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Savardashtaki A, Khalili Alashti S, Vafadar A, Sadeghi M, Baneshi M, Hashemi KS, Karami J, Muro A, Manzano-Roman R, Rashidi S. An integrated bioinformatic analysis of microarray datasets to identify biomarkers and miRNA-based regulatory networks in leishmaniasis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12981. [PMID: 38839916 PMCID: PMC11153516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Micro RNAs (miRNAs, miRs) and relevant networks might exert crucial functions during differential host cell infection by the different Leishmania species. Thus, a bioinformatic analysis of microarray datasets was developed to identify pivotal shared biomarkers and miRNA-based regulatory networks for Leishmaniasis. A transcriptomic analysis by employing a comprehensive set of gene expression profiling microarrays was conducted to identify the key genes and miRNAs relevant for Leishmania spp. infections. Accordingly, the gene expression profiles of healthy human controls were compared with those of individuals infected with Leishmania mexicana, L. major, L. donovani, and L. braziliensis. The enrichment analysis for datasets was conducted by utilizing EnrichR database, and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network to identify the hub genes. The prognostic value of hub genes was assessed by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Finally, the miRNAs that interact with the hub genes were identified using miRTarBase, miRWalk, TargetScan, and miRNet. Differentially expressed genes were identified between the groups compared in this study. These genes were significantly enriched in inflammatory responses, cytokine-mediated signaling pathways and granulocyte and neutrophil chemotaxis responses. The identification of hub genes of recruited datasets suggested that TNF, SOCS3, JUN, TNFAIP3, and CXCL9 may serve as potential infection biomarkers and could deserve value as prognostic biomarkers for leishmaniasis. Additionally, inferred data from miRWalk revealed a significant degree of interaction of a number of miRNAs (hsa-miR-8085, hsa-miR-4673, hsa-miR-4743-3p, hsa-miR-892c-3p, hsa-miR-4644, hsa-miR-671-5p, hsa-miR-7106-5p, hsa-miR-4267, hsa-miR-5196-5p, and hsa-miR-4252) with the majority of the hub genes, suggesting such miRNAs play a crucial role afterwards parasite infection. The hub genes and hub miRNAs identified in this study could be potentially suggested as therapeutic targets or biomarkers for the management of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shayan Khalili Alashti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asma Vafadar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Baneshi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kimia Sadat Hashemi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jafar Karami
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Antonio Muro
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (E-INTRO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raúl Manzano-Roman
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (E-INTRO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Sajad Rashidi
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.
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Rodríguez-González J, Wilkins-Rodríguez AA, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L. Human Dendritic Cell Maturation Is Modulated by Leishmania mexicana through Akt Signaling Pathway. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:118. [PMID: 38787051 PMCID: PMC11126033 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) along with macrophages are the main host cells of the intracellular parasite Leishmania. DC traverse a process of maturation, passing through an immature state with phagocytic ability to a mature one where they can modulate the immune response through the secretion of cytokines. Several studies have demonstrated that Leishmania inhibits DC maturation. Nevertheless, when cells are subjected to a second stimulus such as LPS/IFN-γ, they manage to mature. In the maturation process of DC, several signaling pathways have been implicated, importantly MAPK. On the other hand, Akt is a signaling pathway deeply involved in cell survival. Some Leishmania species have shown to activate MAPK and Akt in different cells. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of ERK and Akt in the maturation of monocyte-derived DC (moDC) infected with L. mexicana. moDC were infected with L. mexicana metacyclic promastigotes, and the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt, the expression of MHCII and CD86 and IL-12 transcript, and secretion were determined in the presence or absence of an Akt inhibitor. We showed that L. mexicana induces a sustained Akt and ERK phosphorylation, while the Akt inhibitor inhibits it. Moreover, the infection of moDC downregulates CD86 expression but not MHCII, and the Akt inhibitor reestablishes CD86 expression and 12p40 production. Thus, L. mexicana can modulate DC maturation though Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodríguez-González
- Laboratorio de Estudios Epidemiológicos, Clínicos, Diseños Experimentales e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez, Oaxaca C.P. 68120, Mexico;
| | - Arturo A. Wilkins-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City C.P. 14080, Mexico;
| | - Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City C.P. 14080, Mexico;
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Valério-Bolas A, Meunier M, Palma-Marques J, Rodrigues A, Santos AM, Nunes T, Ferreira R, Armada A, Alves JC, Antunes W, Cardoso I, Mesquita-Gabriel S, Lobo L, Alexandre-Pires G, Marques L, Pereira da Fonseca I, Santos-Gomes G. Exploiting Leishmania-Primed Dendritic Cells as Potential Immunomodulators of Canine Immune Response. Cells 2024; 13:445. [PMID: 38474410 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) capture pathogens and process antigens, playing a crucial role in activating naïve T cells, bridging the gap between innate and acquired immunity. However, little is known about DC activation when facing Leishmania parasites. Thus, this study investigates in vitro activity of canine peripheral blood-derived DCs (moDCs) exposed to L. infantum and L. amazonensis parasites and their extracellular vesicles (EVs). L. infantum increased toll-like receptor 4 gene expression in synergy with nuclear factor κB activation and the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This parasite also induced the expression of class II molecules of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and upregulated co-stimulatory molecule CD86, which, together with the release of chemokine CXCL16, can attract and help in T lymphocyte activation. In contrast, L. amazonensis induced moDCs to generate a mix of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, indicating that this parasite can establish a different immune relationship with DCs. EVs promoted moDCs to express class I MHC associated with the upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and the release of CXCL16, suggesting that EVs can modulate moDCs to attract cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Thus, these parasites and their EVs can shape DC activation. A detailed understanding of DC activation may open new avenues for the development of advanced leishmaniasis control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valério-Bolas
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Meunier
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Palma-Marques
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Armanda Rodrigues
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Santos
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana, 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Telmo Nunes
- Microscopy Center, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Ferreira
- Banco de Sangue Animal (BSA), 4100-462 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Armada
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Alves
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana, 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Wilson Antunes
- Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biológica e Química (UMLDBQ), 1849-012 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Cardoso
- Banco de Sangue Animal (BSA), 4100-462 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Mesquita-Gabriel
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lis Lobo
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Graça Alexandre-Pires
- CIISA, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Marques
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon-FCUL-BioISI Ce3CE, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pereira da Fonseca
- CIISA, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Santos-Gomes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
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Sengupta R, Roy M, Dey NS, Kaye PM, Chatterjee M. Immune dysregulation and inflammation causing hypopigmentation in post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: partners in crime? Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:822-836. [PMID: 37586987 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a heterogeneous dermal sequela of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is challenging in terms of its etiopathogenesis. Hypopigmentation is a consistent clinical feature in PKDL, but mechanisms contributing to the loss of melanocytes remains poorly defined. Like other hypopigmentary dermatoses - for example, vitiligo, psoriasis, and leprosy - the destruction of melanocytes is likely a multifactorial phenomenon, key players being immune dysregulation and inflammation. This review focuses on immunological mechanisms responsible for the 'murder' of melanocytes, prime suspects at the lesional sites being CD8+ T cells and keratinocytes and their criminal tools being proinflammatory cytokines, for example, IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α. Collectively, these may cause decreased secretion of melanocyte growth factors, loss/attenuation of cell adhesion molecules and inflammasome activation, culminating in melanocyte death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Sengupta
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244B AJC Bose Road, Kolkata 700020, India
| | - Madhurima Roy
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244B AJC Bose Road, Kolkata 700020, India
| | - Nidhi S Dey
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Paul M Kaye
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244B AJC Bose Road, Kolkata 700020, India.
