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van Kleeff PJM, Mastop M, Sun P, Dangol S, van Doore E, Dekker HL, Kramer G, Lee S, Ryu CM, de Vos M, Schuurink RC. Discovery of Three Bemisia tabaci Effectors and Their Effect on Gene Expression in Planta. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:380-395. [PMID: 38114195 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-23-0044-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (whitefly) is a polyphagous agroeconomic pest species complex. Two members of this species complex, Mediterranean (MED) and Middle-East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), have a worldwide distribution and have been shown to manipulate plant defenses through effectors. In this study, we used three different strategies to identify three MEAM1 proteins that can act as effectors. Effector B1 was identified using a bioinformatics-driven effector-mining strategy, whereas effectors S1 and P1 were identified in the saliva of whiteflies collected from artificial diet and in phloem exudate of tomato on which nymphs were feeding, respectively. These three effectors were B. tabaci specific and able to increase whitefly fecundity when transiently expressed in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum). Moreover, they reduced growth of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci in Nicotiana benthamiana. All three effectors changed gene expression in planta, and B1 and S1 also changed phytohormone levels. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis pinpointed plant-pathogen interaction and photosynthesis as the main enriched pathways for all three effectors. Our data thus show the discovery and validation of three new B. tabaci MEAM1 effectors that increase whitefly fecundity and modulate plant immunity. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J M van Kleeff
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Mastop
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Pulu Sun
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Sarmina Dangol
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Eva van Doore
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Henk L Dekker
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Kramer
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | | | - Robert C Schuurink
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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Naalden D, Dermauw W, Ilias A, Baggerman G, Mastop M, Silven JJM, van Kleeff PJM, Dangol S, Gaertner NF, Roseboom W, Kwaaitaal M, Kramer G, van den Burg HA, Vontas J, Van Leeuwen T, Kant MR, Schuurink RC. Interaction of Whitefly Effector G4 with Tomato Proteins Impacts Whitefly Performance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:98-111. [PMID: 38051229 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-23-0045-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The phloem-feeding insect Bemisia tabaci is an important pest, responsible for the transmission of several crop-threatening virus species. While feeding, the insect secretes a cocktail of effectors to modulate plant defense responses. Here, we present a set of proteins identified in an artificial diet on which B. tabaci was salivating. We subsequently studied whether these candidate effectors can play a role in plant immune suppression. Effector G4 was the most robust suppressor of an induced- reactive oxygen species (ROS) response in Nicotiana benthamiana. In addition, G4 was able to suppress ROS production in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Capsicum annuum (pepper). G4 localized predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum in N. benthamiana leaves and colocalized with two identified target proteins in tomato: REF-like stress related protein 1 (RSP1) and meloidogyne-induced giant cell protein DB141 (MIPDB141). Silencing of MIPDB141 in tomato reduced whitefly fecundity up to 40%, demonstrating that the protein is involved in susceptibility to B. tabaci. Together, our data demonstrate that effector G4 impairs tomato immunity to whiteflies by interfering with ROS production and via an interaction with tomato susceptibility protein MIPDB141. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Naalden
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Aris Ilias
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Geert Baggerman
- Centre for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Marieke Mastop
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juliette J M Silven
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paula J M van Kleeff
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarmina Dangol
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Frédéric Gaertner
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Winfried Roseboom
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Kwaaitaal
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Kramer
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harrold A van den Burg
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Merijn R Kant
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Morin S, Atkinson PW, Walling LL. Whitefly-Plant Interactions: An Integrated Molecular Perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:503-525. [PMID: 37816261 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120120-093940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid advances in available transcriptomic and genomic data and our understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of whitefly-plant interactions have allowed us to gain new and significant insights into the biology of whiteflies and their successful adaptation to host plants. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms that whiteflies have evolved to overcome the challenges of feeding on phloem sap. We also highlight the evolution and functions of gene families involved in host perception, evaluation, and manipulation; primary metabolism; and metabolite detoxification. We discuss the emerging themes in plant immunity to whiteflies, focusing on whitefly effectors and their sites of action in plant defense-signaling pathways. We conclude with a discussion of advances in the genetic manipulation of whiteflies and the potential that they hold for exploring the interactions between whiteflies and their host plants, as well as the development of novel strategies for the genetic control of whiteflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel;
| | - Peter W Atkinson
