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Montauti E, Oh DY, Fong L. CD4 + T cells in antitumor immunity. Trends Cancer 2024:S2405-8033(24)00157-2. [PMID: 39242276 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Advances in cancer immunotherapy have transformed cancer care and realized unprecedented responses in many patients. The growing arsenal of novel therapeutics - including immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI), adoptive T cell therapies (ACTs), and cancer vaccines - reflects the success of cancer immunotherapy. The therapeutic benefits of these treatment modalities are generally attributed to the enhanced quantity and quality of antitumor CD8+ T cell responses. Nevertheless, CD4+ T cells are now recognized to play key roles in both the priming and effector phases of the antitumor immune response. In addition to providing T cell help through co-stimulation and cytokine production, CD4+ T cells can also possess cytotoxicity either directly on MHC class II-expressing tumor cells or to other cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The presence of specific populations of CD4+ T cells, and their intrinsic plasticity, within the TME can represent an important determinant of clinical response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies. Understanding how the antitumor functions of specific CD4+ T cell types are induced while limiting their protumorigenic attributes will enable more successful immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Montauti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Y Oh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchison Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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2
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Zhang L, Zhu Q, Zhao Q, Lin X, Song H, Liu H, Zhu G, Lu S, Cao B. Tumor-infiltrating immune cell score as an independent prognostic predictor for endometrial carcinoma: Insights from a comprehensive analysis of the immune landscape. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e1939. [PMID: 38017652 PMCID: PMC10809205 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune cells are crucial components in the tumor microenvironment and have a significant impact on the outcomes of patients. AIMS Here, we aimed to establish a prognostic score based on different types of tumor-infiltrating immune cells for Endometrial Carcinoma (EC). METHODS AND RESULTS We enrolled and analyzed 516 EC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas. The relative abundance of 22 immune cells were estimated by using the CIBERSORTx algorithm. Cox regression was performed to identify potential prognostic immune cells, which were used to develop a Tumor-infiltrating Immune Cell Score (TICS). The prognostic and incremental value of TICS for overall survival were compared with traditional prognostic factors using the C-index and decision curves. Clustering analysis using all immune cells identified three immune landscape subtypes, which had weak correlation with survival. A TICS was constructed using CD8T cells, resting memory CD4 T cells, activated NK and activated DCs, and classified patients as low-, moderate- and high-risk subgroups. The low-risk subgroup had higher tumor mutation burden and activation of IL2/STAT5, IL2/STAT3 and IFN-gamma response pathways. Conversely, the high-risk subgroup was associated with DNA copy number variation, hypoxia and EMT process. The TICS subgroups significantly predicted overall survival, which was independent of patient age, tumor stage, grade and molecular classification. Moreover, we developed a nomogram incorporating TICS and clinicopathologic factors, which significantly improved the predictive accuracy compared to the clinicopathologic model alone. CONCLUSION The TICS is an effective and independent prognostic predictor for EC patients and may serve as a useful supplement to clinicopathological factors and molecular subtyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical CollegeChengdu Medical CollegeChengduChina
| | - Qiaoying Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical CollegeChengdu Medical CollegeChengduChina
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Biobank, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer CenterUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Xueping Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical CollegeChengdu Medical CollegeChengduChina
| | - Hui Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical CollegeChengdu Medical CollegeChengduChina
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer CenterUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Guiquan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shun Lu
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer CenterUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Bangrong Cao
- Department of Biobank, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer CenterUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer CenterUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
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3
