1
|
Archer SN, Möller-Levet C, Bonmatí-Carrión MÁ, Laing EE, Dijk DJ. Extensive dynamic changes in the human transcriptome and its circadian organization during prolonged bed rest. iScience 2024; 27:109331. [PMID: 38487016 PMCID: PMC10937834 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Physiological and molecular processes including the transcriptome change across the 24-h day, driven by molecular circadian clocks and behavioral and systemic factors. It is not known how the temporal organization of the human transcriptome responds to a long-lasting challenge. This may, however, provide insights into adaptation, disease, and recovery. We investigated the human 24-h time series transcriptome in 20 individuals during a 90-day constant bed rest protocol. We show that the protocol affected 91% of the transcriptome with 76% of the transcriptome still affected after 10 days of recovery. Dimensionality-reduction approaches revealed that many affected transcripts were associated with mRNA translation and immune function. The number, amplitude, and phase of rhythmic transcripts, including clock genes, varied significantly across the challenge. These findings of long-lasting changes in the temporal organization of the transcriptome have implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying health consequences of conditions such as microgravity and bed rest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon N. Archer
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Carla Möller-Levet
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - María-Ángeles Bonmatí-Carrión
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Ciber Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma E. Laing
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research & Technology Centre, Imperial College London & University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fonte C, Jacob P, Vanet A, Ghislin S, Frippiat JP. Hindlimb unloading, a physiological model of microgravity, modifies the murine bone marrow IgM repertoire in a similar manner as aging but less strongly. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:64. [PMID: 37986079 PMCID: PMC10659048 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spaceflight environment is an extreme environment that affects the immune system of approximately 50% of astronauts. With planned long-duration missions, such as the deployment of the Lunar Gateway and possible interplanetary missions, it is mandatory to determine how all components of the immune system are affected, which will allow the establishment of countermeasures to preserve astronaut health. However, despite being an important component of the immune system, antibody-mediated humoral immunity has rarely been investigated in the context of the effects of the space environment. It has previously been demonstrated that 30 days aboard the BION-M1 satellite and 21 days of hindlimb unloading (HU), a model classically used to mimic the effects of microgravity, decrease murine B lymphopoiesis. Furthermore, modifications in B lymphopoiesis reported in young mice subjected to 21 days of HU were shown to be similar to those observed in aged mice (18-22 months). Since the primary antibody repertoire composed of IgM is created by V(D) J recombination during B lymphopoiesis, the objective of this study was to assess the degree of similarity between changes in the bone marrow IgM repertoire and in the V(D)J recombination process in 2.5-month-old mice subjected to 21 days of HU and aged (18 months) mice. RESULTS We found that in 21 days, HU induced changes in the IgM repertoire that were approximately 3-fold less than those in aged mice, which is a rapid effect. Bone remodeling and epigenetics likely mediate these changes. Indeed, we previously demonstrated a significant decrease in tibial morphometric parameters from day 6 of HU and a progressive reduction in these parameters until day 21 of HU, and it has been shown that age and microgravity induce epigenetic changes. CONCLUSION These data reveal novel immune changes that are akin to advanced aging and underline the importance of studying the effects of spaceflight on antibody-mediated humoral immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Fonte
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès, Nancy, France
| | - Pauline Jacob
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès, Nancy, France
| | - Anne Vanet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Ghislin
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès, Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès, Nancy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jacob P, Oertlin C, Baselet B, Westerberg LS, Frippiat JP, Baatout S. Next generation of astronauts or ESA astronaut 2.0 concept and spotlight on immunity. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:51. [PMID: 37380641 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although we have sent humans into space for more than 50 years, crucial questions regarding immune response in space conditions remain unanswered. There are many complex interactions between the immune system and other physiological systems in the human body. This makes it difficult to study the combined long-term effects of space stressors such as radiation and microgravity. In particular, exposure to microgravity and cosmic radiation may produce changes in the performance of the immune system at the cellular and molecular levels and in the major physiological systems of the body. Consequently, abnormal immune responses induced in the space environment may have serious health consequences, especially in future long-term space missions. In particular, radiation-induced immune effects pose significant health challenges for long-duration space exploration missions with potential risks to reduce the organism's ability to respond to injuries, infections, and vaccines, and predispose astronauts to the onset of chronic diseases (e.g., immunosuppression, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, gut dysbiosis). Other deleterious effects encountered by radiation may include cancer and premature aging, induced by dysregulated redox and metabolic processes, microbiota, immune cell function, endotoxin, and pro-inflammatory signal production1,2. In this review, we summarize and highlight the current understanding of the effects of microgravity and radiation on the immune system and discuss knowledge gaps that future studies should address.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Jacob
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christian Oertlin
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Gent University, Gent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Trim WV, Walhin JP, Koumanov F, Turner JE, Shur NF, Simpson EJ, Macdonald IA, Greenhaff PL, Thompson D. The impact of physical inactivity on glucose homeostasis when diet is adjusted to maintain energy balance in healthy, young males. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:532-540. [PMID: 36857962 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS It is unclear if dietary adjustments to maintain energy balance during reduced physical activity can offset inactivity-induced reductions in insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal to produce normal daily glucose concentrations and meal responses. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the impact of long-term physical inactivity (60 days of bed rest) on daily glycemia when in energy balance. METHODS Interstitial glucose concentrations were measured using Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems (CGMS) for 5 days before and towards the end of bed rest in 20 healthy, young males (Age: 34 ± 8 years; BMI: 23.5 ± 1.8 kg/m2). Energy intake was reduced during bed rest to match energy expenditure, but the types of foods and timing of meals was maintained. Fasting venous glucose and insulin concentrations were determined, as well as the change in whole-body glucose disposal using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HIEC). RESULTS Following long-term bed rest, fasting plasma insulin concentration increased 40% (p = 0.004) and glucose disposal during the HIEC decreased 24% (p < 0.001). Interstitial daily glucose total area under the curve (tAUC) from pre-to post-bed rest increased on average by 6% (p = 0.041), despite a 20 and 25% reduction in total caloric and carbohydrate intake, respectively. The nocturnal period (00:00-06:00) showed the greatest change to glycemia with glucose tAUC for this period increasing by 9% (p = 0.005). CGMS measures of daily glycemic variability (SD, J-Index, M-value and MAG) were not changed during bed rest. CONCLUSIONS Reduced physical activity (bed rest) increases glycemia even when daily energy intake is reduced to maintain energy balance. However, the disturbance to daily glucose homeostasis was much more modest than the reduced capacity to dispose of glucose, and glycemic variability was not negatively affected by bed rest, likely due to positive mitigating effects from the contemporaneous reduction in dietary energy and carbohydrate intake. CLINICAL TRIALS RECORD NCT03594799 (registered July 20, 2018) (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03594799).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William V Trim
- University of Bath, Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Philippe Walhin
- University of Bath, Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, United Kingdom
| | - Francoise Koumanov
- University of Bath, Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, United Kingdom
| | - James E Turner
- University of Bath, Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie F Shur
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Simpson
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A Macdonald
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L Greenhaff
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan Thompson
