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Srinivas K, Ghatak S, Puro KU, Hussain Z, Prasad MCB, Milton AAP, Pakyntein CL, Bhargavi D, Das S, Angappan M, Lyngdoh V, Khan S, Kader NA, Ramshon U. Differential Cytotoxic Effects of Cell-Free Supernatants of Emerging Pathogens Escherichia albertii and Escherichia fergusonii on Four Cell Lines Reveal Vero Cells as a Putative Candidate for Cytotoxicity Analysis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:2370. [PMID: 39597758 PMCID: PMC11596466 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12112370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2024] [Revised: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii and Escherichia fergusonii are recognized as emerging pathogens with zoonotic potential. Despite their increasing importance, there is a paucity of data on the cytotoxicity of these two pathogens. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the cytotoxic potentials of the cell-free supernatants from 10 E. albertii and 15 E. fergusonii isolates for their cytotoxic effects on four different cell lines (CHO, Vero, HeLa, and MDCK). All E. albertii isolates (100%) and all but one E. fergusonii (93.33%) were cytotoxic. E. albertii isolates produced similar cytotoxicity titres across the cell lines, whereas the Vero cell was found to be the most sensitive to toxins produced by E. fergusonii (p < 0.05), followed by HeLa and CHO cells. MDCK was the least sensitive cell line to E. fergusonii toxins (p < 0.05). PCR detection of cytotoxicity-associated genes (cdtB, stx1, and stx2) indicated uniform possession of cdtB gene by all E. albertii isolates, while stx1 and stx2 genes were harboured neither by E. albertii, nor E. fergusonii. Taken together, our results provided experimental evidence of the cytotoxic effects of these two emerging pathogens, and Vero cells were identified as an optimal candidate to study the cytotoxic effects of E. albertii and E. fergusonii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandhan Srinivas
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR—Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, India; (K.S.); (D.B.); (M.A.)
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam 793103, India; (K.-u.P.); (Z.H.); (M.C.B.P.); (C.L.P.); (S.D.); (V.L.); (S.K.); (N.A.K.); (U.R.)
| | - Sandeep Ghatak
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam 793103, India; (K.-u.P.); (Z.H.); (M.C.B.P.); (C.L.P.); (S.D.); (V.L.); (S.K.); (N.A.K.); (U.R.)
| | - Kekungu-u Puro
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam 793103, India; (K.-u.P.); (Z.H.); (M.C.B.P.); (C.L.P.); (S.D.); (V.L.); (S.K.); (N.A.K.); (U.R.)
| | - Zakir Hussain
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam 793103, India; (K.-u.P.); (Z.H.); (M.C.B.P.); (C.L.P.); (S.D.); (V.L.); (S.K.); (N.A.K.); (U.R.)
| | - Mosuri Chendu Bharat Prasad
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam 793103, India; (K.-u.P.); (Z.H.); (M.C.B.P.); (C.L.P.); (S.D.); (V.L.); (S.K.); (N.A.K.); (U.R.)
| | - Arockiasamy Arun Prince Milton
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam 793103, India; (K.-u.P.); (Z.H.); (M.C.B.P.); (C.L.P.); (S.D.); (V.L.); (S.K.); (N.A.K.); (U.R.)
| | - Careen Liza Pakyntein
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam 793103, India; (K.-u.P.); (Z.H.); (M.C.B.P.); (C.L.P.); (S.D.); (V.L.); (S.K.); (N.A.K.); (U.R.)
| | - Dadimi Bhargavi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR—Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, India; (K.S.); (D.B.); (M.A.)
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam 793103, India; (K.-u.P.); (Z.H.); (M.C.B.P.); (C.L.P.); (S.D.); (V.L.); (S.K.); (N.A.K.); (U.R.)
| | - Samir Das
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam 793103, India; (K.-u.P.); (Z.H.); (M.C.B.P.); (C.L.P.); (S.D.); (V.L.); (S.K.); (N.A.K.); (U.R.)
| | - Madesh Angappan
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR—Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, India; (K.S.); (D.B.); (M.A.)
