1
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Alvarez F, Liu Z, Bay A, Piccirillo CA. Deciphering the developmental trajectory of tissue-resident Foxp3 + regulatory T cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1331846. [PMID: 38605970 PMCID: PMC11007185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1331846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ TREG cells have been at the focus of intense investigation for their recognized roles in preventing autoimmunity, facilitating tissue recuperation following injury, and orchestrating a tolerance to innocuous non-self-antigens. To perform these critical tasks, TREG cells undergo deep epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional changes that allow them to adapt to conditions found in tissues both at steady-state and during inflammation. The path leading TREG cells to express these tissue-specialized phenotypes begins during thymic development, and is further driven by epigenetic and transcriptional modifications following TCR engagement and polarizing signals in the periphery. However, this process is highly regulated and requires TREG cells to adopt strategies to avoid losing their regulatory program altogether. Here, we review the origins of tissue-resident TREG cells, from their thymic and peripheral development to the transcriptional regulators involved in their tissue residency program. In addition, we discuss the distinct signalling pathways that engage the inflammatory adaptation of tissue-resident TREG cells, and how they relate to their ability to recognize tissue and pathogen-derived danger signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Bay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A. Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, QC, Canada
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2
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Peres Emidio EC, Singulani JDL, Freitas GJC, Costa MC, Gouveia-Eufrasio L, Carmo PHF, Pedroso SHSP, Brito CB, Bastos RW, Ribeiro NQ, Oliveira LVN, Silva MF, Paixão TA, Souza DDG, Santos DA. Staphylococcus aureus triggers a protective inflammatory response against secondary Cryptococcus gattii infection in a murine model. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105122. [PMID: 36842669 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Prior infections can provide protection or enhance susceptibility to a subsequent infection through microorganism's interaction or host immunomodulation. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Cryptococcus gattii (CG) cause lungs infection, but it is unclear how they interact in vivo. This study aimed to study the effects of the primary SA lung infection on secondary cryptococcosis caused by CG in a murine model. The mice's survival, fungal burden, behavior, immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines were quantified to evaluate murine cryptococcosis under the influence of a previous SA infection. Further, fungal-bacterial in vitro interaction was studied in a culture medium and a phagocytosis assay. The primary infection with SA protects animals from the subsequent CG infection by reducing lethality, improving behavior, and impairing the fungal proliferation within the host. This phenotype was associated with the proinflammatory antifungal host response elicited by the bacteria in the early stage of cryptococcosis. There was no direct inhibition of CG by SA, although the phagocytic activity of macrophages was reduced. Identifying mechanisms involved in this protection may lead to new approaches for preventing and treating cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elúzia Castro Peres Emidio
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Junya de Lacorte Singulani
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gustavo José Cota Freitas
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marliete Carvalho Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Gouveia-Eufrasio
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Fonseca Carmo
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Bernardo Brito
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Interação Microorganismo-Hospedeiro, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafael Wesley Bastos
- Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Noelly Queiroz Ribeiro
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lorena Vívien Neves Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Monique Ferreira Silva
- Departamento de Patologia/Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Alves Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia/Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniele da Glória Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Interação Microorganismo-Hospedeiro, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel Assis Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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3
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Chen J, Shao J, Dai M, Fang W, Yang YL. Adaptive immunology of Cryptococcus neoformans infections-an update. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1174967. [PMID: 37251371 PMCID: PMC10213923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1174967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal genus Cryptococcus comprises a group of pathogens with considerable phenotypic and genotypic diversity that can lead to cryptococcosis in both healthy and immunocompromised individuals. With the emergence of the HIV pandemic, cryptococcosis, mainly meningoencephalitis, afflicts HIV-infected patients with severe dysfunction of T cells. It has also been reported in recipients of solid organ transplantation and in patients with autoimmune diseases who take immunosuppressive agents long-term, as well as in those with unidentified immunodeficiency. The clinical outcome of the disease is primarily determined by the immune response resulting from the interplay between the host immune system and the pathogen. Most human infections are caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, and nearly all immunological studies have focused on C. neoformans. This review provides an updated understanding of the role of adaptive immunity during infection with C. neoformans in human and animal models over the past half-decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiasheng Shao
