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Svensson PHW, Schwob L, Grånäs O, Unger I, Björneholm O, Timneanu N, Lindblad R, Vieli AL, Zamudio-Bayer V, Timm M, Hirsch K, Caleman C, Berholts M. Heavy element incorporation in nitroimidazole radiosensitizers: molecular-level insights into fragmentation dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:770-779. [PMID: 37888897 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the photofragmentation behavior of iodine-enhanced nitroimidazole-based radiosensitizer model compounds in their protonated form using near-edge X-ray absorption mass spectrometry and quantum mechanical calculations. These molecules possess dual functionality: improved photoabsorption capabilities and the ability to generate species that are relevant to cancer sensitization upon photofragmentation. Four samples were investigated by scanning the generated fragments in the energy regions around C 1s, N 1s, O 1s, and I 3d-edges with a particular focus on NO2+ production. The experimental summed ion yield spectra are explained using the theoretical near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum based on density functional theory. Born-Oppenheimer-based molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the fragmentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela H W Svensson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lucas Schwob
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oscar Grånäs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Isaak Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Olle Björneholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Nicusor Timneanu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Rebecka Lindblad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna-Lydia Vieli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Vicente Zamudio-Bayer
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
| | - Martin Timm
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
| | - Konstantin Hirsch
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
| | - Carl Caleman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marta Berholts
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald 1, EST-50411, Tartu, Estonia.
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2
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Pihlava L, Berholts M, Niskanen J, Vladyka A, Kooser K, Stråhlman C, Eng-Johnsson P, Kivimäki A, Kukk E. Photodissociation of bromine-substituted nitroimidazole radiosensitizers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:13004-13011. [PMID: 37165880 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04888d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy elements and some nitroimidazoles both exhibit radiosensitizing properties through different mechanisms. In an effort to see how the overall radiosensitivity might be affected when the two radiosensitizers are combined in the same molecule, we studied the gas-phase photodissociation of two brominated nitroimidazoles and a bromine-free reference sample. Synchrotron radiation was employed to initiate the photodynamics and energy-resolved multiparticle coincidence spectroscopy was used to study the ensuing dissociation. We observed the brominated samples releasing high amounts of potentially radiosensitizing fragments upon dissociation. Since bromination also increases the likelihood of the drug molecule being ionised per a given X-ray dose, we conclude that heavy-element substitution of nitroimidazoles appears to be a viable path towards new, potent radiosensitizer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lassi Pihlava
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Marta Berholts
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, EE-50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johannes Niskanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Anton Vladyka
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Kuno Kooser
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, EE-50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christian Stråhlman
- Department of Materials Science and Applied Mathematics, Malmö University, SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Antti Kivimäki
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, SE-20100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Edwin Kukk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, UMR 7614, CNRS, Sorbonne University, FR-75005 Paris, France
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3
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Carlini L, Montorsi F, Wu Y, Bolognesi P, Borrego-Varillas R, Casavola AR, Castrovilli MC, Chiarinelli J, Mocci D, Vismarra F, Lucchini M, Nisoli M, Mukamel S, Garavelli M, Richter R, Nenov A, Avaldi L. Electron and ion spectroscopy of azobenzene in the valence and core shells. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:054201. [PMID: 36754795 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Azobenzene is a prototype and a building block of a class of molecules of extreme technological interest as molecular photo-switches. We present a joint experimental and theoretical study of its response to irradiation with light across the UV to x-ray spectrum. The study of valence and inner shell photo-ionization and excitation processes combined with measurement of valence photoelectron-photoion coincidence and mass spectra across the core thresholds provides a detailed insight into the site- and state-selected photo-induced processes. Photo-ionization and excitation measurements are interpreted via the multi-configurational restricted active space self-consistent field method corrected by second order perturbation theory. Using static modeling, we demonstrate that the carbon and nitrogen K edges of azobenzene are suitable candidates for exploring its photoinduced dynamics thanks to the transient signals appearing in background-free regions of the NEXAFS and XPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carlini
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura Della Materia, CNR-ISM, Area Della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - F Montorsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università Degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Y Wu
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, Italy
| | - P Bolognesi
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura Della Materia, CNR-ISM, Area Della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - R Borrego-Varillas
- CNR-Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, Italy
| | - A R Casavola
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura Della Materia, CNR-ISM, Area Della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - M C Castrovilli
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura Della Materia, CNR-ISM, Area Della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - J Chiarinelli
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura Della Materia, CNR-ISM, Area Della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - D Mocci
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, Italy
| | - F Vismarra
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, Italy
| | - M Lucchini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, Italy
| | - M Nisoli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, Italy
| | - S Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - M Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università Degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Richter
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, Basovizza, Italy
| | - A Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università Degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Avaldi
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura Della Materia, CNR-ISM, Area Della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo, Italy
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Perspectives of Gas Phase Ion Chemistry: Spectroscopy and Modeling. CONDENSED MATTER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/condmat7030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of ions in the gas phase has a long history and has involved both chemists and physicists. The interplay of their competences with the use of very sophisticated commercial and/or homemade instrumentations and theoretical models has improved the knowledge of thermodynamics and kinetics of many chemical reactions, even if still many stages of these processes need to be fully understood. The new technologies and the novel free-electron laser facilities based on plasma acceleration open new opportunities to investigate the chemical reactions in some unrevealed fundamental aspects. The synchrotron light source can be put beside the FELs, and by mass spectrometric techniques and spectroscopies coupled with versatile ion sources it is possible to really change the state of the art of the ion chemistry in different areas such as atmospheric and astro chemistry, plasma chemistry, biophysics, and interstellar medium (ISM). In this manuscript we review the works performed by a joint combination of the experimental studies of ion–molecule reactions with synchrotron radiation and theoretical models adapted and developed to the experimental evidence. The review concludes with the perspectives of ion–molecule reactions by using FEL instrumentations as well as pump probe measurements and the initial attempt in the development of more realistic theoretical models for the prospective improvement of our predictive capability.
