1
|
He Y, Dong Y, Yang S, Yang F, Yin J, Zhao H, Zhao Y. Short time effects of two radiofrequency ablation methods on hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Clin Cardiol 2024; 47:e24217. [PMID: 38439605 PMCID: PMC10912792 DOI: 10.1002/clc.24217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiofrequency ablation has been applied for the treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). The two known procedures are percutaneous intramyocardial septal radiofrequency ablation (PIMSRA) and endocardial radiofrequency septal ablation (ERSA). METHODS This study presents a retrospective analysis of the PIMSRA and ERSA procedures in patients with drug-refractory HOCM. A total of 28 patients participated in the study, with 12 receiving PIMSRA and 16 receiving ERSA. The objective of our study was to compare the short-term effects of these two radiofrequency ablation procedures. RESULTS At the 30-day follow-up, the PIMSRA group demonstrated a greater reduction in left ventricular outflow tract peak gradient at rest compared to the ERSA group (22.25 [16.72] mmHg versus 47.75 [21.94] mmHg) (p < .01). The values for the PIMSRA group decreased from 99.33 (32.00) mmHg to 22.25 (16.72) mmHg (p < .01), while the ERSA group decreased from 97.75 (30.24) mmHg to 47.75 (21.94) mmHg (p < .01). Only the PIMSRA group exhibited a decrease in mitral regurgitation (MR). The area of MR decreased from 10.13 (4.12) mm2 to 3.65 (2.80) mm2 in the PIMSRA group (p < .01). Additionally, the PIMSRA group experienced reductions in left atrial diameter (LAD) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)%. The values for LAD changed from 43.58 (7.53) mm to 37.08 (6.92) mm (p = .03), and the values for LVEF% decreased from 65.75 (6.12) pg/mL to 60.83 (4.06) pg/mL (p = .03). CONCLUSION In terms of the two types of radiofrequency ablation methods used in HOCM, it has been observed that PIMSRA demonstrates a more favorable early treatment effect compared to ERSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin‐ge He
- Department of CardiologyZhengzhouChina
| | - Yong Dong
- Department of CardiologyZhengzhouChina
| | | | - Fan Yang
- Department of CardiologyZhengzhouChina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meng X, Gao J, Zhang K, Jun W, Wang JJ, Wang XL, Wang YGS, Zheng JL, Liu YP, Song JJ, Yang J, Zheng YT, Li C, Wang WY, Shao C, Tang YD. The triglyceride-glucose index as a potential protective factor for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy without diabetes: evidence from a two-center study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:143. [PMID: 37386489 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the TyG (Triglyceride-glucose index) and the prognosis of patients with HOCM (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy) without diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 713 eligible patients with HOCM were enrolled in this study and divided into two groups based on treatment: an invasive treatment group (n = 461) and a non-invasive treatment group (n = 252). The patients in both two groups were then divided into three groups based on their TyG index levels. The primary endpoints of this study were Cardiogenic death during long-term follow-up. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to study the cumulative survival of different groups. Restricted cubic spline was used to model nonlinear relationships between the TyG index and primary endpoints. Myocardial perfusion imaging/Myocardial metabolic imaging examinations were performed to assess glucose metabolism in the ventricular septum of the HOCM patients. RESULTS The follow-up time of this study was 41.47 ± 17.63 months. The results showed that patients with higher TyG index levels had better clinical outcomes (HR, 0.215; 95% CI 0.051,0.902; P = 0.036, invasive treatment group; HR, 0.179; 95% CI 0.063,0.508; P = 0.001, non-invasive treatment group). Further analysis showed that glucose metabolism in the ventricular septum was enhanced in HOCM patients. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that the TyG index may serve as a potential protective factor for patients with HOCM without diabetes. The enhanced glucose metabolism in the ventricular septum of HOCM patients may provide a potential explanation for the relationship between the TyG index and HOCM prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbin Meng
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Wen Jun
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jing-Jia Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xu-Liang Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuan-Geng-Shuo Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ji-Lin Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Song
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yi-Tian Zheng
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wen-Yao Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Chunli Shao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yi-Da Tang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, No.49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yokoyama Y, Shimoda T, Shimada YJ, Shimamura J, Akita K, Yasuda R, Takayama H, Kuno T. Alcohol septal ablation versus surgical septal myectomy of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2023; 63:7035942. [PMID: 36782361 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elucidate the optimal septal reduction therapy for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, we conducted a meta-analysis comparing alcohol septal ablation (ASA) and septal myectomy. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched to identify studies investigating the outcomes of ASA and septal myectomy in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in January 2023. The primary outcome of interest was all-cause mortality in studies with ≥1 year of follow-up. The secondary outcomes of interest comprised left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) pressure gradient reduction and reoperations of LVOT. A subgroup analysis of all-cause mortality including studies with follow-up ≥5 years was performed. RESULTS 27 observational studies were included (15 968 patients). Analysis demonstrated similar all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval) (CI) 1.24 (0.88-1.76); P = 0.21; I2 = 56%]. In contrast, ASA was associated with less reduction of LVOT pressure gradient and a reoperation rate [weighted mean difference (95% CI) 11.04 mmHg (5.60-16.48); P < 0.01; I2 = 64%, HR (95% CI) 9.14 (6.55-12.75); P < 0.001; I2 = 0%, respectively]. The subgroup analysis with follow-up ≥5 years revealed higher long-term mortality with ASA [HR (95% CI) 1.50 (1.04-2.15); P = 0.03; I2 = 52%]. CONCLUSIONS Although both septal reduction therapies were associated with similar all-cause mortality, ASA was associated with a higher rate of reoperation and less reduction of LVOT pressure gradient. Furthermore, all-cause mortality with follow-up ≥5 years showed favourable outcomes with septal myectomy, although the result is only hypothesis-generating given a subgroup analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yokoyama
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | | | - Yuichi J Shimada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Junichi Shimamura
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Keitaro Akita
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Risako Yasuda
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiroo Takayama
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Toshiki Kuno
- Department of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Junior ADSM, de Oliveira ALV, Maia TA, Botelho SM. A Narrative Review of Emerging Therapies for Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy. Curr Cardiol Rev 2023; 19:e240323214927. [PMID: 36999417 PMCID: PMC10494274 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x19666230324102828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is a hereditary condition that affects myocardial contraction. In case of failure of pharmacological treatment, alternative approaches might be used that include surgical myectomy, percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation, and radiofrequency ablation. In respect of long-term advantages, surgical septal myectomy remains the therapy of choice for symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Alcohol septal ablation has been considered an alternative to surgical myectomy, which confers the benefits of a shorter hospital stay, less discomfort, and fewer complications. However, only expert operators should perform it on carefully chosen patients. Further, radiofrequency septal ablation reduces the left ventricular outflow tract gradient and improves the NYHA functional class of patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, despite complications like cardiac tamponade and atrioventricular block. Further research with a larger sample size is required to compare the radiofrequency approach with established invasive treatment methods for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Septal myectomy has low morbidity and mortality rates, making it the preferred procedure; however, the efficacy and morbidity remain debatable. Advances in invasive techniques, including percutaneous septal radiofrequency ablation and transcatheter myotomy, have provided alternative approaches for reducing left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction in patients who are not candidates for traditional surgical septal myectomy. Candidates for alcohol and radiofrequency septal ablation include patients with symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, older adults, and those with multiple comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio da Silva Menezes Junior
- Internal Medicine Department, Medicine School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Medical School, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Aratak Maia
- Medical School, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Silvia Marçal Botelho
- Internal Medicine Department, Medicine School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Medical School, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cai ML, Zhong GQ. Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy with SAM Phenomenon: A Case Report and Literature Review. CARDIOLOGY AND CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2022; 6:515-522. [PMID: 36582309 PMCID: PMC9797103 DOI: 10.26502/fccm.92920293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is defined by the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in the absence of other potentially causative cardiac, systemic, syndromic, or metabolic diseases [1]. It is the most common genetic abnormality of the myocardium, with an anaesthetized prevalence ranging from 1:500 to as high as 1:200 [2-4]. It is the primary cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among teenagers and athletes. Patient A 56-year-old man presented with chest tightness and palpitations which had been occurring post-activity for the previous 6 months. The patient was advised to be admitted. He underwent echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), coronary angiography (CAG) examination, and left ventriculography. He was diagnosed with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) with systolic anterior motion (SAM) phenomenon. Results Echocardiography results showed that the interventricular septal thickness was 14-16 mm and that there were 2 degrees of SAM of the mitral valve. This resulted in severe stenosis of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and moderate to severe mitral insufficiency. Left ventriculography confirmed mitral regurgitation (MR) associated with HOCM with SAM phenomenon. Under the protection of a permanent pacemaker, the patient was treated with alcohol septal ablation (ASA). After discharge, the symptoms of chest tightness and palpitation did not recur. Conclusion Beneficial effects were observed when patients with HOCM and SAM were treated with ASA under the condition of a permanent pacemaker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lian Cai