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Science, Shanghai, China
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-li Yang
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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4
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Nelson BN, Daugherty CS, Sharp RR, Booth JL, Patel VI, Metcalf JP, Jones KL, Wozniak KL. Protective interaction of human phagocytic APC subsets with Cryptococcus neoformans induces genes associated with metabolism and antigen presentation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1054477. [PMID: 36466930 PMCID: PMC9709479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1054477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis is the most common cause of meningitis among HIV/AIDS patients in sub-Saharan Africa, and worldwide causes over 223,000 cases leading to more than 181,000 annual deaths. Usually, the fungus gets inhaled into the lungs where the initial interactions occur with pulmonary phagocytes such as dendritic cells and macrophages. Following phagocytosis, the pathogen can be killed or can replicate intracellularly. Previous studies in mice showed that different subsets of these innate immune cells can either be antifungal or permissive for intracellular fungal growth. Our studies tested phagocytic antigen-presenting cell (APC) subsets from the human lung against C. neoformans. Human bronchoalveolar lavage was processed for phagocytic APCs and incubated with C. neoformans for two hours to analyze the initial interactions and fate of the fungus, living or killed. Results showed all subsets (3 macrophage and 3 dendritic cell subsets) interacted with the fungus, and both living and killed morphologies were discernable within the subsets using imaging flow cytometry. Single cell RNA-seq identified several different clusters of cells which more closely related to interactions with C. neoformans and its protective capacity against the pathogen rather than discrete cellular subsets. Differential gene expression analyses identified several changes in the innate immune cell's transcriptome as it kills the fungus including increases of TNF-α (TNF) and the switch to using fatty acid metabolism by upregulation of the gene FABP4. Also, increases of TNF-α correlated to cryptococcal interactions and uptake. Together, these analyses implicated signaling networks that regulate expression of many different genes - both metabolic and immune - as certain clusters of cells mount a protective response and kill the pathogen. Future studies will examine these genes and networks to understand the exact mechanism(s) these phagocytic APC subsets use to kill C. neoformans in order to develop immunotherapeutic strategies to combat this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Cheyenne S. Daugherty
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Rachel R. Sharp
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - J. Leland Booth
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Vineet I. Patel
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jordan P. Metcalf
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Kenneth L. Jones
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Karen L. Wozniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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5
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Pretre V, Papadopoulos D, Regard J, Pelletier M, Woo J. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and the inflammasome in cancer. Cytokine 2022; 153:155850. [PMID: 35279620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the significant contribution of inflammation to the development and progression of various types of cancer. Inflammation in the tumor microenvironment mediates complex interactions between innate immunity, adaptive immunity, microbiomes and stroma, and ultimately alters the overall fitness of tumor cells at multiple stages of carcinogenesis. Malignancies are known to arise in areas of chronic inflammation and inflammation in the tumor microenvironment (often called tumor-promoting inflammation) is believed to allow cancer cells to evade immunosurveillance while promoting genetic instability, survival and progression. Among the strongest data suggesting a causal role for inflammation in cancer come from the recent CANTOS trial which demonstrated that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) inhibition with canakinumab leads to a significant, dose-dependent decrease in incident lung cancer. This observation has launched a series of additional clinical studies to understand the role of IL-1β and the inflammasome in cancer, and the clinical utility of IL-1β inhibition in different stages of lung cancer. In this article we will review recent data implicating IL-1β signaling and its upstream regulator NLRP3 in both solid tumor and hematologic malignancies. We will discuss the key preclinical observations and the current clinical landscape, and describe the pharmacologic tools which will be used to evaluate the effects of blocking tumor-promoting inflammation clinically.
