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Qin Y, Ma J, Vinuesa CG. Monogenic lupus: insights into disease pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2024; 36:191-200. [PMID: 38420886 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to provide an overview of the genes and molecular pathways involved in monogenic lupus, the implications for genome diagnosis, and the potential therapies targeting these molecular mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS To date, more than 30 genes have been identified as contributors to monogenic lupus. These genes are primarily related to complement deficiency, activation of the type I interferon (IFN) pathway, disruption of B-cell and T-cell tolerance and metabolic pathways, which reveal the multifaceted nature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. SUMMARY In-depth study of the causes of monogenic lupus can provide valuable insights into of pathogenic mechanisms of SLE, facilitate the identification of effective biomarkers, and aid in developing therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Qin
- China-Australia Centre for Personalized Immunology (CACPI), Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Jianyang Ma
- China-Australia Centre for Personalized Immunology (CACPI), Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- China-Australia Centre for Personalized Immunology (CACPI), Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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Chen J, Ma W, Yue S, Li D, Chen L, Zhang C, Guan Y, Li C, Jiang C, Liao G, Liang C, Wang H, Tai S. Dual deficiency of melatonin and dihydrotestosterone promotes stromal cell damage and mediates prostatitis via the cGAS-STING pathway in sleep-deprived mice. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:183. [PMID: 38491517 PMCID: PMC10941623 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostatitis is a highly prevalent condition that seriously affects men's physical and mental health. Although epidemiological investigations have provided evidence of a correlation between insufficient sleep and prostatitis, the pathogenesis of prostatitis remains unclear. We sought to identify the underlying mechanism involved and identify a promising therapeutic target. METHODS Sleep deprivation (SD) was utilized to establish a mouse model of insufficient sleep in a special device. Prostatitis was observed at different time points post-SD. The degree of prostatitis was evaluated by pathological section and behavioural tests. Using immunofluorescence, western blot, and proteomic analyses, the underlying mechanism of SD-related prostatitis was investigated, and the development and therapeutic target of prostatitis were elucidated. RESULTS SD, as an initial pathological trigger, resulted in a reduction in dihydrotestosterone and melatonin levels. Proteomic analysis revealed that the cGAS-STING pathway may play a significant role in inducing prostatitis. The subsequent results illustrated that the dual reduction in dihydrotestosterone and melatonin led to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the release of mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA). The accumulation of mt-DNA activated the cGAS-STING pathway, which recruited inflammatory cells into the prostatic stroma through the secretion of interferon-β. Consequently, an inflammatory microenvironment was formed, ultimately promoting the development of prostatitis. Notably, mice with SD-induced prostatitis gradually recovered to a normal state within 7 days of recovery sleep. However, after being subjected to SD again, these mice tended to have a more pronounced manifestation of prostatitis within a shorter timeframe, which suggested that prostatitis is prone to relapse. CONCLUSIONS The cGAS-STING pathway activated by dual deficiency of dihydrotestosterone and melatonin plays a comprehensive inflammatory role in SD-related prostatitis. This research provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis, therapeutic targets, and prevention strategies of prostatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Wenming Ma
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Shaoyu Yue
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yu Guan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Changqin Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Guiyi Liao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China.
| | - Sheng Tai
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China.
