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Carrard J, Hofer M, Prechtl L, Fleischlin E, Huber M, Gallart-Ayala H, Teav T, Infanger D, Höchsmann C, Koehler K, Hinrichs T, Hanssen H, Ivanisevic J, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. Effect of an eight-week high-intensity interval training programme on circulating sphingolipid levels in middle-aged adults at elevated cardiometabolic risk (SphingoFIT)-Protocol for a randomised controlled exercise trial. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302477. [PMID: 38717997 PMCID: PMC11078397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence indicates that sphingolipid accumulation drives complex molecular alterations promoting cardiometabolic diseases. Clinically, it was shown that sphingolipids predict cardiometabolic risk independently of and beyond traditional biomarkers such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. To date, little is known about therapeutic modalities to lower sphingolipid levels. Exercise, a powerful means to prevent and treat cardiometabolic diseases, is a promising modality to mitigate sphingolipid levels in a cost-effective, safe, and patient-empowering manner. METHODS This randomised controlled trial will explore whether and to what extent an 8-week fitness-enhancing training programme can lower serum sphingolipid levels of middle-aged adults at elevated cardiometabolic risk (n = 98, 50% females). The exercise intervention will consist of supervised high-intensity interval training (three sessions weekly), while the control group will receive physical activity counselling based on current guidelines. Blood will be sampled early in the morning in a fasted state before and after the 8-week programme. Participants will be provided with individualised, pre-packaged meals for the two days preceding blood sampling to minimise potential confounding. An 'omic-scale sphingolipid profiling, using high-coverage reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, will be applied to capture the circulating sphingolipidome. Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests will be performed before and after the 8-week programme to assess patient fitness changes. Cholesterol, triglycerides, glycated haemoglobin, the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, static retinal vessel analysis, flow-mediated dilatation, and strain analysis of the heart cavities will also be assessed pre- and post-intervention. This study shall inform whether and to what extent exercise can be used as an evidence-based treatment to lower circulating sphingolipid levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT06024291) on August 28, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Carrard
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- SportAdo Centre, Children and Adolescent Surgery, Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Hofer
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luisa Prechtl
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eva Fleischlin
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Huber
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hector Gallart-Ayala
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tony Teav
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denis Infanger
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Höchsmann
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karsten Koehler
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Hinrichs
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hanssen
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julijana Ivanisevic
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Xiao Y, Huang X, Xia Y, Ding M, Li A, Yang B, She Q. Role of dysregulated macrophage subpopulation ratios and functional changes in the development of coronary atherosclerosis. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3626. [PMID: 37974510 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease is one of the most significant risk factors affecting human health worldwide. Its pathogenesis is intricate, with atherosclerosis being widely regarded as the leading cause. Aberrant lipid metabolism in macrophages is recognized as one of the triggering factors in atherosclerosis development. To investigate the role of macrophages in the formation of coronary artery atherosclerosis, we utilized single-cell data from wild-type mice obtained from the aortic roots and ascending aortas after long-term high-fat diet feeding, as deposited in GSE131776. Seurat software was employed to refine the single-cell data in terms of scale and cell types, facilitating the identification of differentially expressed genes. Through the application of differential expression genes, we conducted Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes functional enrichment analyses at 0, 8 and 16 weeks, aiming to uncover pathways with the most pronounced functional alterations as the high-fat diet progressed. The AddModuleScore function was employed to score the expression of these pathways across different cell types. Subsequently, macrophages were isolated and further subdivided into subtypes, followed by an investigation into intercellular communication within these subtypes. Subsequent to this, we induced THP-1 cells to generate foam cells, validating critical genes identified in prior studies. The results revealed that macrophages underwent the most substantial functional changes as the high-fat diet progressed. Furthermore, two clusters were identified as potentially playing pivotal roles in macrophage functional regulation during high-fat diet progression. Additionally, macrophage subtypes displayed intricate functionalities, with mutual functional counterbalances observed among these subtypes. The proportions of macrophage subtypes and the modulation of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory functions played significant roles in the development of coronary artery atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yijun Xia
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minjun Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian She
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Shao BZ, Liu MZ, Zhu DN, Yan H, Ke P, Wei W, Han T, Liu C. Depletion of β-arrestin-1 in macrophages enhances atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111085. [PMID: 37866313 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy in atherosclerotic plaque macrophage contributes to the alleviation of atherosclerosis through the promotion of lipid metabolism. β-arrestins are multifunctional proteins participating various kinds of cellular signaling pathways. Here we aimed to determine the role of β-arrestin-1, an important member of β-arrestin family, in atherosclerosis, and whether autophagy was involved in this process. ApoE-/-β-arrestin-1fl/flLysM-Cre mice were created through bone marrow transplantation for the atherosclerosis model with conditional myeloid knocking out β-arrestin-1. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were used for the in vitro studies. Oil red O staining was used to detect the lesional area. F4/80, Masson trichrome and picro-Sirius red staining were applied for the determination of plaque stability. Real-time PCR was used for the detection of levels of lipid metabolism-related receptors. Electron microscopy and tandem fluorescent mRFP-GFP-LC3 plasmid was applied to test autophagy level. We found that β-arrestin-1 was highly increased in expression in plaque macrophage on the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Conditional myeloid knocking out β-arrestin-1 largely promotes plaque formation and vulnerability. In murine macrophage with lipid loading, knocking down β-arrestin-1 enhanced foam cell formation and levels of plasma and cellular cholesterol, while overexpressing β-arrestin-1 led to the opposite effects. The alleviative effects induced by macrophage β-arrestin-1 in atherosclerosis were involved in autophagy, based on the reduction of autophagy level with the knocking down of macrophage β-arrestin-1 and administration of autophagy inhibitors which largely attenuated the decreasing effect on foam cell formation. Our results demonstrated for the first time that macrophage β-arrestin-1 protected against atherosclerosis through the induction of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Zong Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Meng-Zhen Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Dan-Ni Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ping Ke
- Department of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433 China.