- University of Bath, Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stratis D, Trudel G, Rocheleau L, Pelchat M, Laneuville O. The Characteristic Response of the Human Leukocyte Transcriptome to 60 Days of Bed Rest and to Reambulation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:365-375. [PMID: 36251376 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We sought to isolate the microgravity effect of spaceflight from other space stressors by characterizing the leukocytes' transcriptome of participants to a 60-d bed rest study; an Earth model of microgravity. METHODS Twenty healthy men received a nutritional supplement or not and 10 blood samples were collected throughout three study phases: baseline data collection (BDC) (BDC-12, BDC-11), head-down tilt (HDT) bed rest (HDT1, HDT2, HDT30, HDT60), and reambulation (R1, R2, R12, R30). We measured gene expression through RNA sequencing of leukocytes, applied generalized linear models to assess differential expression followed by enrichment analysis to identify temporal changes (model 1) and to measure the impact of a nutritional supplement (model 2). RESULTS Baseline transcriptomes included 14,624 protein-coding transcripts and showed both high intraindividual correlations (mean Kendall coefficient, 0.91 ± 0.04) and interindividual homogeneity (0.89 ± 0.03). We identified 2415 differentially expressed protein-coding transcripts grouping into six clusters (C1-C6). At phase transitions, clusters showed either a decrease-then-increase (C3 and C5) or an increase-then-decrease (C1, C2, C6) pattern. All six clusters converged toward average expression at HDT30 and HDT60. Gene ontology terms at baseline related to immune functions while in bed rest and reambulation related to sequestration of ions, immune response, cellular stress, and mineralization. The nutritional intervention had no effect. CONCLUSIONS The temporal profiles of leukocytes' transcriptomes emphasized the dynamic nature of gene expression occurring during and after bed rest. Enriched biological processes among the differentially expressed genes included immune related and unrelated responses. The convergence toward no differential expression at days 30 and 60 of bed rest suggests a hypometabolic state. Current findings can guide future work on the complex responses and adaptation mechanisms to microgravity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stratis
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA
| | | | - Lynda Rocheleau
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Martin Pelchat
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jacob P, Bonnefoy J, Ghislin S, Frippiat JP. Long-duration head-down tilt bed rest confirms the relevance of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and suggests coupling it with the platelet to lymphocyte ratio to monitor the immune health of astronauts. Front Immunol 2022; 13:952928. [PMID: 36311805 PMCID: PMC9606754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of safe and easily-determined-inflight biomarkers to monitor the immune system of astronauts is mandatory to ensure their well-being and the success of the missions. In this report, we evaluated the relevance of two biomarkers whose determination could be easily implemented in a spacecraft in the near future by using bedridden volunteers as a ground-based model of the microgravity of spaceflight. Our data confirm the relevance of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and suggest platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) monitoring to assess long-lasting immune diseases. We recommend coupling these ratios to other biomarkers, such as the quantification of cytokines and viral load measurements, to efficiently detect immune dysfunction, determine when countermeasures should be applied to promote immune recovery, prevent the development of disease, and track responses to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Jacob
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Julie Bonnefoy
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Stéphanie Ghislin
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zong B, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang P, Kan G, Li M, Feng J, Wang Y, Chen X, Jin R, Ge Q. Effects of long-term simulated microgravity on liver metabolism in rhesus macaques. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22536. [PMID: 36070186 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200544rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The liver is an essential multifunctional organ and constantly communicates with nearly all the tissues in the body. Spaceflight or simulated microgravity has a significant impact on the livers of rodent models, including lipid accumulation and inflammatory cell infiltration. Whether similar liver lipotoxicity could occur in humans is not known, even though altered circulating cholesterol profile has been reported in astronauts. Using a 42-day head-down bed rest (HDBR) model in rhesus macaques, the present study investigated whether simulated microgravity alters the liver of non-human primates at the transcriptome and metabolome levels. Its association with stress and intestinal changes was also explored. Compared to the controls, the HDBR monkeys showed mild liver injury, elevated ANGPTL3 level in the plasma, and accumulation of fat vacuoles and inflammatory cells in the liver. Altered transcriptome signatures with up-regulation of genes in lipid metabolisms and down-regulation of genes in innate immune defense were also found in HDBR group-derived liver samples. The metabolic profiling of the liver revealed mildly disturbed fatty acid metabolism in the liver of HDBR monkeys. The intestinal dysbiosis, its associated endotoxemia and changes in the composition of bile acids, and elevated stress hormone in HDBR monkeys may contribute to the altered lipid metabolisms in the liver. These data indicate that liver metabolic functions and gut-liver axis should be closely monitored in prolonged spaceflight to facilitate strategy design to improve and maintain metabolic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zong
