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Krishnamoorthi MK, Thandavarayan RA, Youker KA, Bhimaraj A. An In Vitro Platform to Study Reversible Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:912660. [PMID: 35814231 PMCID: PMC9259860 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.912660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells can acquire a mesenchymal phenotype in response to external stimuli through both mechanical and biological factors, using a process known as endothelial-to-mesenchymal (EndoMT) transition. EndoMT is characterized by the decrease in endothelial characteristics, increase in mesenchymal markers, and morphological changes. It has been recognized not only during development but also in different pathological conditions including organ/tissue fibrosis in adults. The ability to modulate the EndoMT process could have a therapeutic potential in many fibrotic diseases. An in vitro method is presented here to induce EndoMT with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) and angiotensin II (Ang II) followed by a protocol to study the reversibility of EndoMT. Using this method, we furnish evidence that the combination of L-NAME and Ang II can stimulate EndoMT in Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) and this process can be reversed as observed using endothelial functionality assays. This method may serve as a model to screen and identify potential pharmacological molecules to target and regulate the EndoMT process, with applications in drug discovery for human diseases.
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Neupane R, Youker K, Yalamanchili HK, Cieslik KA, Karmouty-Quintana H, Guha A, Thandavarayan RA. Cleavage stimulating factor 64 depletion mitigates cardiac fibrosis through alternative polyadenylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 597:109-114. [PMID: 35134608 PMCID: PMC9334457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) regulates gene expression by cleavage and addition of poly(A) sequence at different polyadenylation sites (PAS) in 3'UTR, thus, generating transcript isoforms with different lengths. Cleavage stimulating factor 64 (CstF64) is an APA regulator which plays a role in PAS selection and determines the length of 3'UTR. CstF64 favors the use of proximal PAS, resulting in 3'UTR shortening, which enhances the protein expression by increasing the stability of the target genes. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of CstF64 in cardiac fibrosis, a key event leading to heart failure (HF). We determined the expression of CstF64, key profibrotic genes, and their 3'UTR changes by calculating distal PAS (dPAS) usage in left ventricular (LV) tissues and cardiac fibroblasts from HF patients. CstF64 was upregulated in HF LV tissues and cardiac fibroblasts along with increased deposition of fibrosis genes such as COL1A and FN1 and significant shortening in their 3'UTR. In addition, HF cardiac fibroblasts showed increased transforming growth factor receptor β1 (TGFβR1) expression consistent with significant shortening in 3'UTR of TGFβR1. Upon knockdown of CstF64 from HF fibroblasts, downregulation in pro-fibrotic genes corresponding to lengthening in their 3'UTR was observed. Our finding suggests an important role of CstF64 in myofibroblast activation and promotion of cardiac fibrosis during HF through APA. Therefore, targeting CstF64 mediated RNA processing approach in human HF could provide a new therapeutic treatment strategy for limiting fibrotic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Neupane
- DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keith Youker
- DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hari Krishna Yalamanchili
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Katarzyna A Cieslik
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Ashrith Guha
- DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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Kuo HF, Liu IF, Li CY, Tsai CS, Chen YH, Lian WS, Lin TC, Liu YR, Lee TY, Huang CY, Hsieh CC, Hsu CH, Lin FY, Liu PL. Endocardial Endothelial Dysfunction and Unknown Polymorphic Composite Accumulation in Heart Failure. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101465. [PMID: 34680582 PMCID: PMC8533412 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of unknown polymorphic composites in the endocardium damages the endocardial endothelium (EE). However, the composition and role of unknown polymorphic composites in heart failure (HF) progression remain unclear. Here, we aimed to explore composite deposition during endocardium damage and HF progression. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into two HF groups—angiotensin II-induced HF and left anterior descending artery ligation-induced HF. Heart tissues from patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery (non-HF) and those with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) were collected. EE damage, polymorphic unknown composite accumulation, and elements in deposits were examined. HF progression reduced the expression of CD31 in the endocardium, impaired endocardial integrity, and exposed the myofibrils and mitochondria. The damaged endocardial surface showed the accumulation of unknown polymorphic composites. In the animal HF model, especially HF caused by myocardial infarction, the weight and atomic percentages of O, Na, and N in the deposited composites were significantly higher than those of the other groups. The deposited composites in the human HF heart section (DCM) had a significantly higher percentage of Na and S than the other groups, whereas the percentage of C and Na in the DCM and ICM groups was significantly higher than those of the control group. HF causes widespread EE dysfunction, and EndMT was accompanied by polymorphic composites of different shapes and elemental compositions, which further damage and deteriorate heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Fu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-F.K.); (C.-Y.L.); (T.-C.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - I-Fan Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Heart Center, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-F.K.); (C.-Y.L.); (T.-C.L.)
| | - Chien-Sung Tsai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shiung Lian
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostic, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chieh Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-F.K.); (C.-Y.L.); (T.-C.L.)
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ru Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-R.L.); (T.-Y.L.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Tsung-Ying Lee
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-R.L.); (T.-Y.L.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Chi-Yuan Huang
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-R.L.); (T.-Y.L.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Chong-Chao Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.H.); (C.-H.H.); (F.-Y.L.); (P.-L.L.)
| | - Chih-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 740, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.H.); (C.-H.H.); (F.-Y.L.); (P.-L.L.)
| | - Feng-Yen Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine and Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.H.); (C.-H.H.); (F.-Y.L.); (P.-L.L.)
| | - Po-Len Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-R.L.); (T.-Y.L.); (C.-Y.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.H.); (C.-H.H.); (F.-Y.L.); (P.-L.L.)
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