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Iside C, Affinito O, Punzo B, Salvatore M, Mirabelli P, Cavaliere C, Franzese M. Stratification of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease by Circulating Cytokines Profile: A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6649. [PMID: 37892788 PMCID: PMC10607348 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12206649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a long-term inflammatory process, with atherosclerosis as its underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Endothelial dysfunction is the first step towards atherosclerosis, where damaged endothelial cells release large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, thus promoting vascular inflammation and disease progression. However, the correlation between serum cytokines and CAD severity remains to be defined. Serum samples from patients performing cardiac computed tomography for suspected CAD (n = 75) were analyzed with a multiplex bead-based immunoassay panel for simultaneous assessment of the concentration of 11 cytokines using flow cytometric technology. The analysis showed statistically significant increases in sRAGE, CCL2_MCP1, FLT1, and IL6 levels in CAD patients compared with healthy subjects and a gradual increase trend towards a more severe form of the disease for most cytokines (e.g., sCD40L, FLT1, sRAGE, CCL2-MCP1, TNFα). Lastly, we explored the performance of cytokines in predicting the diagnosis of CAD and found that an increase in IL6 levels will increase the odds of being non-obstructive CAD-positive. In contrast, an increase in CCL2-MCP1 or FLT1 levels will increase the probability of being obstructive CAD-positive. These results suggest that the combination of serum cytokines may contribute to the not-invasive stratification risk for patients with suspected CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Iside
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco, 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Affinito
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco, 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Bruna Punzo
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco, 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Salvatore
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco, 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Peppino Mirabelli
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, AORN, 80122 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Cavaliere
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco, 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Franzese
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco, 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
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Bhatti JS, Khullar N, Vijayvergiya R, Navik U, Bhatti GK, Reddy PH. Mitochondrial miRNA as epigenomic signatures: Visualizing aging-associated heart diseases through a new lens. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101882. [PMID: 36780957 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Aging bears many hard knocks, but heart disorders earn a particular allusion, being the most widespread. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are becoming the biggest concern to mankind due to sundry health conditions directly or indirectly related to heart-linked abnormalities. Scientists know that mitochondria play a critical role in the pathophysiology of cardiac diseases. Both environment and genetics play an essential role in modulating and controlling mitochondrial functions. Even a minor abnormality may prove detrimental to heart function. Advanced age combined with an unhealthy lifestyle can cause most cardiomyocytes to be replaced by fibrotic tissue which upsets the conducting system and leads to arrhythmias. An aging heart encounters far more heart-associated comorbidities than a young heart. Many state-of-the-art technologies and procedures are already being used to prevent and treat heart attacks worldwide. However, it remains a mystery when this heart bomb would explode because it lacks an alarm. This calls for a novel and effective strategy for timely diagnosis and a sure-fire treatment. This review article provides a comprehensive overture of prospective potentials of mitochondrial miRNAs that predict complicated and interconnected pathways concerning heart ailments and signature compilations of relevant miRNAs as biomarkers to plot the role of miRNAs in epigenomics. This article suggests that analysis of DNA methylation patterns in age-associated heart diseases may determine age-impelled biomarkers of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
| | - Naina Khullar
- Department of Zoology, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India.