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6
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Deerhake ME, Reyes EY, Xu-Vanpala S, Shinohara ML. Single-Cell Transcriptional Heterogeneity of Neutrophils During Acute Pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670574. [PMID: 33995406 PMCID: PMC8116703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are critical as the first-line defense against fungal pathogens. Yet, previous studies indicate that neutrophil function is complex during Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) infection. To better understand the role of neutrophils in acute pulmonary cryptococcosis, we analyzed neutrophil heterogeneity by single-cell transcriptional analysis of immune cells in the lung of Cn-infected mice from a published dataset. We identified neutrophils by reference-based annotation and identified two distinct neutrophil subsets generated during acute Cn infection: A subset with an oxidative stress signature (Ox-PMN) and another with enhanced cytokine gene expression (Cyt-PMN). Based on gene regulatory network and ligand-receptor analysis, we hypothesize that Ox-PMNs interact with the fungus and generate ROS, while Cyt-PMNs are longer-lived neutrophils that indirectly respond to Cn-derived ligands and cytokines to modulate cell-cell communication with dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages. Based on the data, we hypothesized that, during in vivo fungal infection, there is a division of labor in which each activated neutrophil becomes either Ox-PMN or Cyt-PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Deerhake
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Estefany Y Reyes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Shengjie Xu-Vanpala
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mari L Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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7
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Griffiths JS, Camilli G, Kotowicz NK, Ho J, Richardson JP, Naglik JR. Role for IL-1 Family Cytokines in Fungal Infections. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:633047. [PMID: 33643264 PMCID: PMC7902786 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens kill approximately 1.5 million individuals per year and represent a severe disease burden worldwide. It is estimated over 150 million people have serious fungal disease such as recurrent mucosal infections or life-threatening systemic infections. Disease can ensue from commensal fungi or new infection and involves different fungal morphologies and the expression of virulence factors. Therefore, anti-fungal immunity is complex and requires coordination between multiple facets of the immune system. IL-1 family cytokines are associated with acute and chronic inflammation and are essential for the innate response to infection. Recent research indicates IL-1 cytokines play a key role mediating immunity against different fungal infections. During mucosal disease, IL-1R and IL-36R are required for neutrophil recruitment and protective Th17 responses, but function through different mechanisms. During systemic disease, IL-18 drives protective Th1 responses, while IL-33 promotes Th2 and suppresses Th1 immunity. The IL-1 family represents an attractive anti-fungal immunotherapy target. There is a need for novel anti-fungal therapeutics, as current therapies are ineffective, toxic and encounter resistance, and no anti-fungal vaccine exists. Furthering our understanding of the IL-1 family cytokines and their complex role during fungal infection may aid the development of novel therapies. As such, this review will discuss the role for IL-1 family cytokines in fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Griffiths
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Camilli
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia K Kotowicz
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jemima Ho
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Richardson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Van Den Eeckhout B, Tavernier J, Gerlo S. Interleukin-1 as Innate Mediator of T Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 11:621931. [PMID: 33584721 PMCID: PMC7873566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.621931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-signal paradigm tries to capture how the innate immune system instructs adaptive immune responses in three well-defined actions: (1) presentation of antigenic peptides in the context of MHC molecules, which allows for a specific T cell response; (2) T cell co-stimulation, which breaks T cell tolerance; and (3) secretion of polarizing cytokines in the priming environment, thereby specializing T cell immunity. The three-signal model provides an empirical framework for innate instruction of adaptive immunity, but mainly discusses STAT-dependent cytokines in T cell activation and differentiation, while the multi-faceted roles of type I IFNs and IL-1 cytokine superfamily members are often neglected. IL-1α and IL-1β are pro-inflammatory cytokines, produced following damage to the host (release of DAMPs) or upon innate recognition of PAMPs. IL-1 activity on both DCs and T cells can further shape the adaptive immune response with variable outcomes. IL-1 signaling in DCs promotes their ability to induce T cell activation, but also direct action of IL-1 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, either alone or in synergy with prototypical polarizing cytokines, influences T cell differentiation under different conditions. The activities of IL-1 form a direct bridge between innate and adaptive immunity and could therefore be clinically translatable in the context of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to empower the formation of T cell immunity. Understanding the modalities of IL-1 activity during T cell activation thus could hold major implications for rational development of the next generation of vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van Den Eeckhout
