Editorial: Immune Outposts on the Inflammatory Frontier: Tertiary Lymphoid Structures as Targets for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Autoimmunity

Two immune-enhanced molecular subtypes differ in inflammation, immune checkpoints, mutations, and prognostic outcome in stage I-II colonic carcinoma

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the immune function of the tumor microenvironment and its clinical correlation with colonic carcinoma. Immune genes were downloaded from the The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Five subtypes are obtained by cluster screening based on immune gene expression data. The C3 and C4 subtypes show stronger immune activity. In addition, the C4 subtype has the largest number of gene mutations and the worst prognosis. Most of the immune signatures are upregulated in the C4 subtype, while most of the immune infiltration-related cells are upregulated in the C3 and C4 subtypes. The different immune microenvironments between these subtypes may provide new ideas for immunotherapy strategies in colon carcinoma.

Current concept for tertiary lymphoid structures in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a literature review and our experience

Bladder carcinoma (BC) is one of the most common malignancies of the urinary system in developed countries, with a high number of recurrences. The secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) are crucial for initiating the adaptive immune response. They are developed as a part of a genetically preprogrammed process during embryogenesis. However, SLO's organogenesis can be reduplicated de novo in other tissues by a process termed lymphoid neo-genesis, giving rise to tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). These well-organized lymphoid structures in cancer are essential modulators of cancer immunologic response, and the histological examination of TLS gave a new strategy for cancer immunotherapy. This review explores the biological and histological characteristics of TLS in muscle non-invasive and invasive BC.