| | - Rajesh Vijayvergiya
- Department of Cardiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Umashanker Navik
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Departments of Neurology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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6
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Tesorio T, Mone P, de Donato A, Trimarco V, Santulli G. Linking lifestyle factors to cardiovascular risk through metabolomics: Insights from a large population of diabetic patients followed-up for 11 years. Atherosclerosis 2023; 367:37-39. [PMID: 36725416 PMCID: PMC9957959 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tullio Tesorio
- Casa di Cura "Montevergine", Mercogliano (Avellino), Italy
| | - Pasquale Mone
- Department of Medicine - Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute for Aging Research, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation (INI), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine - Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute for Aging Research, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation (INI), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA; "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Pharmacology - Einstein/Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
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Menon NJ, Halvorson BD, Alimorad GH, Frisbee JC, Lizotte DJ, Ward AD, Goldman D, Chantler PD, Frisbee SJ. Application of a novel index for understanding vascular health following pharmacological intervention in a pre-clinical model of metabolic disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1104568. [PMID: 36762103 PMCID: PMC9905672 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1104568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
While a thorough understanding of microvascular function in health and how it becomes compromised with progression of disease risk is critical for developing effective therapeutic interventions, our ability to accurately assess the beneficial impact of pharmacological interventions to improve outcomes is vital. Here we introduce a novel Vascular Health Index (VHI) that allows for simultaneous assessment of changes to vascular reactivity/endothelial function, vascular wall mechanics and microvessel density within cerebral and skeletal muscle vascular networks with progression of metabolic disease in obese Zucker rats (OZR); under control conditions and following pharmacological interventions of clinical relevance. Outcomes are compared to "healthy" conditions in lean Zucker rats. We detail the calculation of vascular health index, full assessments of validity, and describe progressive changes to vascular health index over the development of metabolic disease in obese Zucker rats. Further, we detail the improvement to cerebral and skeletal muscle vascular health index following chronic treatment of obese Zucker rats with anti-hypertensive (15%-52% for skeletal muscle vascular health index; 12%-48% for cerebral vascular health index; p < 0.05 for both), anti-dyslipidemic (13%-48% for skeletal muscle vascular health index; p < 0.05), anti-diabetic (12%-32% for cerebral vascular health index; p < 0.05) and anti-oxidant/inflammation (41%-64% for skeletal muscle vascular health index; 29%-42% for cerebral vascular health index; p < 0.05 for both) drugs. The results present the effectiveness of mechanistically diverse interventions to improve cerebral or skeletal muscle vascular health index in obese Zucker rats and provide insight into the superiority of some pharmacological agents despite similar effectiveness in terms of impact on intended targets. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of including a wider, more integrative approach to the study of microvasculopathy under settings of elevated disease risk and following pharmacological intervention. A major benefit of integrating vascular health index is an increased understanding of the development, timing and efficacy of interventions through greater insight into integrated microvascular function in combination with individual, higher resolution metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel J. Lizotte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London, ON, Canada,Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron D. Ward
- Department of Medical Biophysics, London, ON, Canada,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Paul D. Chantler
- Department of Human Performance-Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Stephanie J. Frisbee
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London, ON, Canada,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Stephanie J. Frisbee,
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8
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Chandran M, S S, Abhirami, Chandran A, Jaleel A, Plakkal Ayyappan J. Defining atherosclerotic plaque biology by mass spectrometry-based omics approaches. Mol Omics 2023; 19:6-26. [PMID: 36426765 DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00260d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the principal cause of vascular diseases and one of the leading causes of worldwide death. Even though several insights into its natural course, risk factors and interventions have been identified, it is still an ongoing global pandemic. Since the structure and biochemical composition of the plaques show high heterogeneity, a comprehensive understanding of the intraplaque composition, its microenvironment, and the mechanisms of the progression and instability across different vascular beds at their progression stages is crucial for better risk stratification and treatment modalities. Even though several cell-based studies, animal studies, and extensive multicentric population studies have been conducted concerning cardiovascular diseases for assessing the risk factors and plaque biology, the studies on human clinical samples are very limited. New novel approaches utilize samples from percutaneous coronary interventions, which could possibly gain more access to clinical samples at different stages of the diseases without complex invasive resections. As an emerging technological platform in disease discovery research, mass spectrometry-based omics technologies offer capabilities for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms linked to several vascular diseases. Here, we discuss the cellular and molecular processes of atherosclerosis, different mass spectrometry-based omics approaches, and the studies mostly done on clinical samples of atheroma plaque using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, metabolomics and lipidomics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Chandran
- Translational Nanomedicine and Lifestyle Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695034, Kerala, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695034, Kerala, India.,Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695012, India
| | - Sudhina S
- Translational Nanomedicine and Lifestyle Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695034, Kerala, India.
| | - Abhirami
- Translational Nanomedicine and Lifestyle Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695034, Kerala, India.
| | - Akash Chandran
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram-695581, Kerala, India
| | - Abdul Jaleel
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695012, India
| | - Janeesh Plakkal Ayyappan
- Translational Nanomedicine and Lifestyle Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695034, Kerala, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695034, Kerala, India.,Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram-695581, Kerala, India.,Centre for Advanced Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695034, Kerala, India
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Mordi I, Trucco E. The eyes as a window to the heart: looking beyond the horizon. Br J Ophthalmol 2022; 106:1627-1628. [PMID: 36195458 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2022-322517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ify Mordi
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Emanuele Trucco
- VAMPIRE project, Computing, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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