1
|
Cant DJH, Pei Y, Shchukarev A, Ramstedt M, Marques SS, Segundo MA, Parot J, Molska A, Borgos SE, Shard AG, Minelli C. Cryo-XPS for Surface Characterization of Nanomedicines. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8220-8227. [PMID: 37733882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles used for medical applications commonly possess coatings or surface functionalities intended to provide specific behavior in vivo, for example, the use of PEG to provide stealth properties. Direct, quantitative measurement of the surface chemistry and composition of such systems in a hydrated environment has thus far not been demonstrated, yet such measurements are of great importance for the development of nanomedicine systems. Here we demonstrate the first use of cryo-XPS for the measurement of two PEG-functionalized nanomedicines: a polymeric drug delivery system and a lipid nanoparticle mRNA carrier. The observed differences between cryo-XPS and standard XPS measurements indicate the potential of cryo-XPS for providing quantitative measurements of such nanoparticle systems in hydrated conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J H Cant
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Yiwen Pei
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | | | | | - Sara S Marques
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marcela A Segundo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jeremie Parot
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alicja Molska
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sven E Borgos
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexander G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Caterina Minelli
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun K, Nguyen CV, Nguyen NN, Nguyen AV. Flotation surface chemistry of water-soluble salt minerals: from experimental results to new perspectives. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 309:102775. [PMID: 36152375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The flotation separation of water-soluble salt minerals has to be conducted under the condition of saturation in brines which represents a challenging but exciting topic of colloid and surface chemistry. Despite several proposals on explaining the success of this industrial application for many decades, our understanding of the flotation separation is still far from complete yet, owing to the complexity of the highly selective collection of salt crystals by air bubbles in brines. Here, we thoroughly review the experimental results for halogen, oxyanion, and double salts and match them with the proposed theories on the flotation of soluble salts to identify the agreed and disagreed cases. The experimental results show that the flotation of these salts varies from collectors (surfactants applied to control the crystal hydrophobicity) to collectors and is strongly affected by the brine ion composition and pH conditions. We find some exceptional flotation results that cannot be simply explained by the crystal surface charge and wettability. Furthermore, we outline several disputes and discrepancies between the experiments and the theories when different collectors are applied. Apart from the extensive consideration of surface hydration, the presence of external ion species exhibits ubiquitous effects on the surface properties of salt crystals and the colloidal properties of collectors. We conclude that the interactions between salt ions, water molecules, collectors, and salt crystals must be considered more thoroughly, and the activity of collectors at the air-liquid interface should also be the focus. Advanced techniques such as molecular dynamics simulation, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and sum-frequency generation spectroscopy are expected to be promising research tools for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Cuong V Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ngoc N Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Anh V Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Spain O, Funk C. Detailed Characterization of the Cell Wall Structure and Composition of Nordic Green Microalgae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9711-9721. [PMID: 35894177 PMCID: PMC9372998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Green microalgae are attractive to food, pharmaceutical, and biofuel industries due to the promising and diverse properties of their intracellular components. In current biotechnological applications, however, clear bottlenecks are the cell disruption and cell harvesting steps. Challenges in both of these processes are directly linked to the properties of the microalgal cell wall. The aim of this study was to explore the cell wall compositions and morphologies of four Nordic microalgal strains (Chlorella vulgaris (13-1), Scenedesmus sp. (B2-2), Haematococcus pluvialis, and Coelastrella sp. (3-4)) and their changes in relation to logarithmic and stationary growth phases. Transmission electron microscopy imaging enabled us to visualize the cell walls and to observe structural elements such as spines, microfibrillar hairs, or layers. Using cryogenic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we quantified lipid, protein, and polysaccharide content of the outer surface of the microalgal cell wall in cultures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy highlighted changes between growth phases within the polysaccharide and protein fractions of the cell wall. Very prominent differences were observed in sugar and protein composition of the Scenedesmus sp. (B2-2) cell wall compared to the cell walls of the other three Nordic strains using trimethylsilyl derivatization.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mikhlin Y, Nasluzov V, Tomashevich Y, Vorobyev S, Romanchenko A, Likhatski M. Reaction surfaces and interfaces of metal sulfides: cryo-XPS meets HAXPES and DFT. Faraday Discuss 2022; 236:205-218. [PMID: 35546055 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00104c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here the application of the low-temperature X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (cryo-XPS) of fast-frozen dispersions as a quasi in situ technique for a case study of metal sulfides reacted in acidic aqueous solutions under non-oxidizing and moderate oxidizing conditions. The sulfide surfaces are known to tend to be depleted in metals, producing essentially sulfur-enriched surfaces and extended underlayers on Fe- and Cu-bearing sulfides, which have previously been examined using depth-sensitive HAXPES and cryo-XPS. The current study is focused on zinc and lead sulfides (natural sphalerite and galena), for whom both the experiment and theoretical DFT simulations suggest a low stability of sulfur-excessive structures. Cryo-XPS revealed the complicated behavior of the minerals under non-oxidative etching conditions, in particular, a notable concentration of polysulfide for PbS in dilute perchloric acid and a very minor one in hydrochloric acid. Oxidative etching with Fe3+ cations produced polysulfide anions and then elemental sulfur, which both volatized in the ultra-high vacuum at room temperature; the species can, nonetheless, be distinguished by considering the binding energies, electrostatic charging and evaporation rates. The cryo-XPS also detected interfacial products, e.g., ferrous chloride. DFT found that S-excessive centers are unstable in the undersurface regions of both materials, but are less unfavorable for ZnS surfaces, in agreement with the experimental data. It was concluded that cryo-XPS allows us to greatly reduce distortions of the interface composition in comparison with conventional techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Mikhlin
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, 50/24, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Nasluzov
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, 50/24, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.
| | - Yevgeny Tomashevich
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, 50/24, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.
| | - Sergey Vorobyev
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, 50/24, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.
| | - Alexander Romanchenko
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, 50/24, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.
| | - Maxim Likhatski
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, 50/24, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Watts S, Ramstedt M, Salentinig S. Ethanol Inactivation of Enveloped Viruses: Structural and Surface Chemistry Insights into Phi6. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9557-9563. [PMID: 34581569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-enveloped viruses, such as Ebola, influenza, or coronaviruses, are a major threat to human health. Ethanol is an efficient disinfectant that is widely used to inactivate these viruses and prevent their transmission. However, the interactions between ethanol and enveloped viruses leading to their inactivation are not yet fully understood. This study demonstrates the link between ethanol-induced viral inactivation and the nanostructural and chemical transformations of the model virus Phi6, an 85 nm diameter lipid-enveloped bacterial virus that is commonly used as surrogate for human pathogenic viruses. The virus morphology was investigated using small-angle X-ray scattering and dynamic light scattering and was related to its infectivity. The Phi6's surface chemistry was characterized by cryogenic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the modifications in protein structure were assessed by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. Ethanol-triggered structural modifications were found in the lipid envelope, detaching from the protein capsid and forming coexisting nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Watts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefan Salentinig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|