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning City, China
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin City, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning City, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Effect of Perioperative Comprehensive Nursing Intervention on the Rehabilitation Effect of Radiofrequency Ablation for Patients with Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2022; 2022:6436073. [PMID: 36017029 PMCID: PMC9388265 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6436073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of the study was to determine standardized perioperative nursing for radiofrequency ablation of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy under the guidance of intracardiac ultrasound, which can improve the quality of nursing. Methods From January 2020 to November 2021, 40 patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy who underwent radiofrequency ablation under the guidance of intracardiac ultrasound in our hospital were selected. Patients were grouped according to their use of standardized perioperative nursing. Patients from both cohorts were compared for negative emotions, depression, and anxiety at the baseline and at month 2. Results In general, there were no differences between the two groups (P > 0.05). At admission, the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) scores of these two groups showed no differences (P > 0.05). Following nursing, the scores of the two groups dropped significantly, with the control group scoring much lower than the experimental group. Among the experimental group, the satisfaction rate was 100.00%, whereas the control group had an 85.00% satisfaction rate (P < 0.05). Following nursing, the scores of the two groups dropped significantly, with the control group scoring much lower than the experimental group. Conclusions To sum up, perioperative comprehensive nursing intervention during surgical treatment can quickly alleviate patients' clinical symptoms, reduce complications, damage to patients' body, reduce patients' pain, relieve patients' anxiety and depression, and improve overall sleep quality and clinical nursing satisfaction.
Collapse
|
7
|
Meng X, Wang XL, Zhang ZY, Zhang K, Gao J, Zheng JL, Wang JJ, Liu YP, Yang J, Li C, Zheng YT, Shao C, Wang WY, Tang YD. Association Between Thyroid Dysfunction and Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:875003. [PMID: 35860698 PMCID: PMC9289518 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.875003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the correlation between the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and thyroid dysfunction in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). METHODS Thyroid function testing in 755 consecutive patients with HOCM were examined at the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (China) from October 2009 to December 2013. Patients were divided into four groups according to the TSH levels: TSH<0.55 mIU/L(n=37)、0.55~2.49 mIU/L (n=490)、2.50~9.9 mIU/L (n=211) and >10.00mIU/L(n=17). RESULTS A total of 107 patients were diagnosed with AF (14%).(1) Compared to HOCM patients without AF,HOCM patients with AF have older age (P<0.001), higher NT-proBNP (P=0.002), higher Cr (P=0.005), larger left atrial diameter(P=0.001), lower FT3 (P=0.046), higher FT4 (P=0.004).(2) In the four groups according to the TSH levels: TSH<0.55 mIU/L, 0.55~2.49mIU/L, 2.50~9.9mIU/L and ≥10.00mIU/L, the incidence of AF was 27.02%(10/37),10.20%(50/490), 19.43%(41/211), and 35.29%(6/17), respectively. Both high and low TSH levels were associated with an increased incidence of AF. After adjusting for the common risk factor (age, NT-proBNP, and so on), stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that TSH levels were significantly related to AF incidence.Compared to patients with TSH 0.55~2.49 mlU/L, the adjusted odds ratio of AF for TSH<0.55, 2.50~9.99, ≥10.00 mIU/L were 1.481 (95% CI 0.485~4.518,P=0.490), 1.977 (95%CI 1.115~3.506, p=0.02), 4.301 (95%CI 1.059~17.476, P=0.041), respectively. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that thyroid dysfunction was associated with an increased risk of AF in patients with HOCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbin Meng
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Liang Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-yuan Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-lin Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Jia Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-peng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Tian Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Shao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Yao Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yi-Da Tang, ; Wen-Yao Wang,
| | - Yi-Da Tang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yi-Da Tang, ; Wen-Yao Wang,
| |
Collapse
|