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Paiva MB, Ribeiro-Romão RP, Resende-Vieira L, Braga-Gomes T, Oliveira MP, Saavedra AF, Silva-Couto L, Albuquerque HG, Moreira OC, Pinto EF, Da-Cruz AM, Gomes-Silva A. A Cytokine Network Balance Influences the Fate of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Infection in a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Hamster Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656919. [PMID: 34276650 PMCID: PMC8281932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The golden hamster is a suitable model for studying cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Immunopathological mechanisms are well established in the L. (L.) major-mouse model, in which IL-4 instructs a Th2 response towards progressive infection. In the present study, we evaluated the natural history of L. braziliensis infection from its first stages up to lesion establishment, with the aim of identifying immunological parameters associated with the disease outcome and parasitism fate. To this end, hamsters infected with 104, 105, or 106 promastigotes were monitored during the first hours (4h, 24h), early (15 days, 30 days) and late (50 days) post-infection (pi) phases. Cytokines, iNOS and arginase gene expression were quantified in the established lesions by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Compared to the 105 or 106 groups, 104 animals presented lower lesions sizes, less tissue damage, and lower IgG levels. Basal gene expression in normal skin was high for TGF-β, and intermediary for TNF, IL-6, and IL-4. At 4hpi, no cytokine induction was observed in the 104 group, while an upregulation of IL-6, IL-10, and IL-4 was observed in the 106 group. At 15dpi, lesion appearance was accompanied by an increased expression of all assessed cytokines, markedly in the 105 and 106 groups. Upregulation of all investigated cytokines was observed in the late phase, although less expressive in the 104 group. IFN-γ was the depending variable influencing tissue damage, while IL-6 was associated to parasite load. The network correlating gene expression and clinical and laboratorial parameters indicated inoculum-independent associations at 15 and 30dpi. A strong positive network correlation was observed in the 104 group, but not in the 105 or 106 groups. In conclusion, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β are linked o L. braziliensis progression. However, a balanced cytokine network is the key for an immune response able to reduce the ongoing infection and reduce pathological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milla B Paiva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Resende-Vieira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thais Braga-Gomes
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia P Oliveira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea F Saavedra
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luzinei Silva-Couto
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hermano G Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacilio C Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Fonseca Pinto
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rede de Pesquisas em Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rede de Pesquisas em Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Disciplina de Parasitologia-DMIP, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,The National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Gomes-Silva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Jafarzadeh A, Nair A, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M, Sharifi I, Saha B. Immunological role of keratinocytes in leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12870. [PMID: 34028815 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Following inoculation of Leishmania, a protozoan parasite, into the skin of a mammal, the epidermal keratinocytes recognize the parasite and influence the local immune response that can give rise to different outcomes of leishmaniasis. The early keratinocyte-derived cytokines and keratinocytes-T cells interactions shape the anti-leishmanial immune responses that contribute to the resistance or susceptibility to leishmaniasis. The keratinocyte-derived cytokines can directly potentiate the leishmanicidal activity of monocytes and macrophages. As keratinocytes express MHC-II and enhance the expression of costimulatory molecules, these cells act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Depending on the epidermal microenvironment, the keratinocytes induce various types of effector CD4+ T cells. Keratinocyte apoptosis and necrosis have been also implicated in ulceration in CL. Further, keratinocytes contribute to the healing of Leishmania-related cutaneous wounds. However, keratinocyte-derived IL-10 may play a key role in the development of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). In this review, a comprehensive discussion regarding the multiple roles played by keratinocytes during leishmaniasis was provided, while highlighting novel insights concerning the immunological and pathological roles of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Arathi Nair
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sara Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.,National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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3
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Passelli K, Billion O, Tacchini-Cottier F. The Impact of Neutrophil Recruitment to the Skin on the Pathology Induced by Leishmania Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:649348. [PMID: 33732265 PMCID: PMC7957080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (L.) are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that cause the leishmaniases, a spectrum of neglected infectious vector-borne diseases with a broad range of clinical manifestations ranging from local cutaneous, to visceral forms of the diseases. The parasites are deposited in the mammalian skin during the blood meal of an infected female phlebotomine sand fly. The skin is a complex organ acting as the first line of physical and immune defense against pathogens. Insults to skin integrity, such as that occurring during insect feeding, induces the local secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules generating the rapid recruitment of neutrophils. At the site of infection, skin keratinocytes play a first role in host defense contributing to the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the infected dermis, of which neutrophils are the first recruited cells. Although neutrophils efficiently kill various pathogens including Leishmania, several Leishmania species have developed mechanisms to survive in these cells. In addition, through their rapid release of cytokines, neutrophils modulate the skin microenvironment at the site of infection, a process shaping the subsequent development of the adaptive immune response. Neutrophils may also be recruited later on in unhealing forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis and to the spleen and liver in visceral forms of the disease. Here, we will review the mechanisms involved in neutrophil recruitment to the skin following Leishmania infection focusing on the role of keratinocytes in this process. We will also discuss the distinct involvement of neutrophils in the outcome of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Passelli
