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Ulaganathan G, Jiang H, Canio N, Oke A, Armstrong SS, Abrahamsson D, Varshavsky JR, Lam J, Cooper C, Robinson JF, Fung JC, Woodruff TJ, Allard P. Screening and characterization of 133 physiologically-relevant environmental chemicals for reproductive toxicity. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 126:108602. [PMID: 38723698 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Reproduction is a functional outcome that relies on complex cellular, tissue, and organ interactions that span the developmental period to adulthood. Thus, the assessment of its disruption by environmental chemicals would benefit significantly from scalable and innovative approaches to testing using functionally comparable reproductive models such as the nematode C. elegans. We adapted a previously described low-throughput in vivo chromosome segregation assay using C. elegans predictive of reproductive toxicity and leveraged available public data sources (ToxCast, ICE) to screen and characterize 133 physiologically-relevant chemicals in a high-throughput manner. The screening outcome was further validated in a second, independent in vivo assay assessing embryonic viability. In total, 13 chemicals were classified as reproductive toxicants with the two most active chemicals belonging to the large family of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) commonly used as disinfectants but with limited available reproductive toxicity data. We compared the results from the C. elegans assay with ToxCast in vitro data compiled from 700+ cell response assays and 300+ signaling pathways-based assays. We did not observe a difference in the bioactivity or in the average potency (AC50) between the top and bottom chemicals. However, the intended target categories were significantly different between the classified chemicals with, in particular, an over-representation of steroid hormone targets for the high Z-score chemicals. Taken together, these results point to the value of in vivo models that scale to high-throughput level for reproductive toxicity assessment and to the need to prioritize the assessment of QACs impacts on reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurugowtham Ulaganathan
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Noah Canio
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashwini Oke
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sujit Silas Armstrong
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dimitri Abrahamsson
- Department of Pediatrics at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia R Varshavsky
- Department of Health Sciences and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juleen Lam
- Department of Public Health, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Courtney Cooper
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua F Robinson
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Fung
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Allard
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Ulaganathan G, Jiang H, Canio N, Oke A, Armstrong SS, Abrahamsson D, Varshavsky JR, Lam J, Cooper C, Robinson JF, Fung JC, Woodruff TJ, Allard P. Screening and characterization of 133 physiologically-relevant environmental chemicals for reproductive toxicity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.22.584808. [PMID: 38585844 PMCID: PMC10996516 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.22.584808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Reproduction is a functional outcome that relies on complex cellular, tissue, and organ interactions that span the developmental period to adulthood. Thus, the assessment of its disruption by environmental chemicals is remarkably painstaking in conventional toxicological animal models and does not scale up to the number of chemicals present in our environment and requiring testing. We adapted a previously described low-throughput in vivo chromosome segregation assay using C. elegans predictive of reproductive toxicity and leveraged available public data sources (ToxCast, ICE) to screen and characterize 133 physiologically-relevant chemicals in a high-throughput manner. The screening outcome was further validated in a second, independent in vivo assay assessing embryonic viability. In total, 13 chemicals were classified as reproductive toxicants with the two most active chemicals belonging to the large family of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) commonly used as disinfectants but with limited available reproductive toxicity data. We compared the results from the C. elegans assay with ToxCast in vitro data compiled from 700+ cell response assays and 300+ signaling pathways-based assays. We did not observe a difference in the bioactivity or in average potency (AC50) between the top and bottom chemicals. However, the intended target categories were significantly different between the classified chemicals with, in particular, an over-representation of steroid hormone targets for the high Z-score chemicals. Taken together, these results point to the value of in vivo models that scale to high-throughput level for reproductive toxicity assessment and to the need to prioritize the assessment of QACs impacts on reproduction.
