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Therapeutic Effect of Subunit Vaccine AEC/BC02 on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Post-Chemotherapy Relapse Using a Latent Infection Murine Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050825. [PMID: 35632581 PMCID: PMC9145927 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an infectious disease that presents a major threat to human health. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed TB vaccine, is ineffective against latent TB infection, necessitating the development of further TB drugs or therapeutic vaccines. Herein, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of a novel subunit vaccine AEC/BC02 after chemotherapy in a spontaneous Mtb relapse model. Immunotherapy followed 4 weeks of treatment with isoniazid and rifapentine, and bacterial loads in organs, pathological changes, and adaptive immune characteristics were investigated. The results showed slowly increased bacterial loads in the spleen and lungs of mice inoculated with AEC/BC02 with significantly lower loads than those of the control groups. Pathological scores for the liver, spleen, and lungs decreased accordingly. Moreover, AEC/BC02 induced antigen-specific IFN-γ-secreting or IL-2-secreting cellular immune responses, which decreased with the number of immunizations and times. Obvious Ag85b- and EC-specific IgG were observed in mice following the treatment with AEC/BC02, indicating a significant Th1-biased response. Taken together, these data suggest that AEC/BC02 immunotherapy post-chemotherapy may shorten future TB treatment.
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Lee JM, Park J, Reed SG, Coler RN, Hong JJ, Kim LH, Lee W, Kwon KW, Shin SJ. Vaccination inducing durable and robust antigen-specific Th1/Th17 immune responses contributes to prophylactic protection against Mycobacterium avium infection but is ineffective as an adjunct to antibiotic treatment in chronic disease. Virulence 2022; 13:808-832. [PMID: 35499090 PMCID: PMC9067471 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2068489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) causing pulmonary disease in humanshas emerged worldwide. Thus, effective strategies simultaneously aiming to prevent MAC infection and accelerate therapeutic efficacy are required. To this end, subunit vaccine-induced protection against a well-defined virulent Mycobacterium avium (Mav) isolate was assessed as a preventative and therapeutic modality in murine models. Mav-derived culture filtrate antigen (CFA) was used as a vaccine antigen with glucopyranosyl lipid A stable emulsion (GLA-SE) or GLA-SE plus cyclic-di-GMP (GLA-SE/CDG), and we compared the immunogenicities, protective efficacies and immune correlates. Interestingly, CFA+GLA-SE/CDG immunization induced greater CFA-specific Th1/Th17 responses in both the lung and spleen than among the tested groups. Consequently, protective efficacy was optimally achieved with CFA+GLA-SE/CDG by significantly reducing bacterial loads along with long-lasting maintenance of antigen-specific Th1/Th17 cytokine-producing multifunctional T cell responses and relevant cytokine productions. Thus, we employed this subunit vaccine as an adjunct to antibiotic treatment. However, this vaccine was ineffective in further reducing bacterial loads. Collectively, our study demonstrates that strong Mav CFA-specific Th1/Th17 responses are critical for preventative protection against Mav infection but may be ineffective or even detrimental in an established and progressive chronic disease, indicating that different approaches to combating Mav infection are necessary according to vaccination purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Mi Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Rhea N Coler
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jung Joo Hong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Lee-Han Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kee Woong Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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