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA;
| | - Linda L Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA;
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Luo L, Zhang J, Ye C, Li S, Duan S, Wang Z, Huang H, Liu Y, Deng W, Mei X, He X, Yang M, Zhu S. Foliar Pathogen Infection Manipulates Soil Health through Root Exudate-Modified Rhizosphere Microbiome. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0241822. [PMID: 36445116 PMCID: PMC9769671 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02418-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative plant-soil feedback (NPSF) due to the buildup of soilborne pathogens in soil is a major obstacle in sustainable agricultural systems. Beneficial rhizosphere microfloras are recruited by plants, and mediating this has become a strategic priority to manipulate plant health. Here, we found that foliar infection of Panax notoginseng by Alternaria panax changed plant-soil feedback from negative to positive. Foliar infection modified the rhizosphere soil microbial community and reversed the direction of the buildup of the soilborne pathogen Ilyonectria destructans and beneficial microbes, including Trichoderma, Bacillus, and Streptomyces, in rhizosphere soil. These beneficial microbes not only showed antagonistic ability against the pathogen I. destructans but also enhanced the resistance of plants to A. panax. Foliar infection enhanced the exudation of short- and long-chain organic acids, sugars, and amino acids from roots. In vitro and in vivo experiments validated that short- and long-chain organic acids and sugars play dual roles in simultaneously suppressing pathogens but enriching beneficial microbes. In summary, foliar infection could change root secretion to drive shifts in the rhizosphere microbial community to enhance soil health, providing a new strategy to alleviate belowground disease in plants through aboveground inducement. IMPORTANCE Belowground soilborne disease is the main factor limiting sustainable agricultural production and is difficult to manage due to the complexity of the soil environment. Here, we found that aboveground parts of plants infected by foliar pathogens could enhance the secretion of organic acids, sugars, and amino acids in root exudates to suppress soilborne pathogens and enrich beneficial microbes, eventually changing the plant and soil feedback from negative to positive and alleviating belowground soilborne disease. This is an exciting strategy by which to achieve belowground soilborne disease management by manipulating the aboveground state through aboveground stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Junxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Chen Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shengshuang Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Huichuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Weiping Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xinyue Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiahong He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Ray S, Casteel CL. Effector-mediated plant-virus-vector interactions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1514-1531. [PMID: 35277714 PMCID: PMC9048964 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hemipterans (such as aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers) are some of the most devastating insect pests due to the numerous plant pathogens they transmit as vectors, which are primarily viral. Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in broadening our understanding of plant-virus-vector interactions, yet on the molecular level, viruses and vectors have typically been studied in isolation of each other until recently. From that work, it is clear that both hemipteran vectors and viruses use effectors to manipulate host physiology and successfully colonize a plant and that co-evolutionary dynamics have resulted in effective host immune responses, as well as diverse mechanisms of counterattack by both challengers. In this review, we focus on advances in effector-mediated plant-virus-vector interactions and the underlying mechanisms. We propose that molecular synergisms in vector-virus interactions occur in cases where both the virus and vector benefit from the interaction (mutualism). To support this view, we show that mutualisms are common in virus-vector interactions and that virus and vector effectors target conserved mechanisms of plant immunity, including plant transcription factors, and plant protein degradation pathways. Finally, we outline ways to identify true effector synergisms in the future and propose future research directions concerning the roles effectors play in plant-virus-vector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayamjit Ray
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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Tan S, Cao J, Xia X, Li Z. Advances in 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Priming to Enhance Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020702. [PMID: 35054887 PMCID: PMC8775977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming is an adaptive strategy that improves plant defenses against biotic and abiotic stresses. Stimuli from chemicals, abiotic cues, and pathogens can trigger the establishment of priming state. Priming with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a potential plant growth regulator, can enhance plant tolerance to the subsequent abiotic stresses, including salinity, drought, heat, cold, and UV-B. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the remarkable effects of ALA priming on plant physiology remain to be elucidated. Here, we summarize recent progress made in the stress tolerance conferred by ALA priming in plants and provide the underlying molecular and physiology mechanisms of this phenomenon. Priming with ALA results in changes at the physiological, transcriptional, metabolic, and epigenetic levels, and enhances photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity, as well as nitrogen assimilation, which in turn increases the resistance of abiotic stresses. However, the signaling pathway of ALA, including receptors as well as key components, is currently unknown, which hinders the deeper understanding of the defense priming caused by ALA. In the future, there is an urgent need to reveal the molecular mechanisms by which ALA regulates plant development and enhances plant defense with the help of forward genetics, multi-omics technologies, as well as genome editing technology.