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Orionis Biosciences BV, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gerlo
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Cryptococcus neoformans Secretes Small Molecules That Inhibit IL-1 β Inflammasome-Dependent Secretion. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:3412763. [PMID: 33380899 PMCID: PMC7748918 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3412763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that causes disease mainly in immunosuppressed hosts. It is considered a facultative intracellular pathogen because of its capacity to survive and replicate inside phagocytes, especially macrophages. This ability is heavily dependent on various virulence factors, particularly the glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) component of the polysaccharide capsule. Inflammasome activation in phagocytes is usually protective against fungal infections, including cryptococcosis. Nevertheless, recognition of C. neoformans by inflammasome receptors requires specific changes in morphology or the opsonization of the yeast, impairing proper inflammasome function. In this context, we analyzed the impact of molecules secreted by C. neoformans B3501 strain and its acapsular mutant Δcap67 in inflammasome activation in an in vitro model. Our results showed that conditioned media derived from B3501 was capable of inhibiting inflammasome-dependent events (i.e., IL-1β secretion and LDH release via pyroptosis) more strongly than conditioned media from Δcap67, regardless of GXM presence. We also demonstrated that macrophages treated with conditioned media were less responsive against infection with the virulent strain H99, exhibiting lower rates of phagocytosis, increased fungal burdens, and enhanced vomocytosis. Moreover, we showed that the aromatic metabolite DL-Indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) and DL-p-Hydroxyphenyllactic acid (HPLA) were present in B3501's conditioned media and that ILA alone or with HPLA is involved in the regulation of inflammasome activation by C. neoformans. These results were confirmed by in vivo experiments, where exposure to conditioned media led to higher fungal burdens in Acanthamoeba castellanii culture as well as in higher fungal loads in the lungs of infected mice. Overall, the results presented show that conditioned media from a wild-type strain can inhibit a vital recognition pathway and subsequent fungicidal functions of macrophages, contributing to fungal survival in vitro and in vivo and suggesting that secretion of aromatic metabolites, such as ILA, during cryptococcal infections fundamentally impacts pathogenesis.
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10
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Piccirillo CA. Transcriptional and translational control of Foxp3+ regulatory T cell functional adaptation to inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 67:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Normile TG, Bryan AM, Del Poeta M. Animal Models of Cryptococcus neoformans in Identifying Immune Parameters Associated With Primary Infection and Reactivation of Latent Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581750. [PMID: 33042164 PMCID: PMC7522366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus species are environmental fungal pathogens and the causative agents of cryptococcosis. Infection occurs upon inhalation of infectious particles, which proliferate in the lung causing a primary infection. From this primary lung infection, fungal cells can eventually disseminate to other organs, particularly the brain, causing lethal meningoencephalitis. However, in most cases, the primary infection resolves with the formation of a lung granuloma. Upon severe immunodeficiency, dormant cryptococcal cells will start proliferating in the lung granuloma and eventually will disseminate to the brain. Many investigators have sought to study the protective host immune response to this pathogen in search of host parameters that keep the proliferation of cryptococcal cells under control. The majority of the work assimilates research carried out using the primary infection animal model, mainly because a reactivation model has been available only very recently. This review will focus on anti-cryptococcal immunity in both the primary and reactivation models. An understanding of the differences in host immunity between the primary and reactivation models will help to define the key host parameters that control the infections and are important for the research and development of new therapeutic and vaccine strategies against cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Normile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Arielle M Bryan
- Ingenious Targeting Laboratory Incorporated, Ronkonkoma, NY, United States
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY, United States
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12
