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Sartoris S, Del Pozzo G. Exploring the HLA complex in autoimmunity: From the risk haplotypes to the modulation of expression. Clin Immunol 2024:110266. [PMID: 38851519 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The genes mapping at the HLA region show high density, strong linkage disequilibrium and high polymorphism, which affect the association of HLA class I and class II genes with autoimmunity. We focused on the HLA haplotypes, genomic structures consisting of an array of specific alleles showing some degrees of genetic association with different autoimmune disorders. GWASs in many pathologies have identified variants in either the coding loci or the flanking regulatory regions, both in linkage disequilibrium in haplotypes, that are frequently associated with increased risk and may influence gene expression. We discuss the relevance of the HLA gene expression because the level of surface heterodimers determines the number of complexes presenting self-antigen and, thus, the strength of pathogenic autoreactive T cells immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sartoris
- Dept. of Medicine, Section of Immunology University of Verona School of Medicine, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Del Pozzo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso" National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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Floreani A, Gabbia D, De Martin S. Are Gender Differences Important for Autoimmune Liver Diseases? Life (Basel) 2024; 14:500. [PMID: 38672770 PMCID: PMC11050899 DOI: 10.3390/life14040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gender Medicine has had an enormous expansion over the last ten years. Autoimmune liver diseases include several conditions, i.e., autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and conditions involving the liver or biliary tree overlapping with AIH, as well as IgG4-related disease. However, little is known about the impact of sex in the pathogenesis and natural history of these conditions. The purpose of this review is to provide an update of the gender disparities among the autoimmune liver diseases by reviewing the data published from 1999 to 2023. The epidemiology of these diseases has been changing over the last years, due to the amelioration of knowledge in their diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment. The clinical data collected so far support the existence of sex differences in the natural history of autoimmune liver diseases. Notably, their history could be longer than that which is now known, with problems being initiated even at a pediatric age. Moreover, gender disparity has been observed during the onset of complications related to end-stage liver disease, including cancer incidence. However, there is still an important debate among researchers about the impact of sex and the pathogenesis of these conditions. With this review, we would like to emphasize the urgency of basic science and clinical research to increase our understanding of the sex differences in autoimmune liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarosa Floreani
- Scientific Consultant IRCCS Negrar, 37024 Verona, Italy
- University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Gabbia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (D.G.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Sara De Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (D.G.); (S.D.M.)
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Lundberg Båve A, von Seth E, Ingre M, Nordenvall C, Bergquist A. Autoimmune diseases in primary sclerosing cholangitis and their first-degree relatives. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00781. [PMID: 38441983 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, there is limited overlap between IBD and PSC risk genes, but a stronger association between PSC and other autoimmune conditions. We aimed to assess the coexistence and familial association of autoimmune disorders in PSC, and the influence of autoimmune comorbidity on severe outcomes. APPROACH AND RESULTS In a matched cohort study, 1378 individuals with PSC and 13,549 general population comparators and their first-degree relatives were evaluated. National registries provided data on diagnoses and outcomes (liver transplantation, hepatobiliary cancer, and liver-related death). The OR of autoimmune disease was estimated by logistic regression. The Fine and Gray competing risk regression estimated HRs for severe outcomes. The prevalence of non-IBD, non-autoimmune hepatitis, and autoimmune disease was 18% in PSC and 11% in comparators, OR: 1.77 (95% CI: 1.53-2.05). Highest odds were seen for celiac disease [OR: 4.36 (95% CI: 2.44-7.49)], sarcoidosis [OR: 2.74 (95% CI: 1.29-5.33)], diabetes type 1 [OR: 2.91 (95% CI: 2.05-4.05)], and autoimmune skin disease [OR: 2.15 (95% CI: 1.52-2.96)]. First-degree relatives of individuals with PSC had higher odds of developing IBD, autoimmune hepatitis, and any autoimmune disease than relatives of the comparators [OR: 3.25 (95% CI: 2.68-3.91); OR: 5.94 (95% CI: 2.82-12.02); OR: 1.34 (95% CI: 1.19-1.50)]. Autoimmune comorbidity in PSC was not associated with poorer outcomes [HR: 0.96 (95% CI: 0.71-1.28)]. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with PSC and their first-degree relatives had higher odds of autoimmune disease compared to matched comparators. This finding provides validation for prior genetic discoveries at a phenotypic level. Autoimmune comorbidity did not impact severe outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiva Lundberg Båve
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Upper GI Disease, Division of Hepatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik von Seth
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Upper GI Disease, Division of Hepatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Ingre
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Upper GI Disease, Division of Hepatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Nordenvall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pelvic Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Bergquist
