Tissue-resident memory T cells in the era of (Neo) adjuvant melanoma management

Heterogeneity and plasticity of tissue-resident memory T cells in skin diseases and homeostasis: a review

Skin tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells are produced by antigenic stimulation and remain in the skin for a long time without entering the peripheral circulation. In the healthy state Trm cells can play a patrolling and surveillance role, but in the disease state Trm cells differentiate into various phenotypes associated with different diseases, exhibit different localizations, and consequently have local protective or pathogenic roles, such as disease recurrence in vitiligo and maintenance of immune homeostasis in melanoma. The most common surface marker of Trm cells is CD69/CD103. However, the plasticity of tissue-resident memory T cells after colonization remains somewhat uncertain. This ambiguity is largely due to the variation in the functionality and ultimate destination of Trm cells produced from memory cells differentiated from diverse precursors. Notably, the presence of Trm cells is not stationary across numerous non-lymphoid tissues, most notably in the skin. These cells may reenter the blood and distant tissue sites during the recall response, revealing the recycling and migration potential of the Trm cell progeny. This review focuses on the origin and function of skin Trm cells, and provides new insights into the role of skin Trm cells in the treatment of autoimmune skin diseases, infectious skin diseases, and tumors.

Redox-responsive polymer micelles co-encapsulating immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapeutic agents for glioblastoma therapy

Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) for glioblastoma (GBM) is promising but its clinical efficacy is seriously challenged by the blood-tumor barrier (BTB) and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Here, anti-programmed death-ligand 1 antibodies (aPD-L1) are loaded into a redox-responsive micelle and the ICB efficacy is further amplified by paclitaxel (PTX)-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) via a co-encapsulation approach for the reinvigoration of local anti-GBM immune responses. Consequently, the micelles cross the BTB and are retained in the reductive tumor microenvironment without altering the bioactivity of aPD-L1. The ICB efficacy is enhanced by the aPD-L1 and PTX combination with suppression of primary and recurrent GBM, accumulation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and induction of long-lasting immunological memory in the orthotopic GBM-bearing mice. The co-encapsulation approach facilitating efficient antibody delivery and combining with chemotherapeutic agent-induced ICD demonstrate that the chemo-immunotherapy might reprogram local immunity to empower immunotherapy against GBM.

Ocular surface toxicities associated with modern anticancer therapies

Cancer treatments have recently shifted from broad-spectrum cytotoxic therapies to more focused treatments, maximizing anti-cancerous activity while reducing toxicity to healthy cells. These modern anticancer therapies (MATs) encompass a wide range of innovative molecules that mainly include immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and targeted anticancer therapies (TATs), comprising antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and inhibitors of signal transduction (IST). Some MATs are associated with ocular surface (OS) adverse events (AEs) that can cause severe discomfort and even lead to loss of vision. While these complications remain rare, they're probably underreported. It is likely that both oncologists and ophthalmologists will come across MATs-associated OS-AEs in their practices, due to the increasing number of patients being treated with MATs. Rapid identification of OS-AEs is crucial, as early intervention can manage these conditions to avoid vision loss and reduce negative impacts on quality of life (QoL). We discuss characteristics of OS pathologies attributed to MATs, describe the suspected underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and outline the main lines of treatment.

Functional heterogeneity of human skin-resident memory T cells in health and disease

The human skin is populated by a diverse pool of memory T cells, which can act rapidly in response to pathogens and cancer antigens. Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM ) have been implicated in range of allergic, autoimmune and inflammatory skin diseases. Clonal expansion of cells with TRM properties is also known to contribute to cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Here, we review the heterogeneous phenotypes, transcriptional programs, and effector functions of skin TRM . We summarize recent studies on TRM formation, longevity, plasticity, and retrograde migration and contextualize the findings to skin TRM and their role in maintaining skin homeostasis and altered functions in skin disease.

The diverse effects of transforming growth factor-β and SMAD signaling pathways during the CTL response

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in defense against infections with intracellular pathogens and anti-tumor immunity. Efficient migration is required to locate and destroy infected cells in different regions of the body. CTLs accomplish this task by differentiating into specialized subsets of effector and memory CD8 T cells that traffic to different tissues. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) belongs to a large family of growth factors that elicit diverse cellular responses via canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways. Canonical SMAD-dependent signaling pathways are required to coordinate changes in homing receptor expression as CTLs traffic between different tissues. In this review, we discuss the various ways that TGFβ and SMAD-dependent signaling pathways shape the cellular immune response and transcriptional programming of newly activated CTLs. As protective immunity requires access to the circulation, emphasis is placed on cellular processes that are required for cell-migration through the vasculature.