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oaklyne Billion
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Evaluation of a New Topical Treatment for the Control of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111803. [PMID: 33212818 PMCID: PMC7696824 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania major (L. major) causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World. The infection mostly induces a localized lesion restricted to the sand fly bite. The costs and the side effects of current treatments render imperative the development of new therapies that are affordable and easy to administrate. Topical treatment would be the ideal option for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. MF29 is a 3-haloacetamidobenzoate that was shown in vitro to inhibit tubulin assembly in Leishmania. Here, we tested a topical cream formulated with MF29. BALB/c mice were infected in the ear dermis with L. major metacyclic promastigotes and once the lesion appeared, mice were treated with different concentrations of MF29 and compared to the control group treated with the cream used as the vehicle. We observed that topical application of MF29 reduced the progression of the infection while control groups developed an unhealing lesion that became necrotic. The treatment decreased the type 2 immune response. Comparison with SinaAmphoLeish, another topical treatment, revealed that MF29 treatment once a day was sufficient to control lesion development, while application SinaAmphoLeish needed applications twice daily. Collectively, our data suggest that MF-29 topical application could be a promising topical treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Krayem I, Lipoldová M. Role of host genetics and cytokines in Leishmania infection. Cytokine 2020; 147:155244. [PMID: 33059974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are important regulators of innate and specific responses in leishmaniasis, a disease that currently affects 12 million people. We overviewed the current information about influences of genetically engineered mouse models of cytokine and chemokine on leishmaniasis. We found that genetic background of the host, parasite species and sub-strain, as well as experimental design often modify effects of genetically engineered cytokine genes. Next we analyzed genes and QTLs (quantitative trait loci) that control response to Leishmania species in mouse in order to establish relationship between genetic control of cytokine expression and organ pathology. These studies revealed a network-like complexity of the combined effects of the multiple functionally diverse QTLs and their individual specificity. Genetic control of organ pathology and systemic immune response overlap only partially. Some QTLs control both organ pathology and systemic immune response, but the effects of genes and loci with the strongest impact on disease are cytokine-independent, whereas several loci modify cytokines levels in serum without influencing organ pathology. Understanding this genetic control might be important in development of vaccines designed to stimulate certain cytokine spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtissal Krayem
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Lipoldová
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sítná 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic.
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6
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Poudel B, Yorek MS, Mazgaeen L, Brown SA, Kanneganti TD, Gurung P. Acute IL-4 Governs Pathogenic T Cell Responses during Leishmania major Infection. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:546-560. [PMID: 32948646 PMCID: PMC7640617 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. infection is a global health problem affecting more than 2 million people every year with 300 million at risk worldwide. It is well established that a dominant Th1 response (IFN-γ, a hallmark Th1 cytokine) provides resistance, whereas a dominant Th2 response (IL-4, a hallmark Th2 cytokine) confers susceptibility during infection. Given the important role of IL-4 during L. major infection, we used IL-4-neutralizing Abs to investigate the cellular and molecular events regulated by IL-4 signaling. As previously published, neutralization of IL-4 in L. major-infected BALB/c mice (a Leishmania susceptible strain) provided protection when compared with control L. major-infected BALB/c mice. Despite this protection, IFN-γ production by T cells was dramatically reduced. Temporal neutralization of IL-4 revealed that acute IL-4 produced within the first days of infection is critical for not only programming IL-4-producing Th2 CD4+ T cells, but for promoting IFN-γ produced by CD8+ T cells. Mechanistically, IL-4 signaling enhances anti-CD3-induced Tbet and IFN-γ expression in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Given the pathogenic role of IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells, our data suggest that IL-4 promotes cutaneous leishmaniasis pathology by not only promoting Th2 immune responses but also pathogenic CD8+ T cell responses. Our studies open new research grounds to investigate the unsuspected role of IL-4 in regulating both Th1 and Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun Poudel
- Iowa Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Matthew S Yorek
- Iowa Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Lalita Mazgaeen
- Iowa Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | | | - Prajwal Gurung
- Iowa Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and.,Center for Immunology and Immune Based Disease, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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7
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Can We Harness Immune Responses to Improve Drug Treatment in Leishmaniasis? Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071069. [PMID: 32709117 PMCID: PMC7409143 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease that has been neglected in priority for control and eradication of malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. Collectively, over one seventh of the world’s population is at risk of being infected with 0.7–1.2 million new infections reported annually. Clinical manifestations range from self-healing cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral disease. The first anti-leishmanial drugs were introduced in the 1950′s and, despite several shortcomings, remain the mainstay for treatment. Regardless of this and the steady increase in infections over the years, particularly among populations of low economic status, research on leishmaniasis remains under funded. This review looks at the drugs currently in clinical use and how they interact with the host immune response. Employing chemoimmunotherapeutic approaches may be one viable alternative to improve the efficacy of novel/existing drugs and extend their lifespan in clinical use.