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3
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Ngan DK, Xia M, Simeonov A, Huang R. In vitro profiling of pesticides within the Tox21 10K compound library for bioactivity and potential toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 473:116600. [PMID: 37321325 PMCID: PMC10330904 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides include a diverse class of toxic chemicals, often having numerous modes of actions when used in agriculture against targeted organisms to control insect infestation, halt unwanted vegetation, and prevent the spread of disease. In this study, the in vitro assay activity of pesticides within the Tox21 10K compound library were examined. The assays in which pesticides showed significantly more activities than non-pesticide chemicals revealed potential targets and mechanisms of action for pesticides. Furthermore, pesticides that showed promiscuous activity against many targets and cytotoxicity were identified, which warrant further toxicological evaluation. Several pesticides were shown to require metabolic activation, demonstrating the importance of introducing metabolic capacity to in vitro assays. Overall, the activity profiles of pesticides highlighted in this study can contribute to the knowledge gaps surrounding pesticide mechanisms and to the better understanding of the on- and off-target organismal effects of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K Ngan
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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4
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Dranchak PK, Oliphant E, Queme B, Lamy L, Wang Y, Huang R, Xia M, Tao D, Inglese J. In vivo quantitative high-throughput screening for drug discovery and comparative toxicology. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049863. [PMID: 36786055 PMCID: PMC10067442 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) pharmacologically evaluates chemical libraries for therapeutic uses, toxicological risk and, increasingly, for academic probe discovery. Phenotypic high-throughput screening assays interrogate molecular pathways, often relying on cell culture systems, historically less focused on multicellular organisms. Caenorhabditis elegans has served as a eukaryotic model organism for human biology by virtue of genetic conservation and experimental tractability. Here, a paradigm enabling C. elegans qHTS using 384-well microtiter plate laser-scanning cytometry is described, in which GFP-expressing organisms revealing phenotype-modifying structure-activity relationships guide subsequent life-stage and proteomic analyses, and Escherichia coli bacterial ghosts, a non-replicating nutrient source, allow compound exposures over two life cycles, mitigating bacterial overgrowth complications. We demonstrate the method with libraries of anti-infective agents, or substances of toxicological concern. Each was tested in seven-point titration to assess the feasibility of nematode-based in vivo qHTS, and examples of follow-up strategies were provided to study organism-based chemotype selectivity and subsequent network perturbations with a physiological impact. We anticipate that this qHTS approach will enable analysis of C. elegans orthologous phenotypes of human pathologies to facilitate drug library profiling for a range of therapeutic indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K. Dranchak
- Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Erin Oliphant
- Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Bryan Queme
- Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Laurence Lamy
- Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Dingyin Tao
- Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - James Inglese
- Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Metabolic Medicine Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
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5
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Ngan DK, Xu T, Xia M, Zheng W, Huang R. Repurposing drugs as COVID-19 therapies: a toxicity evaluation. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1983-1993. [PMID: 35395401 PMCID: PMC8983078 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is an appealing method to address the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic because of the low cost and efficiency. We analyzed our in-house database of approved drug screens and compared their activity profiles with results from a severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cytopathic effect (CPE) assay. The activity profiles of the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG), phospholipidosis (PLD), and many cytotoxicity screens were found significantly correlated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. hERG inhibition is a nonspecific off-target effect that has contributed to promiscuous drug interactions, whereas drug-induced PLD is an undesirable effect linked to hERG blockers. Thus, this study identifies preferred drug candidates as well as chemical structures that should be avoided because of their potential to induce toxicity. Lastly, we highlight the hERG liability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs currently enrolled in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K Ngan
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Tuan Xu
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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6
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Matsuzaka Y, Totoki S, Handa K, Shiota T, Kurosaki K, Uesawa Y. Prediction Models for Agonists and Antagonists of Molecular Initiation Events for Toxicity Pathways Using an Improved Deep-Learning-Based Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10821. [PMID: 34639159 PMCID: PMC8509615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In silico approaches have been studied intensively to assess the toxicological risk of various chemical compounds as alternatives to traditional in vivo animal tests. Among these approaches, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis has the advantages that it is able to construct models to predict the biological properties of chemicals based on structural information. Previously, we reported a deep learning (DL) algorithm-based QSAR approach called DeepSnap-DL for high-performance prediction modeling of the agonist and antagonist activity of key molecules in molecular initiating events in toxicological pathways using optimized hyperparameters. In the present study, to achieve high throughput in the DeepSnap-DL system-which consists of the preparation of three-dimensional molecular structures of chemical compounds, the generation of snapshot images from the three-dimensional chemical structures, DL, and statistical calculations-we propose an improved DeepSnap-DL approach. Using this improved system, we constructed 59 prediction models for the agonist and antagonist activity of key molecules in the Tox21 10K library. The results indicate that modeling of the agonist and antagonist activity with high prediction performance and high throughput can be achieved by optimizing suitable parameters in the improved DeepSnap-DL system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Matsuzaka
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.K.)
- Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shin Totoki
- Fujitsu Limited, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 211-8588, Japan; (S.T.); (K.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Kentaro Handa
- Fujitsu Limited, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 211-8588, Japan; (S.T.); (K.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Tetsuyoshi Shiota
- Fujitsu Limited, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 211-8588, Japan; (S.T.); (K.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Kota Kurosaki
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Yoshihiro Uesawa
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.K.)
