Relationship Between Circulating MicroRNAs and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertensive Patients

MiR-451 in Inflammatory Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Applications-A Comprehensive Review Beyond Oncology

MicroRNAs play crucial roles in regulating inflammatory responses and disease progression. Since its identification on chromosome 17q11.2 in 2005, miR-451 has emerged as a key regulator of multiple physiological and pathological processes. While its role in cancer has been extensively documented, accumulating evidence reveals miR-451's broader significance in inflammatory conditions through the regulation of NF-κB, AMPK, and PI3K signaling pathways. This comprehensive review systematically analyzes miR-451's multifaceted functions in inflammatory diseases, with particular focus on ischemia-reperfusion injury, arthritis, and acute organ injuries. We present compelling evidence for miR-451's potential as a diagnostic biomarker, demonstrating its distinctive expression patterns across various biological specimens and disease states. Furthermore, we elucidate how miR-451 modulates inflammatory responses through the regulation of immune cell populations, including microglia activation, macrophage polarization, and neutrophil chemotaxis. By integrating current evidence and bioinformatic analyses, we establish a theoretical framework linking miR-451's molecular mechanisms to its therapeutic applications. This review not only synthesizes the current understanding of miR-451 in inflammatory diseases but also provides critical insights for developing novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies.

Progress in diagnosis and treatment of hypertension combined with left ventricular hypertrophy

BACKGROUND

Hypertension, a worldwide cardiovascular issue, is known to result in significant damage to the left ventricle. Left ventricular hypertrophy refers to an increase in ventricular mass, which is not only the primary independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease onset but also independently related to the risk of death.

OBJECTIVES

We sought to synthesize the existing literature on the occurrence and correlation between hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy and the progress.

METHODS

A scoping review was performed based on the methodological framework developed by Arksey & O'Malley. Search in the Pubmed database with no language restrictions, as of September 1, 2024.

RESULTS

Of the 8110 articles retrieved, 110 were finally included. The selected articles were published between 1987 and 2024, with 55.5% (61/110) of the studies in the last five years and 14.5% (16/110) of 2024. The studies covered diagnosis, epidemiology, pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment of hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy.

CONCLUSION

The literature reviewed suggests that studies on hypertension combined with left ventricular hypertrophy covered a variety of clinical progress, especially the clinical trial results of some new drugs that may bring great hope for treatment.

Exploring Sirtuins: New Frontiers in Managing Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

With increasing research, the sirtuin (SIRT) protein family has become increasingly understood. Studies have demonstrated that SIRTs can aid in metabolism and affect various physiological processes, such as atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and other related disorders. Although the pathogenesis of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has not yet been clarified, SIRTs have a role in its development. Therefore, SIRTs may offer a fresh approach to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of HFpEF as a novel therapeutic intervention target.

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia: The Role of Biomarkers

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) refers to a complex rebuilding of the left ventricle that can gradually lead to serious complications-heart failure and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. LVH is defined as an increase in the size of the left ventricle (i.e., anatomically), therefore the basic diagnosis detecting the increase in the LV size is the domain of imaging methods such as echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance. However, to evaluate the functional status indicating the gradual deterioration of the left ventricular myocardium, additional methods are available approaching the complex process of hypertrophic remodeling. The novel molecular and genetic biomarkers provide insights on the underlying processes, representing a potential basis for targeted therapy. This review summarizes the spectrum of the main biomarkers employed in the LVH valuation.

Circulating cell-free micro-RNA as biomarkers: from myocardial infarction to hypertension

MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, single strand non-coding RNA molecules involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of target genes. Since their discovery in 1993, over 2000 miRNAs have been identified in humans and there is growing interest in both the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of miRNA. The identification of biomarkers for human disease progression remains an active area of research, and there is a growing number of miRNA and miRNA combinations that have been linked to the development and progression of numerous cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. In 2010, Chen et al. reported in Clinical Science that cell-free circulating miRNA could serve as novel biomarkers for acute myocardial infarction [1]. In this commentary, we expand on this topic to discuss the potential of using miRNA as biomarkers for hypertension and hypertension-related end-organ damage.

Non-Coding RNAs in the Therapeutic Landscape of Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy

Cardiovascular diseases are a major health problem, and long-term survival for people diagnosed with heart failure is, still, unrealistic. Pathological cardiac hypertrophy largely contributes to morbidity and mortality, as effective therapeutic approaches are lacking. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) arise as active regulators of the signaling pathways and mechanisms that govern this pathology, and their therapeutic potential has received great attention in the last decades. Preclinical studies in large animal models have been successful in ameliorating cardiac hypertrophy, and an antisense drug for the treatment of heart failure has, already, entered clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac hypertrophy, the involvement of ncRNAs, and the current therapeutic landscape of oligonucleotides targeting these regulators. Strategies to improve the delivery of such therapeutics and overcome the actual challenges are, also, defined and discussed. With the fast advance in the improvement of oligonucleotide drug delivery, the inclusion of ncRNAs-targeting therapies for cardiac hypertrophy seems, increasingly, a closer reality.