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8
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Ronet C, Passelli K, Charmoy M, Scarpellino L, Myburgh E, Hauyon La Torre Y, Turco S, Mottram JC, Fasel N, Luther SA, Beverley SM, Launois P, Tacchini-Cottier F. TLR2 Signaling in Skin Nonhematopoietic Cells Induces Early Neutrophil Recruitment in Response to Leishmania major Infection. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:1318-1328. [PMID: 30594488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are rapidly recruited to the mammalian skin in response to infection with the cutaneous Leishmania pathogen. The parasites use neutrophils to establish the disease; however, the signals driving early neutrophil recruitment are poorly known. Here, we identified the functional importance of TLR2 signaling in this process. Using bone marrow chimeras and immunohistology, we identified the TLR2-expressing cells involved in this early neutrophil recruitment to be of nonhematopoietic origin. Keratinocytes are damaged and briefly in contact with the parasites during infection. We show that TLR2 triggering by Leishmania major is required for their secretion of neutrophil-attracting chemokines. Furthermore, TLR2 triggering by L. major phosphoglycans is critical for neutrophil recruitment to negatively affect disease development, as shown by better control of lesion size and parasite load in Tlr2-/- compared with wild-type infected mice. Conversely, restoring early neutrophil presence in Tlr2-/- mice through injection of wild-type neutrophils or CXCL1 at the onset of infection resulted in delayed disease resolution comparable to that observed in wild-type mice. Taken together, our data show a crucial role for TLR2-expressing nonhematopoietic skin cells in the recruitment of the first wave of neutrophils after L. major infection, a process that delays disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Ronet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Katiuska Passelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Charmoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Leo Scarpellino
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Elmarie Myburgh
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Yazmin Hauyon La Torre
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Turco
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jeremy C Mottram
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pascal Launois
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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9
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Mast cells as protectors of health. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 144:S4-S18. [PMID: 30468774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), which are well known for their effector functions in TH2-skewed allergic and also autoimmune inflammation, have become increasingly acknowledged for their role in protection of health. It is now clear that they are also key modulators of immune responses at interface organs, such as the skin or gut. MCs can prime tissues for adequate inflammatory responses and cooperate with dendritic cells in T-cell activation. They also regulate harmful immune responses in trauma and help to successfully orchestrate pregnancy. This review focuses on the beneficial effects of MCs on tissue homeostasis and elimination of toxins or venoms. MCs can enhance pathogen clearance in many bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, such as through Toll-like receptor 2-triggered degranulation, secretion of antimicrobial cathelicidins, neutrophil recruitment, or provision of extracellular DNA traps. The role of MCs in tumors is more ambiguous; however, encouraging new findings show they can change the tumor microenvironment toward antitumor immunity when adequately triggered. Uterine tissue remodeling by α-chymase (mast cell protease [MCP] 5) is crucial for successful embryo implantation. MCP-4 and the tryptase MCP-6 emerge to be protective in central nervous system trauma by reducing inflammatory damage and excessive scar formation, thereby protecting axon growth. Last but not least, proteases, such as carboxypeptidase A, released by FcεRI-activated MCs detoxify an increasing number of venoms and endogenous toxins. A better understanding of the plasticity of MCs will help improve these advantageous effects and hint at ways to cut down detrimental MC actions.