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Hsu YC, Huang WC, Kuo CY, Li YS, Cheng SP. Downregulation of cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 fosters epithelial-mesenchymal transition in thyroid cancer. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:1935-1946. [PMID: 37642311 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 (CRABP1) participates in the regulation of retinoid signaling. Previous studies showed conflicting results regarding the role of CRABP1 in tumor biology, including protumorigenic and tumor-suppressive effects in different types of cancer. Our bioinformatics analyses suggested that CRABP1 expression was downregulated in thyroid cancer. Ectopic expression of CRABP1 in thyroid cancer cells suppressed migratory and invasive activity without affecting cell growth or cell cycle distribution. In transformed normal thyroid follicular epithelial cells, silencing of CRABP1 expression increased invasiveness. Additionally, CRABP1 overexpression was associated with downregulation of the mesenchymal phenotype. Kinase phosphorylation profiling indicated that CRABP1 overexpression was accompanied by a decrease in phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and downstream phosphorylation of Akt, STAT3, and FAK, which were reversed by exogenous EGF treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis of our tissue microarrays revealed an inverse association between CRABP1 expression and disease stage of differentiated thyroid cancer. Taken together, our results suggest that CRABP1 expression is aberrantly lost in thyroid cancer, and this downregulation promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition at least partly through modulating EGF receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Huang
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Kuo
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Syuan Li
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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4
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Li XM, Liu SP, Liu DM, Li Y, Cai XM, Su Y, Xie ZF. Identification of disulfidptosis-related genes and immune infiltration in lower-grade glioma. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230825. [PMID: 37900961 PMCID: PMC10612529 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower-grade glioma (LGG), a prevalent malignant tumor in the central nervous system, requires accurate prediction and treatment to prevent aggressive progression. We aimed to explore the role of disulfidptosis-related genes (DRGs) in LGG, a recently discovered form of programmed cell death characterized by abnormal disulfide accumulation. Leveraging public databases, we analyzed 532 LGG tumor tissues (The Cancer Genome Atlas), 1,157 normal samples (Genotype-Tissue Expression), and 21 LGG tumor samples with 8 paired normal samples (GSE16011). Our research uncovered intricate relationships between DRGs and crucial aspects of LGG, including gene expression, immune response, mutation, drug sensitivity, and functional enrichment. Notably, we identified significant heterogeneity among disulfidptosis sub-clusters and elucidated specific differential gene expression in LGG, with myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL1) as a key candidate. Machine learning techniques validated the relevance of MCL1, considering its expression patterns, prognostic value, diagnostic potential, and impact on immune infiltration. Our study offers opportunities and challenges to unravel potential mechanisms underlying LGG prognosis, paving the way for personalized cancer care and innovative immunotherapeutic strategies. By shedding light on DRGs, particularly MCL1, we enhance understanding and management of LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-min Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan-peng Liu
- Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Joint Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-man Liu
- Breast Surgery Clinics, Guangdong Province Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-ming Cai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Su
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-feng Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Hao J, Liu T, Xiu Y, Yuan H, Xu D. High DNA methylation age deceleration defines an aggressive phenotype with immunoexclusion environments in endometrial carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1208223. [PMID: 37388735 PMCID: PMC10303802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1208223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Like telomere shortening, global DNA hypomethylation occurs progressively with cellular divisions or in vivo aging and functions as a mitotic clock to restrain malignant transformation/progression. Several DNA-methylation (DNAm) age clocks have been established to precisely predict chronological age using normal tissues, but show DNAm age drift in tumors, which suggests disruption of this mitotic clock during carcinogenesis. Little is known about DNAm age alterations and biological/clinical implications in endometrial cancer (EC). Here we address these issues by analyzing TCGA and GSE67116 cohorts of ECs. Horvath clock analysis of these tumors unexpectedly revealed that almost 90% of them exhibited DNAm age deceleration (DNAmad) compared to patient chronological age. Combined with an additional clock named Phenoage, we identified a subset of tumors (82/429) with high DNAmad (hDNAmad+) as assessed by both clocks. Clinically, hDNAmad+ tumors were associated with advanced diseases and shorter patient survival, compared to hDNAmad- ones. Genetically, hDNAmad+ tumors were characterized by higher copy number