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Upper GI Disease, Division of Hepatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jordi SBU, Misselwitz B. Refining the Concept of Microscopic Colitis: HLA Signatures Discriminating Collagenous and Lymphocytic Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2024; 18:339-340. [PMID: 38174741 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bruno Ulrich Jordi
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Misselwitz
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Floreani A, Gabbia D, De Martin S. Current Perspectives on the Molecular and Clinical Relationships between Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2194. [PMID: 38396870 PMCID: PMC10888596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterised by the immune-mediated destruction of small and medium intrahepatic bile ducts, with variable outcomes and progression. This review summarises the state of the art regarding the risk of neoplastic progression in PBC patients, with a particular focus on the molecular alterations present in PBC and in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the most frequent liver cancer in these patients. Major risk factors are male gender, viral infections, e.g., HBV and HCV, non-response to UDCA, and high alcohol intake, as well as some metabolic-associated factors. Overall, HCC development is significantly more frequent in patients with advanced histological stages, being related to liver cirrhosis. It seems to be of fundamental importance to unravel eventual dysfunctional molecular pathways in PBC patients that may be used as biomarkers for HCC development. In the near future, this will possibly take advantage of artificial intelligence-designed algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarosa Floreani
- University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
- Scientific Consultant IRCCS Negrar, 37024 Verona, Italy
| | - Daniela Gabbia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Sara De Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
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Sun C, Zhu D, Zhu Q, He Z, Lou Y, Chen D. The significance of gut microbiota in the etiology of autoimmune hepatitis: a narrative review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1337223. [PMID: 38404291 PMCID: PMC10884129 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1337223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the liver that is mediated by autoimmunity and has complex pathogenesis. Its prevalence has increased globally. Since the liver is the first organ to be exposed to harmful substances, such as gut-derived intestinal microbiota and its metabolites, gut health is closely related to liver health, and the "liver-gut axis" allows abnormalities in the gut microbiota to influence the development of liver-related diseases such as AIH. Changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and its resultant disruption of the intestinal barrier and microbial transport are involved in multiple ways in the disruption of immune homeostasis and inflammation, thereby influencing the development of AIH. In terms of the mechanisms involved in immune, the gut microbiota or its metabolites, which is decreased in secondary bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and polyamines, and increased in lipopolysaccharide (LPS), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), tryptophan metabolite, amino acid, and bile acid, can disrupt immune homeostasis by activating various immune cells and immune-related signaling pathways, resulting in aberrant activation of the immune system. Clarifying this mechanism has significant clinical implications for the treatment of AIH with drugs that target intestinal microbiota and related signaling pathways. Therefore, this narrative review summarizes the progress in exploring the involvement of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of AIH, with the aim of helping to improve the precise targeting of therapeutic treatments against AIH for the benefit of clinical AIH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sun
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongzi Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeping He
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichao Lou
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Desheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yuming Z, Ruqi T, Gershwin ME, Xiong M. Autoimmune Hepatitis: Pathophysiology. Clin Liver Dis 2024; 28:15-35. [PMID: 37945156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association analyses suggest that HLA genes including HLA-DRB*0301, HLA-DRB*0401, and HLA-B*3501 as well as non-HLA genes including CD28/CTLA4/ICOS and SYNPR increased AIH susceptibility. The destruction of hepatocytes is the result of the imbalance between proinflammatory cells and immunosuppressive cells, especially the imbalance between Tregs and Th17 cells. The microbiome in patients with AIH is decreased in diversity with a specific decline in Bifidobacterium and enrichment in Veillonella and Faecalibacterium. Recent evidence has demonstrated the pathogenic role of E. gallinarum and L.reuteri in inducing autoimmunity in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yuming
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Tang Ruqi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Merrill Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Ma Xiong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, China; Institute of Aging & Tissue Regeneration, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Yang J, Ma G, Wang K, Yang H, Jiang S, Fan Q, Zhou X, Guo G, Han Y. Causal associations between gut microbiota and Cholestatic liver diseases: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1342119. [PMID: 38327703 PMCID: PMC10847275 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1342119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The etiological factors of Cholestatic Liver Diseases especially primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are not fully illustrated. It has been reported in previous observational studies that gut microbiota are associated with cholestatic liver diseases. However, there is