coupling reaction, while the second type uses commercial bacterial cellulose (BC) in a native and sodium periodate-treated form (BCox). The corresponding membranes were comprehensively evaluated by means of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Results confirm the esterification process within the CNF/CMC membranes, as well as BC oxidation after periodate treatment, as shown by bands at 1726.2 cm−1 and 895 cm−1, respectively. The Potentiometric Titration shows the highest total negative charge of 1.07 mmol/g for 4CNF/4CMC, which is assigned to the presence of COO− within CMC polymers, and lowest (0.21 mmol/g) for BCox. The Contact Angle Goniometry data confirm the hydrophilicity of all membranes, and the angle increased from 0 ° (in pure BC) to 34.5 ° in CMC-rich and to 31.4 ° in BCox membranes due to the presence of CH2COO− and CHO groups, respectively. Confocal Fluorescent Microscopy (CFM) demonstrated the highest µ-roughness in 4CNF/4CMC, while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) depicted diverse morphological features between the membranes, from ultrafine nanofiber networks (in BC and BCox) to larger fiber bundles connected within the polymer phase in CNF/CMC membranes. The adsorption experiment followed by UV–VIS spectroscopy, showed ~100% dye removal efficiency in both CNF/CMC-based membranes, while BC and BCox adsorbed only 24.3% and 23.6%, respectively, when anthraquinone dye was used. Azo dye was only adsorbed with an efficiency of 7–9% on CMC/CNF-based membranes, compared with 5.57% on BC and 7.33% on BCox membranes. The adsorption efficiency at equilibrium was highest for BC (1228 mg/g) and lowest for 7CNF/1CMC (419.24 mg/g) during anthraquinone dye adsorption. In the case of azo dye, the BCox was most effective, with 445.7 mg/g. Applicability of a pseudo second-order model was confirmed for both dyes and all membranes, except for BCox in combination with azo dye, showing the fastest adsorption rate in the case of the 7CNF/1CMC membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maleš
- Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ul. 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (L.M.); (D.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Darinka Fakin
- Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ul. 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (L.M.); (D.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Matej Bračič
- Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ul. 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (L.M.); (D.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Selestina Gorgieva
- Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ul. 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (L.M.); (D.F.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Automation, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +38-6222-07924; Fax: +38-6222-07990
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Synthesis of Silphenylene-Containing Siloxane Resins Exhibiting Strong Hydrophobicity and High Water Vapor Barriers. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9080481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The novel phenylenedisilane, 1,4-bis(dimethoxyphenylsilyl)benzene (BDMPD), was successfully synthesized via the reaction between trimethoxyphenylsilane (TMPS) and a Grignard reagent originating from 1,4-dibromobenzene. In comparison to common Grignard reactions, this process was a facile one-pot method. 1H NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR measurements, and elemental analysis confirmed the predicted structure of BDMPD. In addition, vinyl-terminated polysiloxanes containing silphenylene units (VPSSP), which were hydrolytically copolymerized from BDMPD, TMPS, and divinyltetramethyldisiloxane, exhibited excellent thermal stabilities (T10%: 502 °C, Rw%: 76.86 beyond 700 °C) and suitable refractive indices (1.542). Furthermore, water contact angle and water vapor permeability tests confirmed that the fully cured siloxane resins containing VPSSP-based silphenylene units exhibited strong hydrophobicity (water contact angle: 119°) and superior water vapor barrier properties, thereby indicating their potential to serve as strong waterproof coatings for moisture-proof applications or as adhesives for use in immersed equipment.
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