alterations (CNAs) whereas lower tumor mutation burden. Functionally, hDNAmad+ tumors were enriched with cell cycle and DNA mismatch repair pathways. Increased PIK3CA alterations and downregulation of SCGB2A1, the inhibitor of PI3K kinase, in hDNAmad+ tumors, might promote tumor growth/proliferation and stemness. In addition, the inactivation of aging drivers/tumor suppressors (TP53, RB1, and CDKN2A) while enhanced telomere maintenance occurred more frequently in hDNAmad+ tumors, which supports sustained tumor growth. Prominently, hDNAmad+ tumors were featured with immunoexclusion microenvironments, accompanied by significantly higher levels of VTCN1 expression while lower PD-L1 and CTLA4 expression, which indicates their poor response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based immunotherapy. We further showed significantly higher levels of DNMT3A and 3B expression in hDNAmad+ than in hDNAmad- tumors. Thus, the tumor suppressive function of aging-like DNA hypomethylation is severely impaired in hDNAmad+ tumors, likely due to enhanced expression of DNMT3A/3B and dysregulated aging regulators. Our findings not only enrich biological knowledge of EC pathogenesis but also help improve EC risk stratification and precision ICI immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Biomarker and Artificial Intelligence Application, Jinan, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuchen Xiu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huiyang Yuan
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dawei Xu
- Department of Medicine, Bioclinicum and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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Palomero J, Panisello C, Lozano-Rabella M, Tirtakasuma R, Díaz-Gómez J, Grases D, Pasamar H, Arregui L, Dorca Duch E, Guerra Fernández E, Vivancos A, de Andrea CE, Melero I, Ponce J, Vidal A, Piulats JM, Matias-Guiu X, Gros A. Biomarkers of tumor-reactive CD4 + and CD8 + TILs associate with improved prognosis in endometrial cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005443. [PMID: 36581331 PMCID: PMC9806064 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the growing interest in immunotherapeutic interventions for endometrial cancer (EC), the prevalence, phenotype, specificity and prognostic value of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in this tumor type remains unclear. METHODS To better understand the role of TILs in EC, we analyzed the phenotypic traits of CD8+ and CD4+ EC-resident T cells from 47 primary tumors by high-dimensional flow cytometry. In addition, CD8+ and CD4+ TIL subpopulations were isolated based on the differential expression of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) (negative, dim and high) and CD39 (positive or negative) by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), expanded in vitro, and screened for autologous tumor recognition. We further investigated whether phenotypic markers preferentially expressed on CD8+ and CD4+ tumor-reactive TIL subsets were associated with the four distinct molecular subtypes of EC, tumor mutational burden and patient survival. RESULTS We found that CD8+TILs expressing high levels of PD-1 (PD-1hi) co-expressed CD39, TIM-3, HLA-DR and CXCL13, as compared with TILs lacking or displaying intermediate levels of PD-1 expression (PD-1- and PD-1dim, respectively). Autologous tumor reactivity of sorted and in vitro expanded CD8+ TILs demonstrated that the CD8+PD-1dimCD39+ and PD-1hiCD39+ T cell subsets both contained tumor-reactive TILs and that a higher level of PD-1 expression was associated with increased CD39 and a superior frequency of tumor reactivity. With respect to CD4+ T conventional (Tconv) TILs, co-expression of inhibitory and activation markers was more apparent on PD-1hi compared with PD-1- or PD-1dim T cells, and in fact, it was the CD4+PD-1hi subpopulation that accumulated the antitumor T cells irrespective of CD39 expression. Most importantly, detection of CD8+PD-1hiCD39+ and CD4+PD-1hi tumor-reactive T-cell subsets, but also markers specifically expressed by these subpopulations of TILs, that is, PD-1hi, CD39, CXCL13 and CD103 by CD8+ TILs and PD-1hi and CXCL13 by CD4+ Tconv TILs, correlated with prolonged survival of patients with EC. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that EC are frequently infiltrated by tumor-reactive TILs, and that expression of PD-1hi and CD39 or PD-1hi can be used to select and expand CD8+ and CD4+ tumor-reactive TILs, respectively. In addition, biomarkers preferentially expressed on tumor-reactive TILs, rather than the frequency of CD3+, CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes, hold prognostic value suggesting their protective role in antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Palomero
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Panisello
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Lozano-Rabella
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricky Tirtakasuma
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Díaz-Gómez
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniela Grases
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helena Pasamar
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Arregui
- HUB-ICO-IDIBELL Biobank, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Eduard Dorca Duch
- Pathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Ana Vivancos