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10
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Deletion of Interleukin-4 Receptor Alpha-Responsive Keratinocytes in BALB/c Mice Does Not Alter Susceptibility to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00710-18. [PMID: 30275010 PMCID: PMC6246911 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00710-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin microenvironment at the site of infection plays a role in the early events that determine protective T helper 1/type 1 immune responses during cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) infection. During CL in nonhealing BALB/c mice, early interleukin-4 (IL-4) can instruct dendritic cells for protective Th1 immunity. The skin microenvironment at the site of infection plays a role in the early events that determine protective T helper 1/type 1 immune responses during cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) infection. During CL in nonhealing BALB/c mice, early interleukin-4 (IL-4) can instruct dendritic cells for protective Th1 immunity. Additionally, keratinocytes, which are the principal cell type in the skin epidermis, have been shown to secrete IL-4 early after Leishmania major infection. Here, we investigated whether IL-4/IL-13 signaling via the common IL-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4Rα) on keratinocytes contributes to susceptibility during experimental CL. To address this, keratinocyte-specific IL-4Rα-deficient (KRT14cre IL-4Rα−/lox) mice on a BALB/c genetic background were generated by gene targeting and site-specific recombination (Cre/loxP) under the control of the keratinocyte-specific krt14 locus. Following high-dose infection with L. major IL-81 and LV39 promastigotes subcutaneously in the footpad, footpad swelling, parasite burden, IFN-γ/IL-4/IL-13 cytokine production, and type 1 and type 2 antibody responses were similar between KRT14cre IL-4Rα−/lox and littermate control IL-4Rα−/lox BALB/c mice. An intradermal infection with low-dose L. major IL-81 and LV39 promastigotes in the ear showed results in infected KRT14cre IL-4Rα−/lox BALB/c mice similar to those of littermate control IL-4Rα−/lox BALB/c mice, with the exception of a significant decrease observed in parasite burden only at the site of LV39 infection in the ear. Collectively, our results show that autocrine and paracrine signaling of IL-4/IL-13 through the IL-4Rα chain on keratinocytes does not influence the establishment of a nonhealing Th2 immune response in BALB/c mice during L. major infection.
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11
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Hurdayal R, Brombacher F. Interleukin-4 Receptor Alpha: From Innate to Adaptive Immunity in Murine Models of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1354. [PMID: 29176972 PMCID: PMC5686050 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα), ubiquitously expressed on both innate and adaptive immune cells, controls the signaling of archetypal type 2 immune regulators; IL-4 and IL-13, which elicit their signaling action by the type 1 IL-4Rα/gamma common and/or the type 2 IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα complexes. Global gene-deficient mouse models targeting IL-4, IL-13, or the IL-4Rα chain, followed by the development of conditional mice and generation of important cell-type-specific IL-4Rα-deficient mouse models, were indeed critical to gaining in-depth understanding of detrimental T helper (Th) 2 mechanisms in type 1-controlled diseases. A primary example being cutaneous leishmaniasis, which is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania major, among others. The disease is characterized by localized self-healing cutaneous lesions and necrosis for which, currently, not a single vaccine has made it to a stage that can be considered effective. The spectrum of human leishmaniasis belongs to the top 10 infectious diseases according to the World Health Organization. As such, 350 million humans are at risk of infection and disease, with an incidence of 1.5–2 million new cases being reported annually. A major aim of our research is to identify correlates of host protection and evasion, which may aid in vaccine design and therapeutic interventions. In this review, we focus on the immune-regulatory role of the IL-4Rα chain from innate immune responses to the development of beneficial type 1 and detrimental type 2 adaptive immune responses during cutaneous Leishmania infection. We discuss the cell-specific requirements of the IL-4Rα chain on crucial innate immune cells during L. major infection, including, IL-4Rα-responsive skin keratinocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, as well as dendritic cells (DCs). The latter, contributing to one of the paradigm shifts with respect to the role of IL-4 instructing DCs in vivo, to promote Th1 responses against L. major. Finally, we extend these innate responses and mechanisms to control of adaptive immunity and the effect of IL-4Rα-responsiveness on T and B lymphocytes orchestrating the development of CD4+ Th1/Th2 and B effector 1/B effector 2 B cells in response to L. major infection in the murine host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Hurdayal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa
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