uncertainty regarding the causality of this association. By using Mendelian randomization, this study aimed to examine the causal impact of gut microbiota on cholestatic liver diseases. Methods From large-scale genome-wide association studies, genetic instruments for each gut microbiota taxa as well as primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis were developed. Subsequently, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis, supplemented by multiple post hoc sensitivity analyses. Additionally, we performed reverse MR analyses to investigate the possibility of the reverse causal association. Result This two-sample MR study indicated that the order Bacillales, family Peptostreptococcaceae, family Ruminococcaceae, genus Anaerotruncu was associated with a decreased risk of developing PBC, and that order Selenomonadales, family Bifidobacteriaceae may be factors that increase the risk of PBC. On the other hand, we also identified order Selenomonadales, family Rhodospirillaceae, and genus RuminococcaceaeUCG013 were positively associated with PSC. The order Actinomycetales, family Actinomycetaceae, genus Actinomyces, genus Alloprevotella, genus Barnesiella, and genus Peptococcus were found negative associations with the risk of PSC. The reverse MR analysis demonstrated no statistically significant relationship between PBC, PSC and these specific gut microbial taxa. Conclusion Our findings offered novel evidence that the abundance of particular bacteria contributes to the risk of PBC and PSC, which may contribute to more effective approaches to PBC and PSC therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guanya Guo
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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Stasiak M, Zawadzka-Starczewska K, Tymoniuk B, Stasiak B, Lewiński A. Associations between Lipid Profiles and Graves' Orbitopathy can Be HLA-Dependent. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1209. [PMID: 37372389 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is related to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) profile and was demonstrated to be increased in patients with elevated total cholesterol (TC) and/or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. We hypothesized that there were some HLA alleles that were related to both GO and TC and/or LDL levels. Therefore, the aim of the study was to compare the TC/LDL results in patients in whom GO-related HLA alleles were present to those in whom they did not occur. HLA classes were genotyped using a next-generation sequencing method in 118 patients with Graves' disease (GD), including 63 and 55 patients with and without GO, respectively. Lipid profiles were assessed at the time of the GD diagnosis. A significant correlation between the presence of GO high-risk alleles (HLA-B*37:01 and C*03:02) and higher TC/LDL levels was found. Additionally, the presence of alleles associated with non-GO GD (HLA-C*17:01 and B*08:01), as well as alleles in linkage disequilibrium with B*08:01 (i.e., HLA-DRB1*03:01 and DQB1*02:01), was correlated with lower TC levels. These results further confirm the significance of TC/LDL in the risk of GO development and provide evidence that associations between TC/LDL and GO can be HLA-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Stasiak
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 281/289 Rzgowska St., 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zawadzka-Starczewska
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 281/289 Rzgowska St., 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bogusław Tymoniuk
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Stasiak
- Institute of Information Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 215 Wolczanska St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewiński
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 281/289 Rzgowska St., 93-338 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 281/289 Rzgowska St., 93-338 Lodz, Poland
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Ghozzi M, Mankai A, Zneidi I, Manoubi W, Melayah S, Mechi F, Trabelsi A, Ghedira I. Serological markers of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with primary biliary cholangitis and the vice versa: A Tunisian study. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152398. [PMID: 37269587 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease of the liver characterized by destructive lymphocytic cholangitis and anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA). Anti-gp210 and anti-Sp100, are used for the diagnosis of PBC in AMA-negative PBC patients. Patients with PBC have a propensity to have an extrahepatic manifestation which is especially autoimmune. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the frequency of serological markers of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (CCP-Ab or RF) in PBC patients and to do the vice versa. METHODS Our PBC study included 70 patients with PBC and 80 healthy blood donors (HBD) and our RA study included 75 patients with RA and 75 HBD. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (CCP-Ab) and rheumatoid factor (RF) were performed by indirect ELISA. AMA, anti-Sp100 and anti-gp210 were determined by indirect immunofluorescence. RESULTS RA autoantibodies (CCP-Ab or RF) were more frequent in PBC patients than in HBD (65.7% vs. 8.7% p 〈10-6). CCP-Ab were significantly more frequent in patients than in controls (15.7% vs. 2.5%; p = 0.004). Nine patients had both CCP-Ab and RF vs. none of controls (12.8% vs. 0%; p = 0.001). RF were detected in 45 patients with PBC and in 5 HBD (64.3% vs. 6.2%; p 〈10-6). In PBC patients, RF were more frequent than CCP-Ab (64.3% vs. 15.7%; p 〈10-6). RF-IgG were present in 18.5% of patients; RF-immunoglobulin (Ig) A in 34.3% and RF-IgM in 54.3%. These frequencies were significantly higher than those found in control group (1.2% for RF-IgG (p 〈10-3); 0% for RF-IgA (p 〈10-6); and 6.2% for RF-IgM (p 〈10-6)). In our PBC patients, RF-IgA were more frequent than RF-IgG (34.3% vs. 18.5%; p = 0.03) and than CCP-Ab (34.3% vs. 15.7%; p = 0.01). Six patients had only RF-IgA versus none of the control group (8.6% vs. 0%; p = 0.01). AMA, anti-Sp100 and anti-gp 210 were absent in all RA patients. CONCLUSIONS Serological markers of RA were more frequent in PBC patients than in HBD and the vice versa was not true.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Ghozzi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia; Research Laboratory for "Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections" (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Amani Mankai