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Chinese Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghan Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Chinese Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Immunology Research Center, Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Chinese Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.,National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronauts Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Physiotherapeutic Protocol and ZnO Nanoparticles: A Combined Novel Treatment Program against Bacterial Pyomyositis. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101393. [PMID: 36290298 PMCID: PMC9598154 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bacterial infections are among the widely disturbing diseases and leading cause of mortality around the world. Some bacterial strains can invade the skeletal muscles by producing proteolytic enzymes, causing pyomyositis. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) as an effective treatment for bacterial pyomyositis in combination with a physiotherapeutic program (consisting of swimming and a low-level laser treatment (LLLT)). Results revealed the significant and synergistic effect of both ZnO-NPs along with the physiotherapeutic program in enhancing the histoarchitecture, immunity and hemostasis, and some vital physiological biomarkers. This emphasizes the urgency of spreading more awareness about the importance of the combined effect between nanotechnology and physiotherapeutic programs in muscle regeneration after pyomyositis caused by virulent infection with proteolytic bacteria. Abstract Myositis tropicans or pyomyositis is a muscle inflammation resulting from a bacterial infection of skeletal muscle (commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus) that usually leads to hematogenous muscle seeding. The present study was designed to estimate the role of ZnO-NPs and a physiotherapeutic program in the management of induced biceps femoris atrophy in rats through histological, biochemical, and radiological examinations at different time intervals. At the beginning, several bacterial strains were evaluated through a proteolytic enzyme activity assay and the highest activity was recorded with the Staphylococcus aureus strain. ZnO-NPs were synthesized with the arc discharge method with an average size of 19.4 nm. The antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs was investigated and it was revealed that the prepared ZnO-NPs showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 8 µg/mL against the tested bacterium. The cytotoxicity of the prepared ZnO-NPs was tested in C2C12 myoblast cells, and it was elaborated that CC50 was 344.16 µg/mL. Biceps femoris pyomyositis was induced with a potent strain (Staphylococcus aureus); then, a physiotherapeutic program combined with the prepared ZnO-NPs treatment protocol was applied and evaluated. The combined program claimed antibacterial properties, preventing muscle atrophy, and resulted in the most comparable value of muscle mass.
Collapse
|
9
|
Baran R, Wehland M, Schulz H, Heer M, Infanger M, Grimm D. Microgravity-Related Changes in Bone Density and Treatment Options: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158650. [PMID: 35955775 PMCID: PMC9369243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Space travelers are exposed to microgravity (µg), which induces enhanced bone loss compared to the age-related bone loss on Earth. Microgravity promotes an increased bone turnover, and this obstructs space exploration. This bone loss can be slowed down by exercise on treadmills or resistive apparatus. The objective of this systematic review is to provide a current overview of the state of the art of the field of bone loss in space and possible treatment options thereof. A total of 482 unique studies were searched through PubMed and Scopus, and 37 studies met the eligibility criteria. The studies showed that, despite increased bone formation during µg, the increase in bone resorption was greater. Different types of exercise and pharmacological treatments with bisphosphonates, RANKL antibody (receptor activator of nuclear factor κβ ligand antibody), proteasome inhibitor, pan-caspase inhibitor, and interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody decrease bone resorption and promote bone formation. Additionally, recombinant irisin, cell-free fat extract, cyclic mechanical stretch-treated bone mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes, and strontium-containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles also show some positive effects on bone loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronni Baran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (H.S.); (M.I.)
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Herbert Schulz
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (H.S.); (M.I.)
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martina Heer
- IU International University of Applied Sciences, 99084 Erfurt, Germany;
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (H.S.); (M.I.)
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (H.S.); (M.I.)
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|