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam 793103, India; (K.-u.P.); (Z.H.); (M.C.B.P.); (C.L.P.); (S.D.); (V.L.); (S.K.); (N.A.K.); (U.R.)
| | - Vanita Lyngdoh
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam 793103, India; (K.-u.P.); (Z.H.); (M.C.B.P.); (C.L.P.); (S.D.); (V.L.); (S.K.); (N.A.K.); (U.R.)
| | - Sabia Khan
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam 793103, India; (K.-u.P.); (Z.H.); (M.C.B.P.); (C.L.P.); (S.D.); (V.L.); (S.K.); (N.A.K.); (U.R.)
| | - Nur Abdul Kader
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam 793103, India; (K.-u.P.); (Z.H.); (M.C.B.P.); (C.L.P.); (S.D.); (V.L.); (S.K.); (N.A.K.); (U.R.)
| | - Umjerksiar Ramshon
- Division of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam 793103, India; (K.-u.P.); (Z.H.); (M.C.B.P.); (C.L.P.); (S.D.); (V.L.); (S.K.); (N.A.K.); (U.R.)
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Corradini C, De Bene AF, Russini V, Carfora V, Alba P, Cordaro G, Senese M, Terracciano G, Fabbri I, Di Sirio A, Di Giamberardino F, Boria P, De Marchis ML, Bossù T. Detection of Salmonella Reservoirs in Birds of Prey Hosted in an Italian Wildlife Centre: Molecular and Antimicrobial Resistance Characterisation. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1169. [PMID: 38930551 PMCID: PMC11205921 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the European Union, salmonellosis is one of the most important zoonoses reported. Poultry meat and egg products are the most common food matrices associated with Salmonella presence. Moreover, wild and domestic animals could represent an important reservoir that could favour the direct and indirect transmission of pathogens to humans. Salmonella spp. can infect carnivorous or omnivorous wild birds that regularly ingest food and water exposed to faecal contamination. Birds kept in captivity can act as reservoirs of Salmonella spp. following ingestion of infected prey or feed. In this paper, we describe the isolation of different Salmonella serovars in several species of raptors hosted in aviaries in an Italian wildlife centre and in the raw chicken necks used as their feed but intended for human consumption. Characterisations of strains were carried out by integrating classical methods and whole genome sequencing analysis. The strains of S. bredeney isolated in poultry meat and birds belonged to the same cluster, with some of them being multidrug-resistant (MDR) and carrying the Col(pHAD28) plasmid-borne qnrB19 (fluoro)quinolone resistance gene, thus confirming the source of infection. Differently, the S. infantis found in feed and raptors were all MDR, carried a plasmid of emerging S. infantis (pESI)-like plasmid and belonged to different clusters, possibly suggesting a long-lasting infection or the presence of additional undetected sources. Due to the high risk of fuelling a reservoir of human pathogens, the control and treatment of feed for captive species are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Corradini
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (A.F.D.B.); (A.D.S.); (F.D.G.); (P.B.); (M.L.D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Andrea Francesco De Bene
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (A.F.D.B.); (A.D.S.); (F.D.G.); (P.B.); (M.L.D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Valeria Russini
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (A.F.D.B.); (A.D.S.); (F.D.G.); (P.B.); (M.L.D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Virginia Carfora
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, General Diagnostics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (P.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Patricia Alba
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, General Diagnostics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (P.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Gessica Cordaro
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, General Diagnostics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (P.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Matteo Senese
- UOT Toscana Nord, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (G.T.); (I.F.)
| | - Giuliana Terracciano
- UOT Toscana Nord, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (G.T.); (I.F.)
| | - Ilaria Fabbri
- UOT Toscana Nord, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (G.T.); (I.F.)
| | - Alessandro Di Sirio
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (A.F.D.B.); (A.D.S.); (F.D.G.); (P.B.); (M.L.D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Fabiola Di Giamberardino
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (A.F.D.B.); (A.D.S.); (F.D.G.); (P.B.); (M.L.D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Pierpaolo Boria
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (A.F.D.B.); (A.D.S.); (F.D.G.); (P.B.); (M.L.D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Maria Laura De Marchis
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (A.F.D.B.); (A.D.S.); (F.D.G.); (P.B.); (M.L.D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Teresa Bossù
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (A.F.D.B.); (A.D.S.); (F.D.G.); (P.B.); (M.L.D.M.); (T.B.)