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Liu J, Zhou J, Luan Y, Li X, Meng X, Liao W, Tang J, Wang Z. cGAS-STING, inflammasomes and pyroptosis: an overview of crosstalk mechanism of activation and regulation. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:22. [PMID: 38195584 PMCID: PMC10775518 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01466-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular DNA-sensing pathway cGAS-STING, inflammasomes and pyroptosis act as critical natural immune signaling axes for microbial infection, chronic inflammation, cancer progression and organ degeneration, but the mechanism and regulation of the crosstalk network remain unclear. Cellular stress disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis, facilitates the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and the leakage of mitochondrial DNA to cell membrane, triggers inflammatory responses by activating cGAS-STING signaling, and subsequently induces inflammasomes activation and the onset of pyroptosis. Meanwhile, the inflammasome-associated protein caspase-1, Gasdermin D, the CARD domain of ASC and the potassium channel are involved in regulating cGAS-STING pathway. Importantly, this crosstalk network has a cascade amplification effect that exacerbates the immuno-inflammatory response, worsening the pathological process of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Given the importance of this crosstalk network of cGAS-STING, inflammasomes and pyroptosis in the regulation of innate immunity, it is emerging as a new avenue to explore the mechanisms of multiple disease pathogenesis. Therefore, efforts to define strategies to selectively modulate cGAS-STING, inflammasomes and pyroptosis in different disease settings have been or are ongoing. In this review, we will describe how this mechanistic understanding is driving possible therapeutics targeting this crosstalk network, focusing on the interacting or regulatory proteins, pathways, and a regulatory mitochondrial hub between cGAS-STING, inflammasomes, and pyroptosis. SHORT CONCLUSION This review aims to provide insight into the critical roles and regulatory mechanisms of the crosstalk network of cGAS-STING, inflammasomes and pyroptosis, and to highlight some promising directions for future research and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- The Second Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, 315099, China
| | - Yuling Luan
- Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xiangrui Meng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Wenhao Liao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Jianyuan Tang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
| | - Zheilei Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
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Tumminelli C, Pastore S, Taddio A. Chronic limping in childhood, what else other than juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a case series. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2023; 21:142. [PMID: 38001451 PMCID: PMC10668342 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-023-00927-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limping is a common clinical symptom in childhood; different clinical conditions may lead to limping and the diagnosis of the underlying cause may often be a challenge for the pediatrician. CASE PRESENTATION We describe the clinical manifestations, radiological pictures and disease course of other causes of limping in childhood, through a case series of seven cases and a brief discussion of each disease. CONCLUSIONS although trauma is the most common cause of acute limping, when there is no history of traumatic events and the limping has a chronic course, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis is usually the most likely clinical diagnosis. However, other some rare conditions should be taken into account if JIA is not confirmed or if it presents with atypical clinical picture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serena Pastore
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" (IRCCS), Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Taddio
- University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" (IRCCS), Trieste, Italy.
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García-Giménez J, Córdoba-David G, Rayego-Mateos S, Cannata-Ortiz P, Carrasco S, Ruiz-Ortega M, Fernandez-Fernandez B, Ortiz A, Ramos AM. STING1 deficiency ameliorates immune-mediated crescentic glomerulonephritis in mice. J Pathol 2023; 261:309-322. [PMID: 37650295 DOI: 10.1002/path.6177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly progressive/crescentic glomerulonephritis (RPGN/CGN) involves the formation of glomerular crescents by maladaptive differentiation of parietal epithelial cells that leads to rapid loss of renal function. The molecular mechanisms of crescent formation are poorly understood. Therefore, new insights into molecular mechanisms could identify alternative therapeutic targets for RPGN/CGN. Analysis of kidney biopsies from patients with RPGN revealed increased interstitial, glomerular, and tubular expression of STING1, an accessory protein of the c-GAS-dependent DNA-sensing pathway, which was also observed in murine nephrotoxic nephritis induced by an anti-GBM antibody. STING1 was expressed by key cell types involved in RPGN and crescent formation such as glomerular parietal epithelial cells, and tubular cells as well as by inflammation accessory cells. In functional in vivo studies, Sting1-/- mice with nephrotoxic nephritis had lower kidney cytokine expression, milder kidney infiltration by innate and adaptive immune cells, and decreased disease severity. Pharmacological STING1 inhibition mirrored these findings. Direct STING1 agonism in parietal and tubular cells activated the NF-κB-dependent cytokine response and the interferon-induced genes (ISGs) program. These responses were also triggered in a STING1-dependent manner by the pro-inflammatory cytokine TWEAK. These results identify STING1 activation as a pathological mechanism in RPGN/CGN and TWEAK as an activator of STING1. Pharmacological strategies targeting STING1, or upstream regulators may therefore be potential alternatives to treat RPGN. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Giménez
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gina Córdoba-David
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Cannata-Ortiz
- Department of Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Carrasco