- Cancer Genomics, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos E de Andrea
- Pathology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ponce
- Department of Gynaecology, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - August Vidal
- Pathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Piulats
- Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL-OncoBell, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Pathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain,Pathology, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, University of LLeida, IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain
| | - Alena Gros
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
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FDCSP Is an Immune-Associated Prognostic Biomarker in HPV-Positive Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101458. [PMID: 36291667 PMCID: PMC9599724 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC) poses a major threat to human life. The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the initiation and progression of HNSC is becoming more widely accepted. HPV-positive (HPV+) HNSC has shown unique responses to cancer therapies, which may be due to differences in immune cell infiltration. It is critical to determine how the immune responses to HPV in HNSC are regulated. Methods: Transcriptome data of HNSC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were analyzed. Then, the CIBERSORT algorithm was used to calculate immune cell infiltration in HNSC. FDCSP expression level was detected by qPCR in the HNSC tissues collected from the Nanfang Hospital. Results: Follicular dendritic cell secreted protein (FDCSP) was highly expressed in HPV+ HNSC, and higher expression of FDSCP was associated with a favorable prognosis. In HPV+ HNSC samples, FDCSP significantly increased the proportion of T follicular helper cells (TFHs). FDCSP expression was also found to be associated with TP53 mutation status in HPV+ HNSC. The function of FDCSP was intimately connected to chemokine pathways, particularly with the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13). We verified that the high expression of FDCSP in HPV+ HNSC and higher FDCSP is closely related to prognosis in HNSC samples we collected by qPCR. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings may provide fresh evidence that FDCSP is a potential chemokine-associated prognostic biomarker in HPV+ HNSC.
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Yaping W, Zhe W, Zhuling C, Ruolei L, Pengyu F, Lili G, Cheng J, Bo Z, Liuyin L, Guangdong H, Yaoling W, Niuniu H, Rui L. The soldiers needed to be awakened: Tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Front Genet 2022; 13:988703. [PMID: 36246629 PMCID: PMC9558824 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.988703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) are a key component. Different types of TIICs play distinct roles. CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells could secrete soluble factors to hinder tumor cell growth, whereas regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) release inhibitory factors to promote tumor growth and progression. In the meantime, a growing body of evidence illustrates that the balance between pro- and anti-tumor responses of TIICs is associated with the prognosis in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, in order to boost anti-tumor response and improve the clinical outcome of tumor patients, a variety of anti-tumor strategies for targeting TIICs based on their respective functions have been developed and obtained good treatment benefits, including mainly immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), adoptive cell therapies (ACT), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and various monoclonal antibodies. In recent years, the tumor-specific features of immune cells are further investigated by various methods, such as using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and the results indicate that these cells have diverse phenotypes in different types of tumors and emerge inconsistent therapeutic responses. Hence, we concluded the recent advances in tumor-infiltrating immune cells, including functions, prognostic values, and various immunotherapy strategies for each immune cell in different tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yaping
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wang Zhe
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chu Zhuling
- Department of General Surgery, Eastern Theater Air Force Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Ruolei
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fan Pengyu
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guo Lili
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ji Cheng
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhang Bo
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Liu Liuyin
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hou Guangdong
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wang Yaoling
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hou Niuniu
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of General Surgery, Eastern Theater Air Force Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hou Niuniu, ; Ling Rui,
| | - Ling Rui
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Hou Niuniu, ; Ling Rui,
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