- High School of Sciences and Techniques of Health, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia; Research Unit "Obesity: Etiopathology and Treatment, UR18ES01", National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Inssaf Zneidi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Wiem Manoubi
- Erasmus University Medical Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarra Melayah
- Laboratory of Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia; LR12SP11, Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Mechi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhalim Trabelsi
- Research Laboratory for "Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections" (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ibtissem Ghedira
- Laboratory of Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Wang J, Sun Z, Xie J, Ji W, Cui Y, Ai Z, Liang G. Inflammasome and pyroptosis in autoimmune liver diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1150879. [PMID: 36969233 PMCID: PMC10030845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1150879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) are the four main forms of autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs), which are all defined by an aberrant immune system attack on the liver. Most previous studies have shown that apoptosis and necrosis are the two major modes of hepatocyte death in AILDs. Recent studies have reported that inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis is critical for the inflammatory response and severity of liver injury in AILDs. This review summarizes our present understanding of inflammasome activation and function, as well as the connections among inflammasomes, pyroptosis, and AILDs, thus highlighting the shared features across the four disease models and gaps in our knowledge. In addition, we summarize the correlation among NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the liver-gut axis, liver injury, and intestinal barrier disruption in PBC and PSC. We summarize the differences in microbial and metabolic characteristics between PSC and IgG4-SC, and highlight the uniqueness of IgG4-SC. We explore the different roles of NLRP3 in acute and chronic cholestatic liver injury, as well as the complex and controversial crosstalk between various types of cell death in AILDs. We also discuss the most up-to-date developments in inflammasome- and pyroptosis-targeted medicines for autoimmune liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixuan Wang
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiwen Sun
- Department of Liver, Spleen and Stomach Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jingri Xie
- Department of Liver, Spleen and Stomach Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wanli Ji
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Cui
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zongxiong Ai
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Guoying Liang, ; Zongxiong Ai,
| | - Guoying Liang
- Department of Liver, Spleen and Stomach Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Guoying Liang, ; Zongxiong Ai,
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A Novel Synbiotic Alleviates Autoimmune Hepatitis by Modulating the Gut Microbiota-Liver Axis and Inhibiting the Hepatic TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway. mSystems 2023; 8:e0112722. [PMID: 36794950 PMCID: PMC10134874 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01127-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a liver disease characterized by chronic liver inflammation. The intestinal barrier and microbiome play critical roles in AIH progression. AIH treatment remains challenging because first-line drugs have limited efficacy and many side effects. Thus, there is growing interest in developing synbiotic therapies. This study investigated the effects of a novel synbiotic in an AIH mouse model. We found that this synbiotic (Syn) ameliorated liver injury and improved liver function by reducing hepatic inflammation and pyroptosis. The Syn reversed gut dysbiosis, as indicated by an increase in beneficial bacteria (e.g., Rikenella and Alistipes) and a decrease in potentially harmful bacteria (e.g., Escherichia-Shigella) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-bearing Gram-negative bacterial levels. The Syn maintained intestinal barrier integrity, reduced LPS, and inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB and NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway. In addition, microbiome phenotype prediction by BugBase and bacterial functional potential prediction using Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) showed that Syn improved gut microbiota function involving inflammatory injury, metabolism, immune response, and pathopoiesia. Furthermore, the new Syn was as effective as prednisone against AIH. Therefore, this novel Syn could be a candidate drug for alleviating AIH through its anti-inflammatory and antipyroptosis properties that relieve endothelial dysfunction and gut dysbiosis. IMPORTANCE Synbiotics can ameliorate liver injury and improve liver function by reducing hepatic inflammation and pyroptosis. Our data indicate that our new Syn not only reverses gut dysbiosis by increasing beneficial bacteria and decreasing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-bearing Gram-negative bacteria but also maintains intestinal barrier integrity. Thus, its mechanism might be associated with modulating gut microbiota composition and intestinal barrier function by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3/pyroptosis signaling pathway in the liver. This Syn is as effective as prednisone in treating AIH without side effects. Based on these findings, this novel Syn represents a potential therapeutic agent for AIH in clinical practice.