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Enrichment of Burkholderia in the Rhizosphere by Autotoxic Ginsenosides to Alleviate Negative Plant-Soil Feedback. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0140021. [PMID: 34756064 PMCID: PMC8579924 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01400-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of autotoxins and soilborne pathogens in soil was shown to be the primary driver of negative plant-soil feedback (NPSF). There is a concerted understanding that plants could enhance their adaptability to biotic or abiotic stress by modifying the rhizosphere microbiome. However, it is not clear whether autotoxins could enrich microbes to degrade themselves or antagonize soilborne pathogens. Here, we found that the microbiome degraded autotoxic ginsenosides, belonging to triterpenoid glycosides, and antagonized pathogens in the rhizosphere soil of Panax notoginseng (sanqi). Deep analysis by 16S rRNA sequencing showed that the bacterial community was obviously changed in the rhizosphere soil and identified the Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia (BCP) group as the main ginsenoside-enriched bacteria in the rhizosphere soil. Eight strains belonging to the BCP group were isolated, and Burkholderia isolate B36 showed a high ability to simultaneously degrade autotoxic ginsenosides (Rb1, Rg1, and Rd) and antagonize the soilborne pathogen Ilyonectria destructans. Interestingly, ginsenosides could stimulate the growth and biofilm formation of B36, eventually enhancing the antagonistic ability of B36 to I. destructans and the colonization ability in the rhizosphere soil. In summary, autotoxic ginsenosides secreted by P. notoginseng could enrich beneficial microbes in the rhizosphere to simultaneously degrade autotoxins and antagonize pathogen, providing a novel ecological strategy to alleviate NPSF. IMPORTANCE Autotoxic ginsenosides, secreted by sanqi into soil, could enrich Burkholderia sp. to alleviate negative plant-soil feedback (NPSF) by degrading autotoxins and antagonizing the root rot pathogen. In detail, ginsenosides could stimulate the growth and biofilm formation of Burkholderia sp. B36, eventually enhancing the antagonistic ability of Burkholderia sp. B36 to a soilborne pathogen and the colonization of B36 in soil. This ecological strategy could alleviate NPSF by manipulating the rhizosphere microbiome to simultaneously degrade autotoxins and antagonize pathogen.
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Naalden D, van Kleeff PJM, Dangol S, Mastop M, Corkill R, Hogenhout SA, Kant MR, Schuurink RC. Spotlight on the Roles of Whitefly Effectors in Insect-Plant Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:661141. [PMID: 34276723 PMCID: PMC8283192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.661141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Bemisia tabaci species complex (whitefly) causes enormous agricultural losses. These phloem-feeding insects induce feeding damage and transmit a wide range of dangerous plant viruses. Whiteflies colonize a broad range of plant species that appear to be poorly defended against these insects. Substantial research has begun to unravel how phloem feeders modulate plant processes, such as defense pathways, and the central roles of effector proteins, which are deposited into the plant along with the saliva during feeding. Here, we review the current literature on whitefly effectors in light of what is known about the effectors of phloem-feeding insects in general. Further analysis of these effectors may improve our understanding of how these insects establish compatible interactions with plants, whereas the subsequent identification of plant defense processes could lead to improved crop resistance to insects. We focus on the core concepts that define the effectors of phloem-feeding insects, such as the criteria used to identify candidate effectors in sequence-mining pipelines and screens used to analyze the potential roles of these effectors and their targets in planta. We discuss aspects of whitefly effector research that require further exploration, including where effectors localize when injected into plant tissues, whether the effectors target plant processes beyond defense pathways, and the properties of effectors in other insect excretions such as honeydew. Finally, we provide an overview of open issues and how they might be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Naalden
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paula J. M. van Kleeff
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarmina Dangol
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marieke Mastop
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Corkill
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia A. Hogenhout
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Schuurink
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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9
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Gene silencing of Diaphorina citri candidate effectors promotes changes in feeding behaviors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5992. [PMID: 32265528 PMCID: PMC7138822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect effectors are mainly secreted by salivary glands, modulate plant physiology and favor the establishment and transmission of pathogens. Feeding is the principal vehicle of transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Ca. Las) by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri. This study aimed to predict putative ACP effectors that may act on the Huanglongbing (HLB) pathosystem. Bioinformatics analysis led to the identification of 131 candidate effectors. Gene expression investigations were performed to select genes that were overexpressed in the ACP head and modulated by Ca. Las. To evaluate the actions of candidate effectors on D. citri feeding, six effectors were selected for gene silencing bioassays. Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) of the target genes were delivered to D. citri adults via artificial diets for five days. RNAi silencing caused a reduction in the ACP lifespan and decreased the salivary sheath size and honeydew production. Moreover, after dsRNA delivery of the target genes using artificial diet, the feeding behaviors of the insects were evaluated on young leaves from citrus seedlings. These analyses proved that knockdown of D. citri effectors also interfered with ACP feeding abilities in planta, causing a decrease in honeydew production and reducing ACP survival. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) analysis confirmed the actions of the effectors on D. citri feeding behaviors. These results indicate that gene silencing of D. citri effectors may cause changes in D. citri feeding behaviors and could potentially be used for ACP control.
