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Gallagher DM, O'Harte FPM, Irwin N. An update on galanin and spexin and their potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Peptides 2024; 171:171096. [PMID: 37714335 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) and galanin (GAL) are two neuropeptides widely expressed in the central nervous system as well as within peripheral tissues in humans and other species. SPX and GAL mediate their biological actions through binding and activation of galanin receptors (GALR), namely GALR1, GALR2 and GLAR3. GAL appears to trigger all three galanin receptors, whereas SPX interacts more specifically with GALR2 and GLAR3. Whilst the biological effects of GAL have been well-described over the years, in-depth knowledge of physiological action profile of SPX is still in its preliminary stages. However, it is recognised that both peptides play a significant role in modulating overall energy homeostasis, suggesting possible therapeutically exploitable benefits in diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, although both peptides activate GALR's, it appears GAL may be more useful for the treatment of eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia, whereas SPX may find therapeutic application for obesity and obesity-driven forms of diabetes. This short narrative review aims to provide an up-to-date account of SPX and GAL biology together with putative approaches on exploiting these peptides for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Gallagher
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Finbarr P M O'Harte
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK.
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Haeri MR. Diabetes and diabesity in the view of proteomics, drug, and plant-derived remedies. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 28:77. [PMID: 38152069 PMCID: PMC10751518 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_487_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are highly prevalent in the world. Proteomics is a promising approach to better understanding enzymes, proteins, and signaling molecules involved in diabetes processes which help recognize the basis of the disease better and find suitable new treatments. This study aimed to summarize the molecular mechanisms from the beginning of insulin secretion in response to stimuli to the pathology of the insulin signaling pathway and, finally, the mechanisms of drugs/chemicals remedies that affect this process. The titles and subtitles of this process were determined, and then for each of them, the articles searched in PubMed and ScienceDirect were used. This review article starts the discussion with the molecular basis of insulin biosynthesis, secretion, insulin's mechanism of action, and molecular aspect of diabetes and diabesity (a new term showing the relation between diabetes and obesity) and ends with the drug and plant-derived intervention for hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Haeri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Reference Laboratory, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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Yuan P, Li X, Xiong WJ, Jiang J, Jiang R. Downregulation of the expression of galanin impairs erectile function in hypoandrogenic rats. Sex Med 2023; 11:qfad029. [PMID: 37351545 PMCID: PMC10281959 DOI: 10.1093/sexmed/qfad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between galanin and erectile function under low androgen levels is still unclear. Aim To explore whether a low testosterone level damages the erection of a rat by regulating the expression of galanin and GalR in penile cavernous tissue. Methods Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats, 8 weeks of age, were randomly grouped as follows (n = 6): control, castration, castration + testosterone replacement, control + transfection, castration + transfection, and castration + empty transfection. At 4 weeks after castration, rats in the transfection group were injected with lentivirus carrying the targeting galanin gene (2 × 108 TU/mL, 10 μL) in the corpus cavernosum. After 1 week of injection, the intracavernosal pressure (ICP), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), nitric oxide (NO), serum testosterone concentration, galanin, GalR1-3, ROCK1, ROCK2, and p-eNOS/eNOS in the rat penile tissues were evaluated. Outcomes ICPmax/MAP and the expression of galanin in the corpus cavernosum in castrated rats were obviously decreased as compared with those in the control rats. Results The castrated rats showed remarkably lower ICPmax/MAP, galanin, GalR1-3, p-eNOS/eNOS, and NO content and markedly higher ROCK1 and ROCK2 in penile tissues than the control group (P < .05). The transfected rats administrated with LV Gal had obviously higher ICPmax/MAP, p-eNOS/eNOS, and NO content and less ROCK1 and ROCK2 protein expression in the corpus cavernosum when compared with the castration group (P < .05). Clinical Translation Upregulating the expression of galanin in the penile corpus cavernosum might be a novel method of treating erectile dysfunction caused by a low androgen level. Strengths and Limitations The conclusions obtained in the animal experiments need to be confirmed in human data. Conclusion The erectile function of hypoandrogen rats might be inhibited by downregulating the level of galanin and GalR1-3, upregulating ROCK1 and ROCK2 levels, and inhibiting the eNOS/NO signaling pathway in penile corpus cavernosum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wen-ju Xiong
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Corresponding authors: Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Taiping Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China. . Department of Urology, Nephropathy Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Taiping Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Rui Jiang