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernandez-Fernandez
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián M Ramos
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Huang X, Liu Y, Ling G, Cao X. Mitochondrial Lon protease promotes CD4 + T cell activation by activating the cGAS-STING-TBK1 axis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110519. [PMID: 37531828 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which autoreactive CD4+ T cells play an essential role. We extracted CD4+ T cells from SLE-prone Fcgr2b-/- mice to elaborate the mechanism of mitochondrial Lon protease in CD4+ T cell activation in SLE. Transcriptome sequencing was performed in SLE-prone Fcgr2b-/- mice, and the stimulator of interferon gene (STING) related to SLE was obtained. It was demonstrated that STING expression was elevated in CD4+ T cells in SLE-prone Fcgr2b-/- mice. The downstream genes and pathways of STING were predicted by GO and KEGG approaches. The data indicated that STING regulated IFN signaling to promote CD4+ T cell activation in SLE-prone Fcgr2b-/- mice. Next, the interaction of cGAS, STING, TBK1, and IFN-I was verified by Co-IP assay. Moreover, the roles of cGAS, STING, and TBK1 in activating CD4+ T cells from SLE-prone Fcgr2b-/- mice were evaluated using gain- or loss-of-function experiments. Mechanistically, cGAS upregulated the IFN-I signaling pathway by directly interacting with STING and TBK1, contributing to CD4+ T cell activation. Besides, cytosolic mtDNA could activate CD4+ T cell activation in SLE-prone Fcgr2b-/- mice by upregulating the cGAS-STING-TBK1 axis. The function of mitochondrial Lon protease in oxidative damage and mtDNA release in CD4+ T cells of SLE-prone Fcgr2b-/- mice were explored. Mitochondrial Lon protease enhanced mtDNA release into the cytoplasm under oxidative stress. Collectively, our work indicates that mitochondrial Lon protease enhances CD4+ T cell activation by inducing mtDNA leakage and offers new candidate targets for developing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Guanghui Ling
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Xin Cao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
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Li N, Liu B, He R, Li G, Xiong R, Fu T, Li D, Xu C, Wang B, Geng Q. HDAC3 promotes macrophage pyroptosis via regulating histone deacetylation in acute lung injury. iScience 2023; 26:107158. [PMID: 37404376 PMCID: PMC10316655 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated inflammation and pyroptosis in macrophage are closely associated with acute lung injury (ALI). Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) serves as an important enzyme that could repress gene expression by mediating chromatin remodeling. In this study, we found that HDAC3 was highly expressed in lung tissues of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. Lung tissues from macrophage HDAC3-deficient mice stimulated with LPS showed alleviative lung pathological injury and inflammatory response. HDAC3 silencing significantly blocked the activation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway in LPS-induced macrophage. LPS could recruit HDAC3 and H3K9Ac to the miR-4767 gene promoter, which repressed the expression of miR-4767 to promote the expression of cGAS. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that HDAC3 played a pivotal role in mediating pyroptosis in macrophage and ALI by activating cGAS/STING pathway through its histone deacetylation function. Targeting HDAC3 in macrophage may provide a new therapeutic target for the prevention of LPS-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Bohao Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ruyuan He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Guorui Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Tinglv Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Donghang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Chenzhen Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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Chauhan C, Kaundal RK. Understanding the role of cGAS-STING signaling in ischemic stroke: a new avenue for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1133-1149. [PMID: 37537969 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2244409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemic stroke is a significant global health challenge with limited treatment options. Neuroinflammation, driven by microglial activation, plays a critical role in stroke pathophysiology. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway has emerged as a key player in microglial activation, sterile neuroinflammation, and cell death following stroke. Understanding the interplay between this pathway and stroke pathophysiology is crucial for exploring newer therapeutics for stroke patients. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the pivotal role of the cGAS-STING pathway in ischemic stroke. It explores the interplay between cGAS-STING activation, neuroinflammation, microglia activation, M2 polarization, neutrophil infiltration, and cytokine release. Additionally, the authors examine its contributions to various cell death programs (pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, lysosomal cell death, autophagy, and ferroptosis). The review summarizes recent studies on targeting cGAS-STING signaling in stroke, highlighting the therapeutic potential of small molecule inhibitors and RNA-based approaches in mitigating neuroinflammation, preventing cell death, and improving patient outcomes. EXPERT OPINION Understanding cGAS-STING signaling in ischemic stroke offers an exciting avenue for drug discovery. Targeting this pathway holds promise for developing novel therapeutics that effectively mitigate neuroinflammation, prevent cell death, and enhance patient outcomes. Further research and development of therapeutic strategies are warranted to fully exploit the potential of this pathway as a therapeutic target for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Chauhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, India
| | - Ravinder Kumar Kaundal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, India
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Wallace DJ. Progress toward Better Treatment of Lupus. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:939-940. [PMID: 36069878 DOI: 10.1056/nejme2208772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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