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Photodegradation of Azathioprine in the Presence of Sodium Thiosulfate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073975. [PMID: 35409337 PMCID: PMC8999472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of sodium thiosulfate (ST) on the photodegradation of azathioprine (AZA) was analyzed by UV-VIS spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), FTIR spectroscopy, Raman scattering, X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG) and mass spectrometry (MS). The PL studies highlighted that as the ST concentration increased from 25 wt.% to 75 wt.% in the AZA:ST mixture, the emission band of AZA gradual downshifted to 553, 542 and 530 nm. The photodegradation process of AZA:ST induced: (i) the emergence of a new band in the 320–400 nm range in the UV-VIS spectra of AZA and (ii) a change in the intensity ratio of the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) bands in the 280–335 and 335–430 nm spectral ranges. These changes suggest the emergence of new compounds during the photo-oxidation reaction of AZA with ST. The invoked photodegradation compounds were confirmed by studies of the Raman scattering, the FTIR spectroscopy and XPS spectroscopy through: (i) the downshift of the IR band of AZA from 1336 cm−1 to 1331 cm−1, attributed to N-C-N deformation in the purine ring; (ii) the change in the intensity ratio of the Raman lines peaking at 1305 cm−1 and 1330 cm−1 from 3.45 to 4.57, as the weight of ST in the AZA:ST mixture mass increased; and (iii) the emergence of a new band in the XPS O1s spectrum peaking at 531 eV, which was associated with the C=O bond. Through correlated studies of TG-MS, the main key fragments of ST-reacted AZA are reported.
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Satta M, Casavola AR, Cartoni A, Castrovilli MC, Catone D, Chiarinelli J, Borocci S, Avaldi L, Bolognesi P. Ionization of 2- and 4(5)-Nitroimidazoles Radiosensitizers: A "Kinetic Competition" Between NO 2 and NO Losses. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2387-2391. [PMID: 34597457 PMCID: PMC9293481 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitroimidazoles are a class of chemicals with a remarkable broad spectrum of applications from the production of explosives to the use as radiosensitizers in radiotherapy. The understanding of thedynamics of their fragmentation induced by ionizing sources is of fundamental interest. The goal of this work is to theoretically investigate the kinetic competition between the two most important decomposition channels of 2, 4 and 5‐Nitroimidazole cations: the NO and NO2 losses. The calculated rate constants of the two processes are in very good agreement with the experimental Photoelectron‐Photoion Coincidence (PEPICO) branching ratio. This study solves the intriguing and theoretically unexplained experimental observation that 2‐Nitroimidazole, at variance with the other two regio‐isomers is a source for only NO at low energies (<12.76 eV). This is a key point for biomedical application of the nitroimidazoles, because NO is the vasodilator that favors the reoxigenation of hypoxic tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Satta
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN-CNR), Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Casavola
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Antonella Cartoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza, Pl.e Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Mattea Carmen Castrovilli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Daniele Catone
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 2, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 10, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Jacopo Chiarinelli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Stefano Borocci
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Avaldi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Paola Bolognesi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
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Howell RW. Advancements in the use of Auger electrons in science and medicine during the period 2015-2019. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 99:2-27. [PMID: 33021416 PMCID: PMC8062591 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1831706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Auger electrons can be highly radiotoxic when they are used to irradiate specific molecular sites. This has spurred basic science investigations of their radiobiological effects and clinical investigations of their potential for therapy. Focused symposia on the biophysical aspects of Auger processes have been held quadrennially. This 9th International Symposium on Physical, Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects of Auger Processes at Oxford University brought together scientists from many different fields to review past findings, discuss the latest studies, and plot the future work to be done. This review article examines the research in this field that was published during the years 2015-2019 which corresponds to the period since the last meeting in Japan. In addition, this article points to future work yet to be done. There have been a plethora of advancements in our understanding of Auger processes. These advancements range from basic atomic and molecular physics to new ways to implement Auger electron emitters in radiopharmaceutical therapy. The highly localized doses of radiation that are deposited within a 10 nm of the decay site make them precision tools for discovery across the physical, chemical, biological, and medical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W Howell
- Division of Radiation Research, Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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