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Basso AMM, De Castro RJA, de Castro TB, Guimarães HI, Polez VLP, Carbonero ER, Pomin VH, Hoffmann C, Grossi-de-Sa MF, Tavares AH, Bocca AL. Immunomodulatory activity of β-glucan-containing exopolysaccharides from Auricularia auricular in phagocytes and mice infected with Cryptococcus neoformans. Med Mycol 2020; 58:227-239. [PMID: 31095342 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antifungal drugs present poor effectiveness and there is no available vaccine for fungal infections. Thus, novel strategies to treat or prevent invasive mycosis, such as cryptococcosis, are highly desirable. One strategy is the use of immunomodulators of polysaccharide nature isolated from mushrooms. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the immunostimulatory activity of β-(1,3)-glucan-containing exopolysaccharides (EPS) from the edible mushrooms Auricularia auricula in phagocytes and mice infected with Cryptococcus neoformans. EPS triggered macrophages and dendritic cell activation upon binding to Dectin-1, a pattern recognition receptor of the C-type lectin receptor family. Engagement of Dectin-1 culminated in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and cell maturation via its canonical Syk-dependent pathway signaling. Furthermore, upon EPS treatment, M2-like phenotype macrophages, known to support intracellular survival and replication of C. neoformans, repolarize to M1 macrophage pattern associated with enhanced production of the microbicidal molecule nitric oxide that results in efficient killing of C. neoformans. Treatment with EPS also upregulated transcript levels of genes encoding products associated with host protection against C. neoformans and Dectin-1 mediated signaling in macrophages. Finally, orally administrated β-glucan-containing EPS from A. auricular enhanced the survival of mice infected with C. neoformans. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that EPS from A. auricula exert immunostimulatory activity in phagocytes and induce host protection against C. neoformans, suggesting that polysaccharides from this mushroom may be promising as an adjuvant for vaccines or antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M M Basso
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - R J A De Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - T B de Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - H I Guimarães
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
| | - V L P Polez
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
| | - E R Carbonero
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Catalão, GO, Brazil
| | - V H Pomin
- Program of Glicobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, the University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - C Hoffmann
- Department of Food Sciences and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M F Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil.,Graduated Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - A H Tavares
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - A L Bocca
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
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13
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Sato K, Yamamoto H, Nomura T, Kasamatsu J, Miyasaka T, Tanno D, Matsumoto I, Kagesawa T, Miyahara A, Zong T, Oniyama A, Kawamura K, Yokoyama R, Kitai Y, Ishizuka S, Kanno E, Tanno H, Suda H, Morita M, Yamamoto M, Iwakura Y, Ishii K, Kawakami K. Production of IL-17A at Innate Immune Phase Leads to Decreased Th1 Immune Response and Attenuated Host Defense against Infection with Cryptococcus deneoformans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:686-698. [PMID: 32561568 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-17A is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by many types of innate immune cells and Th17 cells and is involved in the elimination of extracellularly growing microorganisms, yet the role of this cytokine in the host defense against intracellularly growing microorganisms is not well known. Cryptococcus deneoformans is an opportunistic intracellular growth fungal pathogen that frequently causes fatal meningoencephalitis in patients with impaired immune responses. In the current study, we analyzed the role of IL-17A in the host defense against C. deneoformans infection. IL-17A was quickly produced by γδT cells at an innate immune phase in infected lungs. In IL-17A gene-disrupted mice, clearance of this fungal pathogen and the host immune response mediated by Th1 cells were significantly accelerated in infected lungs compared with wild-type mice. Similarly, killing of this fungus and production of inducible NO synthase and TNF-α were significantly enhanced in IL-17A gene-disrupted mice. In addition, elimination of this fungal pathogen, Th1 response, and expression of IL-12Rβ2 and IFN-γ in NK and NKT cells were significantly suppressed by treatment with rIL-17A. The production of IL-12p40 and TNF-α from bone marrow-derived dendritic cells stimulated with C. deneoformans was significantly suppressed by rIL-17A. In addition, rIL-17A attenuated Th1 cell differentiation in splenocytes from transgenic mice highly expressing TCR for mannoprotein 98, a cryptococcal Ag, upon stimulation with recombinant mannoprotein 98. These data suggest that IL-17A may be involved in the negative regulation of the local host defense against C. deneoformans infection through suppression of the Th1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Sato
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan;
| | - Hideki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nomura
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Jun Kasamatsu
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyasaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-0905, Japan
| | - Daiki Tanno
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ikumi Matsumoto
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kagesawa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Anna Miyahara
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tong Zong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akiho Oniyama
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kotone Kawamura
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Rin Yokoyama
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shigenari Ishizuka
