Genome-Wide Association Study for Chronic Hepatitis B Infection in the Thai Population

Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals a Causal Relationship Between Allergic Rhinitis and Hazelnut Allergy

BACKGROUND

Little is known about the genetics of food allergy (FA) to various allergens and the heterogeneity of FA in adults.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate genetic susceptibility to FA in an adult population and to assess the association between secondary FA and allergic rhinitis (AR).

METHODS

FA and allergen-specific FA were defined based on in-depth questionnaires and a previously published FA algorithm in the Lifelines. We performed a series of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on FA and nine allergen-specific (e.g., hazelnut) FA in 21,353 adults in Lifelines. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (p < 1E-5) were replicated in a second independent set of 15,518 adults participating in the Lifelines followed by meta-analysis of the results of the two datasets. We subsequently investigated the causal relationship of AR to FA using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.

RESULTS

We observed co-occurrence of tree nuts and apple FA, with over 80% of this group also reporting AR. After meta-analysis, we identified one genome-wide significant locus near HLA-DPA1 associated with self-reported hazelnut allergy (hazelnutFA), of which the top SNP is rs5025825 (p = 2.51E-9, OR = 1.43). Two-sample MR indicated that AR is a significant causal risk factor for hazelnutFA (p-IVW = 5.27E-10, β = 5.90, p-pleiotropy = 0.46).

CONCLUSION

Our questionnaire enabled a large GWAS on self-reported FA in Dutch adults. We report one novel locus in the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) region associated with hazelnutFA, implying an association with antigen recognition. Our findings genetically link secondary FA to AR in adults.

Genome-Wide Association Study to Identify Genetic Factors Linked to HBV Reactivation Following Liver Transplantation in HBV-Infected Patients

This study utilized a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to investigate the genetic variations linked to the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in patients who have undergone liver transplantation (LT), aiming to enhance understanding and improve clinical outcomes. Genotyping performed on a selected patients from the Korean Organ Transplantation Registry (KOTRY) data using high-throughput platforms with the Axiom Korea Biobank array 1.1. The discovery cohort included 21 patients who experienced HBV reactivation (cases) and 888 patients without HBV reactivation (controls) following LT. The replication cohort consisted of 5 patients with HBV reactivation (cases) and 312 patients without HBV reactivation (controls) after LT. Additive logistic regression analysis was conducted using PLINK software ver 1.9, with adjustments for age and gender. The GWAS findings from the discovery cohort were validated using the replication cohort. The GWAS identified several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the RGL1, CDCA7L, and AQP9 genes that were significantly linked to HBV reactivation after LT, with genome-wide significance thresholds set at p < 10-7. Down-regulation of RGL1 cDNAs was observed in primary duck hepatocytes infected with duck HBV. Overexpression of CDCA7L was found to promote hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and colony formation, whereas knocking down CDCA7L inhibited these processes. Additionally, the absence of AQP9 triggered immune and inflammatory responses, leading to mild and scattered liver cell pyroptosis, accompanied by compensatory liver cell proliferation. This study provides critical insights into the genetic factors influencing HBV reactivation after LT, identifying significant associations with SNPs in RGL1, CDCA7L, and AQP9. These findings hold promise for developing predictive biomarkers and personalized management strategies to improve outcomes for HBV-infected LT recipients.

Association of ATG16L1 and ATG5 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to hepatitis B virus infection and progression to HCC in central China

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a severe public health problem worldwide. The relationship between polymorphisms of autophagy-related 16-like 1 gene (ATG16L1) and autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5) with susceptibility to the stage of HBV infection has been reported in different populations. Nevertheless, this association is not seen in the population of central China. This study recruited 452 participants, including 246 HBV-infected patients (139 chronically infected HBV without hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC] and 107 HBV-related HCC patients) and 206 healthy controls. Genotyping of ATG16L1 rs2241880 and ATG5 rs688810 were performed using Sanger sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, respectively. Our results indicated that the G allele of ATG16L1 rs2241880 was more frequent in healthy controls than in patients with chronicHBV infection. After adjusting for age and sex, an association between the ATG16L1 rs2241880 polymorphism and HBV infection was significant under the dominant and allele models (p = 0.009 and 0.003, respectively). However, no association between the ATG5 polymorphisms and HBV infection was observed. We also did not find a significant association between ATG16L1 and ATG5 polymorphisms and the progression of HBV-related HCC. Therefore, the genetic polymorphism of ATG16L1 rs2241880 may be associated with susceptibility to HBV infection in the population of central China.