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Gu X, Zhao L, Ye J, Chen L, Sui C, Li B, Wang X, Zhang J, Du Y. 1,25(OH) 2D 3 ameliorates doxorubicin‑induced cardiomyopathy by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and oxidative stress. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:413. [PMID: 37559932 PMCID: PMC10407981 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX), as a chemotherapy agent with marked therapeutic effect, can be used to treat certain types of cancer such as leukemia, lymphoma and breast cancer. However, the toxic effects of DOX on cardiomyocytes limit its clinical application. Oxidative stress has been documented to serve a pivotal role in DOX-induced cardiomyopathy. Previous studies have reported that 1,25(OH)2D3 has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and can inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. However, the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the pathophysiological processes of DOX-induced cardiomyopathy and its mechanisms remain poorly understood. To investigate these potential effects, C57BL/6J mice were used to construct a DOX-induced cardiomyopathy model and treated with 1,25(OH)2D3. At 4 weeks after the first injection of DOX, cardiac function and myocardial injury were evaluated by echocardiograph and ELISA. Masson's trichrome staining and RT-qPCR were used to assess myocardial fibrosis, and immunohistochemistry and western blotting were performed to analyze expression levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, and the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. ChIP assay was used to assess the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on histone modification in the NLRP3 and Nrf2 promoters. The results showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment increased LVEF and LVFS, reduced serum levels of BNP and cTnT, inhibited the collagen deposition and profibrotic molecular expression, and downregulated the levels of inflammatory cytokines in DOX-induced cardiomyopathy. ROS and antioxidant indices were also ameliorated after 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 was found to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome and KEAP-Nrf2 pathways through regulation of the levels of H3K4me3, H3K27me3 and H2AK119Ub in the NLRP3 and Nrf2 promoters. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that 1,25(OH)2D3 regulated histone modification in the NLRP3 and Nrf2 promoters, which in turn inhibits the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes, alleviating DOX-induced cardiomyopathy. Therefore, 1,25(OH)2D3 may be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of DOX-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China
| | - Jiabao Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215008, P.R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215008, P.R. China
| | - Chenyan Sui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China
| | - Baihong Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215008, P.R. China
| | - Yingqiang Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215008, P.R. China
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Margaroni M, Agallou M, Vasilakaki A, Karagkouni D, Skoufos G, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Karagouni E. Transcriptional Profiling of Leishmania infantum Infected Dendritic Cells: Insights into the Role of Immunometabolism in Host-Parasite Interaction. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071271. [PMID: 35888991 PMCID: PMC9322131 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are capable of effectively invading dendritic cells (DCs), a cell population orchestrating immune responses against several diseases, including leishmaniasis, by bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Leishmania on the other hand has evolved various mechanisms to subvert DCs activation and establish infection. Thus, the transcriptional profile of DCs derived from bone marrow (BMDCs) that have been infected with Leishmania infantum parasite or of DCs exposed to chemically inactivated parasites was investigated via RNA sequencing, aiming to better understand the host–pathogen interplay. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that L. infantum actively inhibits maturation of not only infected but also bystander BMDCs. Analysis of double-sorted L. infantum infected BMDCs revealed significantly increased expression of genes mainly associated with metabolism and particularly glycolysis. Moreover, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to DC-T cell interactions were also found to be upregulated exclusively in infected BMDCs. On the contrary, transcriptome analysis of fixed parasites containing BMDCs indicated that energy production was mediated through TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, DEGs related to differentiation of DCs leading to activation and differentiation of Th17 subpopulations were detected. These findings suggest an important role of metabolism on DCs-Leishmania interplay and eventually disease establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritsa Margaroni
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (M.A.); (A.V.)
| | - Maria Agallou
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (M.A.); (A.V.)
| | - Athina Vasilakaki
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (M.A.); (A.V.)
| | - Dimitra Karagkouni
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.G.H.)
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Giorgos Skoufos
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.G.H.)
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece
| | - Artemis G. Hatzigeorgiou
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.G.H.)
