1
|
Barrera Y, Anderson JSM. Does the radical GPRI strongly depend on the population scheme? A comparative study to predict radical attack on unsaturated molecules with the radical general-purpose reactivity indicator. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:1152-1159. [PMID: 38299704 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of 22 unsaturated molecules undergoing attack by a methyl radical (⋅CH3) have been elucidated using the condensed radical general-purpose reactivity indicator (condensed radical GPRI) appropriate for relatively nucleophilic or electrophilic molecules. Using the appropriate radical GPRI equation for electrophilic attack or nucleophilic radical attack, seven different population schemes were used to assign the most reactive atoms in each of the 22 molecules. The results show that the condensed radical GPRI is sensitive to the population scheme chosen, but less sensitive than the radical Fukui function. Therefore, the reliability of these methods depends on the population scheme. Our investigation indicates that the condensed radical GPRI is most accurate in predicting the dominant products of the methyl radical addition reactions on a variety of unsaturated molecules when the Hirshfeld, Merz-Singh-Kollman, or Voronoi deformation density population schemes are used. Furthermore, for all populations schemes in the majority of instances where the radical Fukui function failed the radical GPRI was able to identify the most reactive atom under certain reactivity conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Barrera
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - James S M Anderson
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Benítez FJ, Gutiérrez-Oliva S, Herrera B, Toro-Labbé A. Basis Electronic Activity of Molecular Systems. A Theory of Bond Reactivity. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 38437616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a new finding, the basis electronic activity (BEA) of molecular systems; it corresponds to the significant, although nonreactive, vibrationally induced electronic activity that takes place in any molecular system. Although the molecule's BEA is composed of an equal number of local contributions as the vibrational degrees of freedom, our results indicate that only stretching modes contribute to it. To account for this electronic activity, a new descriptor, the bond electronic flux (BEF), is introduced. The BEF combined with the force constant of the potential well hosting the electronic activity gives rise to the effective bond reactivity index (EBR), which turns out to be the first density functional theory-based descriptor that simultaneously accounts for structural and electronic effects. Besides quantifying the bond reactivity, EBR provides a basis to compare the reactivities of bonds inserted in different chemical environments and paves the way for the exertion of selective control to enhance or inhibit their reactivities. The new concepts formulated in this paper and the associated computational tools are illustrated with characterization of the BEA of a set of representative molecules. In all cases, the BEFs follow the same linear pattern, whose slopes indicate the intensity of the electronic activity and quantify the reactivity of chemical bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisca J Benítez
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Soledad Gutiérrez-Oliva
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Bárbara Herrera
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He X, Li M, Rong C, Zhao D, Liu W, Ayers PW, Liu S. Some Recent Advances in Density-Based Reactivity Theory. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1183-1196. [PMID: 38329898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Establishing a chemical reactivity theory in density functional theory (DFT) language has been our intense research interest in the past two decades, exemplified by the determination of steric effect and stereoselectivity, evaluation of electrophilicity and nucleophilicity, identification of strong and weak interactions, and formulation of cooperativity, frustration, and principle of chirality hierarchy. In this Featured Article, we first overview the four density-based frameworks in DFT to appreciate chemical understanding, including conceptual DFT, use of density associated quantities, information-theoretic approach, and orbital-free DFT, and then present a few recent advances of these frameworks as well as new applications from our studies. To that end, we will introduce the relationship among these frameworks, determining the entire spectrum of interactions with Pauli energy derivatives, performing topological analyses with information-theoretic quantities, and extending the density-based frameworks to excited states. Applications to examine physiochemical properties in external electric fields and to evaluate polarizability for proteins and crystals are discussed. A few possible directions for future development are followed, with the special emphasis on its merger with machine learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Chunying Rong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Dongbo Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Paul W Ayers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton ONL8S, Canada
| | - Shubin Liu
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3420, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Irfan M, Khan HA, Bibi S, Wu G, Ali A, Khan SG, Alhokbany N, Rasool F, Chen K. Exploration of nonlinear optical properties of 4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)-N-phenylpropanamide based derivatives: experimental and DFT approach. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2732. [PMID: 38302494 PMCID: PMC10834427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Triazoles, nitrogen-containing heterocycles, have gained attention for their applications in medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, agrochemicals, and material sciences. In the current study, we synthesized novel derivatives of N-substituted 2-((5-(3-bromophenyl)-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)-N-phenylpropanamide and conducted a comprehensive investigation using density functional theory (DFT). These novel structural hybrids of 1,2,4-triazole were synthesized through the multi-step chemical modifications of 3-bromobenzoic acid (1). Initially, compound 1 was converted into its methyl-3-bromobenzoate (2) which was then transformed into 3-bromobenzohydrazide (3). The final step involved the cyclization of compound 3, producing its 1,2,4-triazole derivative (4). This intermediate was then coupled with different electrophiles, resulting