- Corresponding authors: Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Taiping Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China. . Department of Urology, Nephropathy Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Taiping Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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A Mini-Review on Potential of Neuropeptides as Future Therapeutics. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhu S, Hu X, Bennett S, Charlesworth O, Qin S, Mai Y, Dou H, Xu J. Galanin family peptides: Molecular structure, expression and roles in the neuroendocrine axis and in the spinal cord. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1019943. [PMID: 36561569 PMCID: PMC9764007 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1019943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin is a neurohormone as well as a neurotransmitter and plays versatile physiological roles for the neuroendocrine axis, such as regulating food intake, insulin level and somatostatin release. It is expressed in the central nervous system, including hypothalamus, pituitary, and the spinal cord, and colocalises with other neuronal peptides within neurons. Structural analyses reveal that the human galanin precursor is 104 amino acid (aa) residues in length, consisting of a mature galanin peptide (aa 33-62), and galanin message-associated peptide (GMAP; aa 63-104) at the C-terminus. GMAP appears to exhibit distinctive biological effects on anti-fungal activity and the spinal flexor reflex. Galanin-like peptide (GALP) has a similar structure to galanin and acts as a hypothalamic neuropeptide to mediate metabolism and reproduction, food intake, and body weight. Alarin, a differentially spliced variant of GALP, is specifically involved in vasoactive effect in the skin and ganglionic differentiation in neuroblastic tumors. Dysregulation of galanin, GALP and alarin has been implicated in various neuroendocrine conditions such as nociception, Alzheimer's disease, seizures, eating disorders, alcoholism, diabetes, and spinal cord conditions. Further delineation of the common and distinctive effects and mechanisms of various types of galanin family proteins could facilitate the design of therapeutic approaches for neuroendocrine diseases and spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Molecular Lab, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Xiaoyong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Samuel Bennett
- Molecular Lab, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Oscar Charlesworth
- Molecular Lab, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Shengnan Qin
- Molecular Lab, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Yuliang Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haicheng Dou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Molecular Lab, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Azin F, Khazali H. Neuropeptide galanin and its effects on metabolic and reproductive disturbances in female rats with estradiol valerate (EV) - Induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Neuropeptides 2020; 80:102026. [PMID: 32063381 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A functional role of the neuropeptide galanin, executed through the three G-protein coupled receptor subtypes GAL₁₋₃, has been demonstrated in many biological systems and under pathological circumstances. Galanin is involved in many central and peripheral actions, in particular associated with endocrine mechanisms such as anterior pituitary hormone regulation, reproduction, glucose metabolism and also inflammation. The role of galanin in the pathology of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and possible therapeutic effects are unknown. However, based on the well known neuroendocrine changes in PCOS patients, it may be assumed that galanin via effects on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretory neurons could play a significant role in the development of PCOS. The aim of this study was to examine possible therapeutic effects of galanin on hormonal, metabolic and molecular parameters in PCOS. Accordingly, intraperitoneal injection of galanin in a dose- dependent manner in female PCOS rats induced a significant reduction in inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6), an increase in FSH and a decrease in LH, insulin and testosterone (using ELISA kit) compared to the PCOS groups. Moreover, data from real-time quantitative PCR showed significantly ameliorated changes in the mRNA levels of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and aromatase cytochrome P450 (CYP19). Taken together, galanin has neuroendocrine, anti- and pro-inflammatory and metabolic effects, and we therefore suggest that treatment with this peptide could represent new therapeutic approach for managing hormonal and metabolic disturbances in the PCOS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Azin
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Homayoun Khazali
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Taheri P, Mogheiseh A, Shojaee Tabrizi A, Nazifi S, Salavati S, Koohi F. Changes in thyroid hormones, leptin, ghrelin and, galanin following oral melatonin administration in intact and castrated dogs: a preliminary study. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:145. [PMID: 31088464 PMCID: PMC6515663 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melatonin regulates metabolism and metabolism related hormones in mammalians. Castration has some adverse effects on the metabolic hormones of dog. This study was conducted to determine the effects of oral melatonin administration on metabolic hormones, as well as to compare changes of these hormones after administration of melatonin in castrated and intact dogs. Twenty healthy mixed breed mature male dogs were divided randomly into four groups (n = 5): melatonin (3 mg/10 kg(, castrated, castrated and melatonin treated, and negative control. Blood sample was collected from jugular vein weekly for 1 month. Results T3 and T4 hormones had a significant decrease within 1 month following administration of melatonin. No significant change was observed in concentration of FT3 and FT4 hormones. Leptin and ghrelin hormones also had a significant decrease in this period. Leptin and ghrelin had a more significant decrease in “non-castrated and melatonin treated” group compared to “castrated and melatonin treated” group. Galanin had a significant decrease but this neurotransmitter had no significant change in “non-castrated and melatonin treated” group in comparison to “castrated and melatonin treated” group. Conclusions It seems that daily administration of melatonin capsule in all dogs can probably decrease concentration of T3 and T4 hormones and balance other metabolic hormones following castration. Methods The dogs underwent castration, melatonin treatment and blood sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Taheri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, P.O.Box 71441-69155, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Asghar Mogheiseh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, P.O.Box 71441-69155, Shiraz, Fars, Iran.
| | - Aidin Shojaee Tabrizi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, P.O.Box 71441-69155, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, P.O.Box 71441-69155, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Sina Salavati
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, P.O.Box 71441-69155, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Koohi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, P.O.Box 71441-69155, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
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