Molecular Analysis of HLA Genes in Romanian Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Hepatitis B, a persistent inflammatory liver condition, stands as a significant global health issue. In Romania, the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection ranks among the highest in the European Union. The HLA genotype significantly impacts hepatitis B virus infection progression, indicating that certain HLA variants can affect the infection's outcome. The primary goal of the present work is to identify HLA alleles and specific amino acid residues linked to hepatitis B within the Romanian population. The study enrolled 247 patients with chronic hepatitis B; HLA typing was performed using next-generation sequencing. This study's main findings include the identification of certain HLA alleles, such as DQB1*06:03:01, DRB1*13:01:01, DQB1*06:02:01, DQA1*01:03:01, DRB5*01:01:01, and DRB1*15:01:01, which exhibit a significant protective effect against HBV. Additionally, the amino acid residue alanine at DQB1_38 is associated with a protective role, while valine presence may signal an increased risk of hepatitis B. The present findings are important in addressing the urgent need for improved methods of diagnosing and managing CHB, particularly when considering the disease's presence in diverse population groups and geographical regions.

Liver Cirrhosis of Unknown Etiology and Its Predictors in Eastern Ethiopia

Background

The global burden of liver cirrhosis is increasing, with 2.1 million incident cases and nearly 1.5 million deaths in 2019. Despite the enormous progress in our understanding of the etiology of liver cirrhosis, significant cases of the disease have been reported in Eastern Ethiopia due to unidentified causes. Hence, this study aimed to identify predictors of liver cirrhosis of unknown etiology in Eastern Ethiopia.

Methods

A score of 7 out of 11 possible points on the ultrasound-based cirrhosis scale was used as a diagnostic criterion to include 127 liver cirrhosis patients. The study participants' demographic, dietary, lifestyle, and clinical data were gathered using a structured questionnaire and standardized reporting forms. The associations between the outcome (known and unknown etiology) and independent variables were modeled using binary logistic regression analysis.

Results

The etiology of liver cirrhosis was known in only 23% of patients and attributed to hepatitis B virus (21%), hepatitis C virus (0.8%), and alcohol abuse (0.8%). Sorghum consumption as a staple food (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) =3.8; 95% CI: 1.2, 12.5), splenomegaly (AOR = 4.0; 95% CI: 1.1, 14.4), and a family history of liver disease (AOR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.91) were significantly associated with liver cirrhosis of unknown etiology.

Conclusion

Sorghum consumption was found to be the determinant factor of liver cirrhosis of unknown etiology, suggesting it as a possible source of exposure to aflatoxin B1.

Contribution of Aflatoxin B1 Exposure to Liver Cirrhosis in Eastern Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study

Background

Liver cirrhosis is a global health problem due to a large number of disability-associated life years and mortality. However, evidence is scarce on its causes in Eastern-Ethiopia, a place where there is a high prevalence of liver cirrhosis of unknown etiology. This study attempted to identify the risk factors related to liver cirrhosis in the area.

Methods

A case-control study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from January 2020 to July 2021. Following diagnoses using an ultrasound-based cirrhosis scale, a total of 127 cases were identified and compared with 253 control patients. A structured questionnaire and data abstraction form were used to collect demographic, lifestyle, and clinical information. A blood sample was also taken from each participant for clinical chemistry, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus tests as well as for an aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) albumin adduct (AF-alb) assay. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine predictors of liver cirrhosis.

Results

AF-alb levels were detected in 75% of the cases and 64% of the controls, with a median (IQR) level of 11 pg/mg (5.5-25) and 7.0 pg/mg (4.3-20.5), respectively (p<0.05). Moreover, the number of subjects with high AF-alb levels (≥8.6 pg/mg) was greater in cases (45%, p<0.05)) than controls (28%). Age ≥55 years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0.4; 95% CI: 0.2, 0.8), being a farmer (AOR= 3.0; 95% CI: 1.5, 6.0), family history of liver disease (AOR= 2.9; 95% CI: 1.1, 7.9), HBV seropositivity (AOR=4.0; 95% CI: 1.9, 8.8), and exposure to high levels of AF-alb (AOR=2.0; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.7) were significantly associated with liver cirrhosis.

Conclusion

This study found a strong link between AFB1 exposure and liver cirrhosis. Mitigation of aflatoxin exposure and a better understanding of additional environmental risk factors like pesticides may be necessary to reduce the disease burden in Ethiopia.