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (M.A.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-21-0647-8826
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Gonçalves LO, Pulido AFV, Mathias FAS, Enes AES, Carvalho MGR, de Melo Resende D, Polak ME, Ruiz JC. Expression Profile of Genes Related to the Th17 Pathway in Macrophages Infected by Leishmania major and Leishmania amazonensis: The Use of Gene Regulatory Networks in Modeling This Pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:826523. [PMID: 35774406 PMCID: PMC9239034 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.826523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania major are the causative agents of cutaneous and mucocutaneous diseases. The infections‘ outcome depends on host–parasite interactions and Th1/Th2 response, and in cutaneous form, regulation of Th17 cytokines has been reported to maintain inflammation in lesions. Despite that, the Th17 regulatory scenario remains unclear. With the aim to gain a better understanding of the transcription factors (TFs) and genes involved in Th17 induction, in this study, the role of inducing factors of the Th17 pathway in Leishmania–macrophage infection was addressed through computational modeling of gene regulatory networks (GRNs). The Th17 GRN modeling integrated experimentally validated data available in the literature and gene expression data from a time-series RNA-seq experiment (4, 24, 48, and 72 h post-infection). The generated model comprises a total of 10 TFs, 22 coding genes, and 16 cytokines related to the Th17 immune modulation. Addressing the Th17 induction in infected and uninfected macrophages, an increase of 2- to 3-fold in 4–24 h was observed in the former. However, there was a decrease in basal levels at 48–72 h for both groups. In order to evaluate the possible outcomes triggered by GRN component modulation in the Th17 pathway. The generated GRN models promoted an integrative and dynamic view of Leishmania–macrophage interaction over time that extends beyond the analysis of single-gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilane Oliveira Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Grupo Informática de Biossistemas, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andrés F. Vallejo Pulido
- Systems Immunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexandre Estevão Silvério Enes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Grupo Informática de Biossistemas, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela de Melo Resende
- Grupo Genômica Funcional de Parasitos, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marta E. Polak
- Systems Immunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jeronimo C. Ruiz, ; Marta E. Polak,
| | - Jeronimo C. Ruiz
- Grupo Informática de Biossistemas, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Jeronimo C. Ruiz, ; Marta E. Polak,
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Bąska P, Norbury LJ. The Role of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) in the Immune Response against Parasites. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030310. [PMID: 35335634 PMCID: PMC8950322 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system consists of various cells, organs, and processes that interact in a sophisticated manner to defend against pathogens. Upon initial exposure to an invader, nonspecific mechanisms are raised through the activation of macrophages, monocytes, basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, innate lymphoid cells, or natural killer cells. During the course of an infection, more specific responses develop (adaptive immune responses) whose hallmarks include the expansion of B and T cells that specifically recognize foreign antigens. Cell to cell communication takes place through physical interactions as well as through the release of mediators (cytokines, chemokines) that modify cell activity and control and regulate the immune response. One regulator of cell states is the transcription factor Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) which mediates responses to various stimuli and is involved in a variety of processes (cell cycle, development, apoptosis, carcinogenesis, innate and adaptive immune responses). It consists of two protein classes with NF-κB1 (p105/50) and NF-κB2 (p100/52) belonging to class I, and RelA (p65), RelB and c-Rel belonging to class II. The active transcription factor consists of a dimer, usually comprised of both class I and class II proteins conjugated to Inhibitor of κB (IκB). Through various stimuli, IκB is phosphorylated and detached, allowing dimer migration to the nucleus and binding of DNA. NF-κB is crucial in regulating the immune response and maintaining a balance between suppression, effective response, and immunopathologies. Parasites are a diverse group of organisms comprised of three major groups: protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. Each group induces distinct effector immune mechanisms and is susceptible to different types of immune responses (Th1, Th2, Th17). This review describes the role of NF-κB and its activity during parasite infections and its contribution to inducing protective responses or immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Luke J. Norbury
- Department of Biosciences and Food Technology, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
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Bamigbola IE, Ali S. Paradoxical immune response in leishmaniasis: the role of toll-like receptors in disease progression. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12910. [PMID: 35119120 PMCID: PMC9285711 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), members of pattern recognition receptors, are expressed on many cells of the innate immune system and their engagements with antigens regulates specific immune responses. TLRs signalling influences species-specific immune responses during Leishmania infection, thus, TLRs play a decisive role towards elimination or exacerbation of Leishmania infection. To date, there is no single therapeutic or prophylactic approach that fully effective against Leishmaniasis. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms by which Leishmania species evade, or exploit host immune machinery could lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the prevention and management of leishmaniasis. In this review, the role of TLRs in the induction of a paradoxical immune response in leishmaniasis was discussed. This review focuses on highlighting the novel interplay of TLR2/TLR9 driven resistance or susceptibility to 5 clinically important Leishmania species in human. The activation of TLR2/TLR9 can induce a diverse anti-Leishmania activities depending on the species of infecting Leishmania parasite. Infection with L. infantum and L. mexicana initiate TLR2/9 activation leading to host protective immune response while infection with L. major, L. donovani, and L. amazonensis trigger either a TLR2/9 related protective or non-protective immune responses. These findings suggest that TLR2 and TLR9 are targets worth pursuing either for modulation or blockage to trigger host protective immune response towards leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoluwa E Bamigbola
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Selman Ali
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Lecoeur H, Prina E, Gutiérrez-Sanchez M, Späth GF. Going ballistic: Leishmania nuclear subversion of host cell plasticity. Trends Parasitol 2021; 38:205-216. [PMID: 34666937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular parasites have evolved intricate strategies to subvert host cell functions for their own survival. These strategies are particularly damaging to the host if the infection involves immune cells, as illustrated by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania that thrive inside mononuclear phagocytic cells, causing devastating immunopathologies. While the impact of Leishmania infection on host cell phenotype and functions has been well documented, the regulatory mechanisms underlying host cell subversion were only recently investigated. Here we summarize the current knowledge on how Leishmania infection affects host nuclear activities and propose thought-provoking new concepts on the reciprocal relationship between epigenetic and transcriptional regulation in host cell phenotypic plasticity, its potential subversion by the intracellular parasite, and its relevance for host-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Lecoeur
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Eric Prina
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Maria Gutiérrez-Sanchez
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France; UMR 8076 CNRS BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Gerald F Späth
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM U1201, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France.