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Ma Z, Liu JJ, Zamany A. Identification and Functional Characterization of an Effector Secreted by Cronartium ribicola. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:942-951. [PMID: 31066346 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-18-0427-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cri-9402 was identified as a protein effector from Cronartium ribicola, based on the effect of its expression on growth of Pseudomonas syringae Psm ES4326 introduced into transiently transformed tobacco leaves and stably transformed Arabidopsis seedlings. In tobacco leaves transiently expressing its coding sequence, growth of P. syringae Psm ES4326 was inhibited. Expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) protein 2 (PR2), PR4a, endochitinase B, hypersensitive-related 201 (HSR201), HSR203J, and proteinase inhibitor 1 was upregulated but expression of PR1, coronatine insensitive 1, and abscisic acid 1 was significantly suppressed. In transformed Arabidopsis seedlings, the effector stimulated growth of P. syringae Psm ES4326; significantly suppressed expression of PR1, PR2, nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1), NPR3, NPR4, phytoalexin deficient 4, and salicylic acid induction deficient 2; and enhanced expression of plant defensin 1.2 (PDF1.2). The above results showed that the majority of responses to this effector in tobacco leaves were converse to those in transformed Arabidopsis. We could conclude that Cri-9402 promoted disease resistance in tobacco leaves and disease susceptibility in Arabidopsis seedlings. Its transcript was mainly expressed in aeciospores of C. ribicola and was probably involved in production or germination of aeciospores, and it was an effector potentially functioning in white pine-blister rust interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Ma
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Jun-Jun Liu
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Arezoo Zamany
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada
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Wang N, Zhao P, Ma Y, Yao X, Sun Y, Huang X, Jin J, Zhang Y, Zhu C, Fang R, Ye J. A whitefly effector Bsp9 targets host immunity regulator WRKY33 to promote performance. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180313. [PMID: 30967015 PMCID: PMC6367160 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera), are pests causing economic damage to many crops, capable of transmitting hundreds of plant vector-borne viruses. They are believed to secrete salivary protein effectors that can improve vector colonization and reproductive fitness in host plants. However, little is known about effector biology and the precise mechanism of action of whitefly effectors. Here, we report a functional screening of B. tabaci salivary effector proteins (Bsp) capable of modulating plant innate immunity triggered by plant endogenous pattern peptide Pep1. Four immunity suppressors and two elicitors were identified. Bsp9, the most effective immunity suppressor, was further identified to directly interact with an immunity regulator WRKY33. We provide evidence that Bsp9 may suppress plant immune signalling by interfering with the interaction between WRKY33 and a central regulator in the MAPK cascade. The interference by Bsp9 therefore reduces plant resistance to whitefly by inhibiting activation of WRKY33-regulated immunity-related genes. Further detailed analysis based on transgenic plants found that whitefly effector Bsp9 could promote whitefly preference and performance, increasing virus transmission. This study enriches our knowledge on insect effector biology. This article is part of the theme issue 'Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangmei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiande Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Jin
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetable and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Pascale A, Proietti S, Pantelides IS, Stringlis IA. Modulation of the Root Microbiome by Plant Molecules: The Basis for Targeted Disease Suppression and Plant Growth Promotion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1741. [PMID: 32038698 PMCID: PMC6992662 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants host a mesmerizing diversity of microbes inside and around their roots, known as the microbiome. The microbiome is composed mostly of fungi, bacteria, oomycetes, and archaea that can be either pathogenic or beneficial for plant health and fitness. To grow healthy, plants need to surveil soil niches around the roots for the detection of pathogenic microbes, and in parallel maximize the services of beneficial microbes in nutrients uptake and growth promotion. Plants employ a palette of mechanisms to modulate their microbiome including structural modifications, the exudation of secondary metabolites and the coordinated action of different defence responses. Here, we review the current understanding on the composition and activity of the root microbiome and how different plant molecules can shape the structure of the root-associated microbial communities. Examples are given on interactions that occur in the rhizosphere between plants and soilborne fungi. We also present some well-established examples of microbiome harnessing to highlight how plants can maximize their fitness by selecting their microbiome. Understanding how plants manipulate their microbiome can aid in the design of next-generation microbial inoculants for targeted disease suppression and enhanced plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pascale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Proietti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Iakovos S. Pantelides
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
- *Correspondence: Iakovos S. Pantelides, ; Ioannis A. Stringlis,
| | - Ioannis A. Stringlis
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Iakovos S. Pantelides, ; Ioannis A. Stringlis,
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