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Wódz K, Piechowicz L, Tokarska-Pietrzak E, Gawor J, Gromadka R, Bełkot Z, Strzałkowska Z, Wiśniewski J, Nowak T, Bogdan J, Anusz K, Pławińska-Czarnak J. Does Salmonella diarizonae 58:r:z 53 Isolated from a Mallard Duck Pose a Threat to Human Health? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5664. [PMID: 38891852 PMCID: PMC11171591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella diarizonae (IIIb) is frequently isolated from reptiles and less frequently from birds and mammals. However, its isolation from invasive human infections has not been widely reported. Migratory mallard ducks are excellent bioindicators of pathogen presence and pathogen antibiotic resistance (AMR). We present the first isolation from a mallard duck in central Europe of the antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae with the unique antigenic pattern 58:r:z53 and report its whole-genome sequencing, serosequencing, and genotyping, which enabled the prediction of its pathogenicity and comparison with phenotypic AMR. The isolated strain was highly similar to S. diarizonae isolated from humans and food. Twenty-four AMR genes were detected, including those encoding aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, macrolide, carbapenem, tetracycline, cephalosporin, nitroimidazole, peptide antibiotic, and disinfecting agent/antiseptic resistance. Six Salmonella pathogenicity islands were found (SPI-1, SPI-2, SPI-3, SPI-5, SPI-9, and SPI-13). An iron transport system was detected in SPI-1 centisome C63PI. Plasmid profile analyses showed three to be present. Sequence mutations in the invA and invF genes were noted, which truncated and elongated the proteins, respectively. The strain also harbored genes encoding type-III secretion-system effector proteins and many virulence factors found in S. diarizonae associated with human infections. This study aims to elucidate the AMR and virulence genes in S. enterica subsp. diarizonae that may most seriously threaten human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wódz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Vet-Lab Brudzew, 62-720 Brudzew, Poland;
| | - Lidia Piechowicz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; (L.P.); (E.T.-P.)
| | - Ewa Tokarska-Pietrzak
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; (L.P.); (E.T.-P.)
| | - Jan Gawor
- DNA Sequencing and Synthesis Facility, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Robert Gromadka
- DNA Sequencing and Synthesis Facility, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Zbigniew Bełkot
- Department of Food Hygiene of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Zuzanna Strzałkowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.W.); (J.B.); (K.A.)
| | - Jan Wiśniewski
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.W.); (J.B.); (K.A.)
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Vet-Lab Brudzew, 62-720 Brudzew, Poland;
| | - Janusz Bogdan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.W.); (J.B.); (K.A.)
| | - Krzysztof Anusz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.W.); (J.B.); (K.A.)
| | - Joanna Pławińska-Czarnak
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.S.); (J.W.); (J.B.); (K.A.)
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Dec M, Zając M, Puchalski A, Szczepaniak K, Urban-Chmiel R. Pet Reptiles in Poland as a Potential Source of Transmission of Salmonella. Pathogens 2022; 11:1125. [PMID: 36297182 PMCID: PMC9610186 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Reptiles are considered a potential source of Salmonella transmission to humans. The aim of this research was to determine the incidence of Salmonella in pet reptiles in Poland and to examine Salmonella isolates with regard to their biochemical characteristics, serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility, and pathogenic and zoonotic potential. The research material consisted of 67 reptile faeces samples. The taxonomic affiliation of the Salmonella isolates was determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, biochemical analyses, and serotyping; whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis was performed on three isolates whose serotype could not be determined by agglutination. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the Salmonella isolates was determined by the broth dilution method, and in the case of some antimicrobials by the disk diffusion method. The pathogenic and zoonotic potential of the identified serotypes was estimated based on available reports and case studies. The presence of Salmonella was confirmed in 71.6% of faecal samples, with the highest incidence (87.1%) recorded for snakes, followed by lizards (77.8%) and turtles (38.9%). All isolates (n = 51) belonged to the species S. enterica, predominantly to subspecies I (66.7%) and IIIb (25.5%). Among these, 25 serotypes were identified, including 10 that had previously been confirmed to cause reptile-associated salmonellosis (RAS). Salmonella isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial substances used except streptomycin, to which 9.8% of the strains showed resistance. None of the strains contained corresponding resistance genes. The study demonstrates that pet reptiles kept in Poland are a significant reservoir of Salmonella and contribute to knowledge of the characteristics of reptilian Salmonella strains. Due to the risk of salmonellosis, contact with these animals requires special hygiene rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dec
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zając
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Puchalski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Klaudiusz Szczepaniak
- Department of Parasitology and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Renata Urban-Chmiel
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Liu Z, Zhao Y, Zhao W, Fei X, Zhai P, Bi W, Li R. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of a rare Salmonella diarizonae clinical strain carrying multiple plasmids and novel gene cassettes. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 29:339-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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