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Emi Kanno
- Department of Science of Nursing Practice, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanno
- Department of Science of Nursing Practice, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiromi Suda
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; and
| | - Masanobu Morita
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; and
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; and
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kawakami
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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14
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Decote-Ricardo D, LaRocque-de-Freitas IF, Rocha JDB, Nascimento DO, Nunes MP, Morrot A, Freire-de-Lima L, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L, Freire-de-Lima CG. Immunomodulatory Role of Capsular Polysaccharides Constituents of Cryptococcus neoformans. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:129. [PMID: 31275938 PMCID: PMC6593061 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. In immunocompetent patients, cryptococcal infection is often confined to the lungs. In immunocompromised individuals, C. neoformans may cause life-threatening illness, either from novel exposure or through reactivation of a previously acquired latent infection. For example, cryptococcal meningitis is a severe clinical disease that can manifest in people that are immunocompromised due to AIDS. The major constituents of the Cryptococcus polysaccharide capsule, glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), and galactoxylomannan (GalXM), also known as glucuronoxylomanogalactan (GXMGal), are considered the primary virulence factors of Cryptococcus. Despite the predominance of GXM in the polysaccharide capsule, GalXM has more robust immunomodulatory effects on host cellular immunity. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding host-Crytococcus neoformans interactions and the role of capsular polysaccharides in host immunomodulation. Future studies will likely facilitate a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in antigenic recognition and host immune response to C. neoformans and lead to the development of new therapeutic pathways for cryptococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Decote-Ricardo
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Dutra B Rocha
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle O Nascimento
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marise P Nunes
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Osvaldo Previato
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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The alarmins IL-1 and IL-33 differentially regulate the functional specialisation of Foxp3 + regulatory T cells during mucosal inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:746-760. [PMID: 30872761 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T (TREG) cells are critical mediators of peripheral tolerance and modulators of immune responses. Functional adaptation of TREG cells, through acquisition of secondary transcription factors is critical for their effector differentiation towards local inflammatory stimuli including infections. The drivers and consequences of this adaptation of TREG cell function remain largely unknown. Using an unbiased screen, we identified receptors of the IL-1 family controlling the adaptation of TREG cells. Through respiratory infection models, we show that the IL-33 receptor (ST2) and the IL-1 receptor (IL1R1) selectively identify stable and unstable TREG cells at mucosal surfaces, respectively. IL-33, not IL-1, is specifically required for maintaining the suppressive function of TREG cells. In the absence of ST2, TREG cells are prone to lose Foxp3 expression and acquire RORγT and IL1R1, while, in the absence of IL-1R1, they maintain Foxp3 expression and resist the acquisition of a Th17 phenotype. Finally, lack of IL-1 signalling enhances the accumulation of ST2+ TREG over pro-inflammatory TREG cells in a Cryptococcus neoformans infection. These observations show that IL-1 and IL-33 exert opposing functions in controlling the functional adaptation of TREG cells, ultimately dictating the dynamics of adaptive immunity to pathogens.
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16
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Involvement of the capsular GalXM-induced IL-17 cytokine in the control of Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16378. [PMID: 30401972 PMCID: PMC6219535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungus that can cause lethal brain infections in immunosuppressed individuals. Infection usually occurs via the inhalation of a spore or desiccated yeast which can then disseminate from the lung to the brain and other tissues. Dissemination and disease is largely influence by the production of copious amounts of cryptococcal polysaccharides, both which are secreted to the extracellular environment or assembled into a thick capsule surrounding the cell body. There are two important polysaccharides: glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) and galactoxylomannan, also called as glucuronoxylomanogalactan (GXMGal or GalXM). Although GXM is more abundant, GalXM has a more potent modulatory effect. In the present study, we show that GalXM is a potent activator of murine dendritic cells, and when co-cultured with T cells, induces a Th17 cytokine response. We also demonstrated that treating mice with GalXM prior to infection with C. neoformans protects from infection, and this phenomenon is dependent on IL-6 and IL-17. These findings help us understand the immune biology of capsular polysaccharides in fungal pathogenesis.
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