in the formation of the final derivatives (7a-7c). Additionally, the characterization of these triazole-based compounds (7a, 7b, and 7c) were carried out using techniques such as IR, HNMR, and UV-visible spectroscopy to understand their structural and spectroscopic properties. The DFT study utilized M06/6-311G(d,p) functional to investigate geometrical parameters, HOMO-LUMO energies, natural bond orbital analyses, transition density matrix (TDM), density of states, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. The FMO analysis revealed that compound 7c exhibited the lowest band gap value (4.618 eV). Notably, compound 7c exhibited significant linear polarizability (4.195 > × 10-23) and first and second hyperpolarizabilities (6.317 > × 10-30, 4.314 × 10-35), signifying its potential for nonlinear optical applications. These NLO characteristics imply that each of our compounds, especially 7c, plays a crucial part in fabricating materials showing promising NLO properties for optoelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shamsa Bibi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Samreen Gul Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Norah Alhokbany
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiz Rasool
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Miranda-Quintana RA, Vela A, De Proft F, Martínez González M, Gázquez JL. Can we predict ambident regioselectivity using the chemical hardness? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:13611-13622. [PMID: 37144347 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00876b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The hard/soft acid/base (HSAB) principle is a cornerstone in our understanding of chemical reactivity preferences. Motivated by the success of the original ("global") version of this rule, a "local" counterpart was readily proposed to account for regioselectivity preferences, in particular, in ambident reactions. However, ample experimental evidence indicates that the local HSAB principle often fails to provide meaningful predictions. Here we examine the assumptions behind the standard proof of the local HSAB rule, showing that it is based on a flawed premise. By solving this issue, we show that it is critical to consider not only the charge transferred between the different reacting centers but also the charge reorganization within the non-reacting parts of the molecule. We propose different reorganization models and derive the corresponding regioselectivity rules for each.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Vela
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 2508, Ciudad de, México 07360, Mexico
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marco Martínez González
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - José L Gázquez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ave. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miranda-Quintana RA, Smiatek J. Application of Fundamental Chemical Principles for Solvation Effects: A Unified Perspective for Interaction Patterns in Solution. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:8864-8872. [PMID: 36269164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the utility of basic chemical principles like the "|Δμ| big is good" (DMB) rule for the study of solvation interactions between distinct solutes such as ions and solvents. The corresponding approach allows us to define relevant criteria for maximum solvation energies of ion pairs in different solvents in terms of electronegativities and chemical hardnesses. Our findings reveal that the DMB principle culminates into the strong and weak acids and bases concept as recently derived for specific ion effects in various solvents. The further application of the DMB approach highlights a similar condition for the chemical hardnesses with a reminiscence to the hard/soft acids and bases principle. Comparable conclusions can also be drawn with regard to the change of the solvent. We show that favorable solvent interactions are mainly driven by low chemical hardnesses as well as high electronegativity differences between the ions and the solvent. Our findings highlight that solvation interactions are governed by basic chemical principles, which demonstrates the close similarity between solvation mechanisms and chemical reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Alain Miranda-Quintana
- Department of Chemistry and Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Jens Smiatek
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, StuttgartD-70569, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Geerlings P. From Density Functional Theory to Conceptual Density Functional Theory and Biosystems. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091112. [PMID: 36145333 PMCID: PMC9505550 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The position of conceptual density functional theory (CDFT) in the history of density functional theory (DFT) is sketched followed by a chronological report on the introduction of the various DFT descriptors such as the electronegativity, hardness, softness, Fukui function, local version of softness and hardness, dual descriptor, linear response function, and softness kernel. Through a perturbational approach they can all be characterized as response functions, reflecting the intrinsic reactivity of an atom or molecule upon perturbation by a different system, including recent extensions by external fields. Derived descriptors such as the electrophilicity or generalized philicity, derived from the nature of the energy vs. N behavior, complete this picture. These descriptors can be used as such or in the context of principles such as Sanderson’s electronegativity equalization principle, Pearson’s hard and soft acids and bases principle, the maximum hardness, and more recently, the minimum electrophilicity principle. CDFT has known an ever-growing use in various subdisciplines of chemistry: from organic to inorganic chemistry, from polymer to materials chemistry, and from catalysis to nanotechnology. The increasing size of the systems under study has been coped with thanks to methodological evolutions but also through the impressive evolution in software and hardware. In this flow, biosystems entered the application portfolio in the past twenty years with studies varying (among others) from enzymatic catalysis to biological activity and/or the toxicity of organic molecules and to computational peptidology. On the basis of this evolution, one can expect that “the best is yet to come”.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Geerlings
- Research Group of General Chemistry (ALGC), Faculty of Science and Bio-Engineering Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|