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Annink ME, Kraaijenhof JM, Stroes ESG, Kroon J. Moving from lipids to leukocytes: inflammation and immune cells in atherosclerosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1446758. [PMID: 39161593 PMCID: PMC11330886 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1446758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While it is traditionally attributed to lipid accumulation in the vascular endothelium, recent research has shown that plaque inflammation is an important additional driver of atherogenesis. Though clinical outcome trials utilizing anti-inflammatory agents have proven promising in terms of reducing ASCVD risk, it is imperative to identify novel actionable targets that are more specific to atherosclerosis to mitigate adverse effects associated with systemic immune suppression. To that end, this review explores the contributions of various immune cells from the innate and adaptive immune system in promoting and mitigating atherosclerosis by integrating findings from experimental studies, high-throughput multi-omics technologies, and epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim E. Annink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jordan M. Kraaijenhof
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik S. G. Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Qaria MA, Xu C, Hu R, Alsubki RA, Ali MY, Sivasamy S, Attia KA, Zhu D. Ectoine Globally Hypomethylates DNA in Skin Cells and Suppresses Cancer Proliferation. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:621. [PMID: 38132942 PMCID: PMC10744768 DOI: 10.3390/md21120621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, mainly aberrant DNA methylation, have been shown to silence the expression of genes involved in epigenetic diseases, including cancer suppression genes. Almost all conventional cancer therapeutic agents, such as the DNA hypomethylation drug 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine, have insurmountable side effects. To investigate the role of the well-known DNA protectant (ectoine) in skin cell DNA methylation and cancer cell proliferation, comprehensive methylome sequence analysis, 5-methyl cytosine (5mC) analysis, proliferation and tumorigenicity assays, and DNA epigenetic modifications-related gene analysis were performed. The results showed that extended ectoine treatment globally hypomethylated DNA in skin cells, especially in the CpG island (CGIs) element, and 5mC percentage was significantly reduced. Moreover, ectoine mildly inhibited skin cell proliferation and did not induce tumorigenicity in HaCaT cells injected into athymic nude mice. HaCaT cells treated with ectoine for 24 weeks modulated the mRNA expression levels of Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b, Dnmt3l, Hdac1, Hdac2, Kdm3a, Mettl3, Mettl14, Snrpn, and Mest. Overall, ectoine mildly demethylates DNA in skin cells, modulates the expression of epigenetic modification-related genes, and reduces cell proliferation. This evidence suggests that ectoine is a potential anti-aging agent that prevents DNA hypermethylation and subsequently activates cancer-suppressing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majjid A. Qaria
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.A.Q.); (C.X.); (M.Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Chunyan Xu
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.A.Q.); (C.X.); (M.Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Ran Hu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Roua A. Alsubki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed Yassin Ali
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.A.Q.); (C.X.); (M.Y.A.); (S.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Sethupathy Sivasamy
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.A.Q.); (C.X.); (M.Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Kotb A. Attia
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daochen Zhu
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.A.Q.); (C.X.); (M.Y.A.); (S.S.)
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Zhang XL, Hollander CM, Khan MY, D'silva M, Ma H, Yang X, Bai R, Keeter CK, Galkina EV, Nadler JL, Stanton PK. Myeloid cell deficiency of the inflammatory transcription factor Stat4 protects long-term synaptic plasticity from the effects of a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. Commun Biol 2023; 6:967. [PMID: 37783748 PMCID: PMC10545833 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The cytokine interleukin-12 activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (Stat4), and consumption of a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFD-C) and Stat4 activity are associated with inflammation, atherosclerosis, and a diabetic metabolic phenotype. In studies of in vitro hippocampal slices from control Stat4fl/flLdlr-/- mice fed a HFD-C diabetogenic diet, we show that Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses exhibited larger reductions in activity-dependent, long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission, compared to mice fed a standard diet. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity shifts produced by HFD-C diet were reduced in Stat4ΔLysMLdlr-/- mice compared to Stat4fl/flLdlr-/- controls. Stat4ΔLysMLdlr-/- mice, which lack Stat4 under control of the LysMCre promoter, were resistant to HFD-C induced impairments in LTP. In contrast, Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in Stat4ΔLysMLdlr-/- mice fed the HFD-C diet showed larger LTP than control Stat4fl/flLdlr-/- mice. Expression of a number of neuroinflammatory and synaptic plasticity genes was reduced by HFD-C diet in control mice, and less affected by HFD-C diet in Stat4ΔLysMLdlr-/- mice. These data suggest that suppression of Stat4 activation may protect against effects of Western diet on cognition, type 2 diabetes, and reduce risk of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders associated with neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Callie M Hollander
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Mohammad Yasir Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Melinee D'silva
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Haoqin Ma
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Xinyuan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Robin Bai
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Coles K Keeter
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Elena V Galkina
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Jerry L Nadler
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
- ACOS-Research VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA, 95655, USA
| | - Patric K Stanton
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
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