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Leone P, Racanelli V. Editorial: Targeting antigen processing and presentation in autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1055152. [PMID: 36311705 PMCID: PMC9608642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1055152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Matthews PC, Campbell C, Săndulescu O, Matičič M, Ruta SM, Rivero-Juárez A, van Welzen BJ, Tan BK, Garcia F, Gherlan GS, Çınar G, Hasanoğlu İ, Gmizić I, Nicolini LA, Santos L, Sargsyants N, Velikov P, Habibović S, Fourati S, Židovec-Lepej S, Herder V, Dudman S, Miron VD, Irving W, Şahin GÖ. Acute severe hepatitis outbreak in children: A perfect storm. What do we know, and what questions remain? Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1062408. [PMID: 36506522 PMCID: PMC9732095 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1062408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first half of 2022, the World Health Organization reported an outbreak of acute severe hepatitis of unknown aetiology (AS-Hep-UA) in children, following initial alerts from the United Kingdom (UK) where a cluster of cases was first observed in previously well children aged <6 years. Sporadic cases were then reported across Europe and worldwide, although in most countries incidence did not increase above the expected baseline. There were no consistent epidemiological links between cases, and microbiological investigations ruled out known infectious causes of hepatitis. In this review, we explore the evidence for the role of viral infection, superimposed on a specific host genetic background, as a trigger for liver pathology. This hypothesis is based on a high prevalence of Human Adenovirus (HAdV) 41F in affected children, together with metagenomic evidence of adeno-associated virus (Adeno-associated viruses)-2, which is a putative trigger for an immune-mediated liver injury. Roles for superantigen-mediated pathology have also been explored, with a focus on the potential contribution of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Affected children also had a high frequency of the MHC allele HLA-DRB1*04:01, supporting an immunological predisposition, and may have been vulnerable to viral coinfections due to disruption in normal patterns of exposure and immunity as a result of population lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic. We discuss areas of ongoing uncertainty, and highlight the need for ongoing scrutiny to inform clinical and public health interventions for this outbreak and for others that may evolve in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa C Matthews
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cori Campbell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Oana Săndulescu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Infectious Diseases-Prof. Dr. Matei Balş, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mojca Matičič
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Illnesses, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Maria Ruta
- Virology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juárez
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Berend Joost van Welzen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Boun Kim Tan
- INSERM U1052, Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Federico Garcia
- Microbiology Department, Instituto de Investigacion Ibs.Granada and Ciber de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), University Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - George Sebastian Gherlan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, "Dr. Victor Babes" Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Güle Çınar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İmran Hasanoğlu
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ivana Gmizić
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Laura Ambra Nicolini
- Division of Infectious Diseases , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Lurdes Santos
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases R&D, Infectious Diseases Intensive Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovaçãoem Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Narina Sargsyants
- Ministry of Health, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Petar Velikov
- Infectious Diseases Hospital Prof. Ivan Kirov and Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Selma Habibović
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Institute Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | - Slim Fourati
- Department of Virology, INSERM, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Snježana Židovec-Lepej
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr Fran Mihaljevic", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Dudman
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Victor Daniel Miron
- National Institute for Mother and Child Health "Alessandrescu-Rusescu", Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - William Irving
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gülşen Özkaya Şahin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Clinical Microbiology, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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