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7
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Richard AM, Huang R, Waidyanatha S, Shinn P, Collins BJ, Thillainadarajah I, Grulke CM, Williams AJ, Lougee RR, Judson RS, Houck KA, Shobair M, Yang C, Rathman JF, Yasgar A, Fitzpatrick SC, Simeonov A, Thomas RS, Crofton KM, Paules RS, Bucher JR, Austin CP, Kavlock RJ, Tice RR. The Tox21 10K Compound Library: Collaborative Chemistry Advancing Toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 2021. [PMID: 33140634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c0026410.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00264.s003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Since 2009, the Tox21 project has screened ∼8500 chemicals in more than 70 high-throughput assays, generating upward of 100 million data points, with all data publicly available through partner websites at the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), and National Toxicology Program (NTP). Underpinning this public effort is the largest compound library ever constructed specifically for improving understanding of the chemical basis of toxicity across research and regulatory domains. Each Tox21 federal partner brought specialized resources and capabilities to the partnership, including three approximately equal-sized compound libraries. All Tox21 data generated to date have resulted from a confluence of ideas, technologies, and expertise used to design, screen, and analyze the Tox21 10K library. The different programmatic objectives of the partners led to three distinct, overlapping compound libraries that, when combined, not only covered a diversity of chemical structures, use-categories, and properties but also incorporated many types of compound replicates. The history of development of the Tox21 "10K" chemical library and data workflows implemented to ensure quality chemical annotations and allow for various reproducibility assessments are described. Cheminformatics profiling demonstrates how the three partner libraries complement one another to expand the reach of each individual library, as reflected in coverage of regulatory lists, predicted toxicity end points, and physicochemical properties. ToxPrint chemotypes (CTs) and enrichment approaches further demonstrate how the combined partner libraries amplify structure-activity patterns that would otherwise not be detected. Finally, CT enrichments are used to probe global patterns of activity in combined ToxCast and Tox21 activity data sets relative to test-set size and chemical versus biological end point diversity, illustrating the power of CT approaches to discern patterns in chemical-activity data sets. These results support a central premise of the Tox21 program: A collaborative merging of programmatically distinct compound libraries would yield greater rewards than could be achieved separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Richard
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Paul Shinn
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Bradley J Collins
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Inthirany Thillainadarajah
- Senior Environmental Employment Program, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Christopher M Grulke
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Antony J Williams
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Ryan R Lougee
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Richard S Judson
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Keith A Houck
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Mahmoud Shobair
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Chihae Yang
- Altamira, LLC, Columbus, Ohio 43235, United States
- Molecular Networks, GmbH, Erlangen 90411, Germany
| | - James F Rathman
- Altamira, LLC, Columbus, Ohio 43235, United States
- Molecular Networks, GmbH, Erlangen 90411, Germany
| | - Adam Yasgar
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Suzanne C Fitzpatrick
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Russell S Thomas
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Kevin M Crofton
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- R3Fellows, LLC, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - Richard S Paules
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - John R Bucher
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Christopher P Austin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Robert J Kavlock
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Kavlock Consulting, LLC, Washington, DC 20001, United States
| | - Raymond R Tice
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
- RTice Consulting, Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278, United States
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8
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Richard AM, Huang R, Waidyanatha S, Shinn P, Collins BJ, Thillainadarajah I, Grulke CM, Williams AJ, Lougee RR, Judson RS, Houck KA, Shobair M, Yang C, Rathman JF, Yasgar A, Fitzpatrick SC, Simeonov A, Thomas RS, Crofton KM, Paules RS, Bucher JR, Austin CP, Kavlock RJ, Tice RR. The Tox21 10K Compound Library: Collaborative Chemistry Advancing Toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:189-216. [PMID: 33140634 PMCID: PMC7887805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since 2009, the Tox21 project has screened ∼8500 chemicals in more than 70 high-throughput assays, generating upward of 100 million data points, with all data publicly available through partner websites at the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), and National Toxicology Program (NTP). Underpinning this public effort is the largest compound library ever constructed specifically for improving understanding of the chemical basis of toxicity across research and regulatory domains. Each Tox21 federal partner brought specialized resources and capabilities to the partnership, including three approximately equal-sized compound libraries. All Tox21 data generated to date have resulted from a confluence of ideas, technologies, and expertise used to design, screen, and analyze the Tox21 10K library. The different programmatic objectives of the partners led to three distinct, overlapping compound libraries that, when combined, not only covered a diversity of chemical structures, use-categories, and properties but also incorporated many types of compound replicates. The history of development of the Tox21 "10K" chemical library and data workflows implemented to ensure quality chemical annotations and allow for various reproducibility assessments are described. Cheminformatics profiling demonstrates how the three partner libraries complement one another to expand the reach of each individual library, as reflected in coverage of regulatory lists, predicted toxicity end points, and physicochemical properties. ToxPrint chemotypes (CTs) and enrichment approaches further demonstrate how the combined partner libraries amplify structure-activity patterns that would otherwise not be detected. Finally, CT enrichments are used to probe global patterns of activity in combined ToxCast and Tox21 activity data sets relative to test-set size and chemical versus biological end point diversity, illustrating the power of CT approaches to discern patterns in chemical-activity data sets. These results support a central premise of the Tox21 program: A collaborative merging of programmatically distinct compound libraries would yield greater rewards than could be achieved separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Richard