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Carneiro MB, Peters NC. The Paradox of a Phagosomal Lifestyle: How Innate Host Cell- Leishmania amazonensis Interactions Lead to a Progressive Chronic Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728848. [PMID: 34557194 PMCID: PMC8452962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular phagosomal pathogens represent a formidable challenge for innate immune cells, as, paradoxically, these phagocytic cells can act as both host cells that support pathogen replication and, when properly activated, are the critical cells that mediate pathogen elimination. Infection by parasites of the Leishmania genus provides an excellent model organism to investigate this complex host-pathogen interaction. In this review we focus on the dynamics of Leishmania amazonensis infection and the host innate immune response, including the impact of the adaptive immune response on phagocytic host cell recruitment and activation. L. amazonensis infection represents an important public health problem in South America where, distinct from other Leishmania parasites, it has been associated with all three clinical forms of leishmaniasis in humans: cutaneous, muco-cutaneous and visceral. Experimental observations demonstrate that most experimental mouse strains are susceptible to L. amazonensis infection, including the C57BL/6 mouse, which is resistant to other species such as Leishmania major, Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania infantum. In general, the CD4+ T helper (Th)1/Th2 paradigm does not sufficiently explain the progressive chronic disease established by L. amazonensis, as strong cell-mediated Th1 immunity, or a lack of Th2 immunity, does not provide protection as would be predicted. Recent findings in which the balance between Th1/Th2 immunity was found to influence permissive host cell availability via recruitment of inflammatory monocytes has also added to the complexity of the Th1/Th2 paradigm. In this review we discuss the roles played by innate cells starting from parasite recognition through to priming of the adaptive immune response. We highlight the relative importance of neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells and resident macrophages for the establishment and progressive nature of disease following L. amazonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus B Carneiro
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nathan C Peters
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Pradhan S, Ghosh S, Hussain S, Paul J, Mukherjee B. Linking membrane fluidity with defective antigen presentation in leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12835. [PMID: 33756007 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hampering-surface presentation of immunogenic peptides by class I/II MHCs is a key strategy opted by several intracellular protozoan pathogens including Leishmania to escape CD8/CD4 mediated host-protective T-cell response. Although Leishmania parasites (LP) primarily hijack/inhibit host lysosomal/proteasomal pathways to hamper antigen-processing/presentation machinery, recent pieces of evidence have linked host-membrane fluidity as a major cause of defective antigen presentation in leishmaniasis. Increased membrane fluidity severely compromised peptide-MHC stability in the lipid raft regions, thereby abrogating T-cell mediated-signalling in the infected host. LP primarily achieves this by quenching host cholesterol, which acts as cementing material in maintaining the membrane fluidity. In this review, we have particularly focused on several strategies opted by LP to hijack-host cholesterol resulting in lipid droplets accumulation around leishmania-containing parasitophorous vacuole favouring intracellular survival of LP. In fact, LP infection can result in altered cholesterol and lipid metabolism in the infected host, thereby favouring the establishment and progression of the infection. From our analysis of two genome-wide transcriptomics data sets of LP infected host, we propose a possible molecular network that connects these interrelated events of altered lipid metabolism with eventual compromised antigen presentation, still existing as a gap in our current understanding of Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Pradhan
- School of Medical Science and Technology, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Souradeepa Ghosh
- School of Medical Science and Technology, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Shahbaj Hussain
- School of Medical Science and Technology, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Joydeep Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
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