- Center
for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and
Development, United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Ruili Huang
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division
of the National Toxicology Program, National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Paul Shinn
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Bradley J. Collins
- Division
of the National Toxicology Program, National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Inthirany Thillainadarajah
- Senior
Environmental Employment Program, United
States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Christopher M. Grulke
- Center
for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and
Development, United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Antony J. Williams
- Center
for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and
Development, United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Ryan R. Lougee
- Center
for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and
Development, United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Oak
Ridge Institute for Science and Education, United States Department
of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Richard S. Judson
- Center
for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and
Development, United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Keith A. Houck
- Center
for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and
Development, United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Mahmoud Shobair
- Center
for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and
Development, United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Chihae Yang
- Altamira,
LLC, Columbus, Ohio 43235, United States
- Molecular Networks, GmbH, Erlangen 90411, Germany
| | - James F. Rathman
- Altamira,
LLC, Columbus, Ohio 43235, United States
- Molecular Networks, GmbH, Erlangen 90411, Germany
| | - Adam Yasgar
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Suzanne C. Fitzpatrick
- Center
for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United
States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Russell S. Thomas
- Center
for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and
Development, United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Kevin M. Crofton
- Center
for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and
Development, United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- R3Fellows,
LLC, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - Richard S. Paules
- Division
of the National Toxicology Program, National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
- Division
of the National Toxicology Program, National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - John R. Bucher
- Division
of the National Toxicology Program, National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Christopher P. Austin
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Robert J. Kavlock
- Center
for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and
Development, United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Kavlock
Consulting, LLC, Washington, DC 20001, United States
| | - Raymond R. Tice
- Division
of the National Toxicology Program, National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
- RTice Consulting, Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278, United States
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9
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Dubreil E, Laurentie M, Delmas JM, Danion M, Morin T, Hurtaud-Pessel D, Viel A, Sanders P, Verdon E. Tissue distribution, metabolism, and elimination of Victoria Pure Blue BO in rainbow trout: Main metabolite as an appropriate residue marker. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127636. [PMID: 32750594 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Victoria Pure Blue BO is a dye that bears some therapeutic activity and that can be retrieved in effluent or may be used in aquaculture as a prohibited drug. In this study, the metabolism and tissue distribution during uptake and depuration of VPBO were investigated in order to propose a residue marker of illegal treatment in fish. The dye was administered to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) for one day by water bath at a dose of 0.1 mg.L-1. The concentrations of VPBO in all tissues increased rapidly during the treatment period, reaching a Cmax of 567 ± 301 μg.L-1 in plasma and 1846 μg kg-1 ±517 for liver after 2 h. After placing the rainbow trout in a clean water bath for a 64 day-period of depuration, the concentrations in the tissues and plasma decreased to reach comparable levels for muscle and for skin after 33 days. The concentrations measured were still above the LOQ at 2.26 ± 0.48 μg kg-1 for muscle and 2.85 ± 1.99 μg kg-1 for skin at the end of the depuration period. The results indicated the existence of 14 phase I metabolites and one glucuronide conjugated metabolite. Non-compartmental analysis was applied to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters. The half-life in edible muscle of the main metabolite detected, deethyl-leuco-VPBO, was found to be 22.5 days compared to a half-life of 19.7 days for the parent VPBO. This study provides new information to predict a VPBO drug treatment of aquacultured species via a proposed new residue marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Dubreil
- Laboratory of Fougères, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, ANSES, Fougères, France.
| | - Michel Laurentie
- Laboratory of Fougères, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, ANSES, Fougères, France
| | - Jean-Michel Delmas
- Laboratory of Fougères, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, ANSES, Fougères, France
| | - Morgane Danion
- Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, France
| | - Thierry Morin
- Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, France
| | - Dominique Hurtaud-Pessel
- Laboratory of Fougères, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, ANSES, Fougères, France
| | - Alexis Viel
- Laboratory of Fougères, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, ANSES, Fougères, France
| | - Pascal Sanders
- Laboratory of Fougères, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, ANSES, Fougères, France
| | - Eric Verdon
- Laboratory of Fougères, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, ANSES, Fougères, France
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