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Hong M, Huang X, Zhu H, Ma J, Li F. The role of circular RNA in immune response to tuberculosis and its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target. Front Immunol 2025; 16:1542686. [PMID: 40308608 PMCID: PMC12040640 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1542686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a new type of non-coding RNA that has gained significant attention in recent years, especially in tuberculosis research. Tuberculosis poses a major global public health threat. Its complex pathological mechanisms and worsening drug resistance urgently necessitate new research breakthroughs. The role of circRNA in mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is being gradually revealed, highlighting its importance in regulating gene expression, immune response, and inflammation. Additionally, researchers are interested in circRNA because of its potential for early tuberculosis diagnosis and its role as a biomarker. This article systematically analyzes existing literature to provide new insights into early tuberculosis diagnosis and personalized treatment. We also emphasize the need for future research to enhance the application of circRNA in tuberculosis prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Hong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Huang
- Nantong Institute of Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiming Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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Zhu Y, Zhang L, Wang Z, Li T, Chen Y, Lu L, Liu H, Kong D, Peng Y, Chen X, Hu C, Chen H, Guo A. Circular RNA ZNF277 Sponges miR-378d to Inhibit the Intracellular Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Upregulating Rab10. Cells 2025; 14:262. [PMID: 39996735 PMCID: PMC11853707 DOI: 10.3390/cells14040262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2025] [Revised: 01/29/2025] [Accepted: 02/10/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently closed non-coding RNAs formed by back-splicing, lacking a 5' cap and poly-A tail. They could act as important regulatory factors in the host's anti-tuberculosis immune process, but only a few have been identified, and their molecular mechanisms remain largely unclear. Here, we identified a novel circRNA, circ-ZNF277, which responds to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in THP-1 cells. Circ-ZNF277 binds microRNA-378d (miR-378d) in vivo. The expression level of circ-ZNF277 affects the clearance of the intracellular Mtb in THP-1 cells. Mechanistically, more circ-ZNF277 molecules could absorb more miR-378d, thereby competitively activating the NF-κB signaling pathway, promoting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukins IL-1β and IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inhibiting the survival of intracellular Mtb. Expressing miR-378d or si-Rab10 targeting the transcription of Rab10 could antagonize the effects of overexpression of circ-ZNF277, resulting in the reduced intracellular survival of Mtb. In summary, circ-ZNF277 inhibits the intracellular survival of Mtb via the miR-378d/Rab10 axis. This finding represents a novel mechanism of circular RNA in regulating host immune responses during Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.C.)
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.C.)
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.C.)
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ting Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.C.)
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.C.)
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lu Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.C.)
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Han Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.C.)
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Delai Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.C.)
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongchong Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.C.)
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.C.)
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.C.)
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.C.)
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.C.)
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Li Z, Gao Y, Zhang B, Dong W, Xi Y, Li Y, Cui J. circRNA_SLC8A1 promotes the survival of mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages by upregulating expression of autophagy-related protein SQSTM1/p62 to activate the NF-κB pathway. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5233. [PMID: 38433218 PMCID: PMC10909944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages act as the first immune defense line of the host against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). A previous study showed that circRNA_SLC8A1 was significantly upregulated in Mtb-infected macrophages, but its regulatory mechanism in anti-tuberculosis infection is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of circRNA_SLC8A1 in the anti-tuberculosis activity of macrophages. We showed that circRNA_SLC8A1 was upregulated in tuberculosis patients. Moreover, the binding sites of miR-20b-5p on circRNA_SLC8A1 and Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) mRNA were predicted by StarBase and verified by the double luciferase reporter gene assay. Next, we found that miR-20b-5p expression was decreased, while SQSTM1 protein expression was increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner in the human macrophage U937 in response to Mtb infection. Furthermore, circRNA_SLC8A1 overexpression vector (circRNA_SLC8A1) or shRNA (sh-circRNA_SLC8A1) and/or miR-20b-5p mimic or inhibitor and/or SQSTM1 overexpression vector (SQSTM1) or small interfering RNA (si-SQSTM1) or its corresponding control were transfected into Mtb-infected macrophages. Results showed that overexpression of circRNA_SLC8A1 or miR-20b-5p inhibitor promoted the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, increased Nitric Oxide (NO) content and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, inhibited Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Cleaved-caspase-3 protein expression, and cell apoptosis, and promoted Mtb survival. Silencing SQSTM1 inhibited secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and activation of the NF-κB pathway. Overexpression of miR-20b-5p blocked the promoting of circ-SLC8A1 on SQSTM1 protein expression. In summary, circRNA_SLC8A1 sponged miR-20b-5p to upregulate SQSTM1/p62 expression and promoted Mtb survival in macrophages through the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyun Li
- Department of Tuberculosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Tuberculosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China
| | - Bianfang Zhang
- Department of Tuberculosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Tuberculosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China
| | - Yuling Xi
- Clinical Pharmacy Office, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China
| | - Junwei Cui
- Department of Tuberculosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China.
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Zhu Y, Kong D, Wang Z, Li T, Tang T, Peng Y, Hu C, Chao J, Chen H, Chen Y, Guo A. Identification of Differential Circular RNA Expression Profiles and Functional Networks in Human Macrophages Induced by Virulent and Avirulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17561. [PMID: 38139387 PMCID: PMC10744075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are noncoding RNAs with diverse functions. However, most Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb)-related circRNAs remain undiscovered. In this study, we infected THP-1 cells with virulent and avirulent M.tb strains and then sequenced the cellular circRNAs. Bioinformatic analysis predicted 58,009 circRNAs in all the cells. In total, 2035 differentially expressed circRNAs were identified between the M.tb-infected and uninfected THP-1 cells and 1258 circRNAs were identified in the virulent and avirulent M.tb strains. Further, the top 10 circRNAs were confirmed by Sanger sequencing, among which four circRNAs, namely circSOD2, circCHSY1, circTNFRSF21, and circDHTKD1, which were highly differentially expressed in infected cells compared with those in uninfected cells, were further confirmed by ring formation, specific primers, and RNase R digestion. Next, circRNA-miRNA-mRNA subnetworks were constructed, such as circDHTKD1/miR-660-3p/IL-12B axis. Some of the individual downstream genes, such as miR-660-3p and IL-12B, were previously reported to be associated with cellular defense against pathological processes induced by M.tb infection. Because macrophages are important immune cells and the major host cells of M.tb, these findings provide novel ideas for exploring the M.tb pathogenesis and host defense by focusing on the regulation of circRNAs during M.tb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (T.L.)
- National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Delai Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (T.L.)
- National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (T.L.)
- National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (T.L.)
| | - Tian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (T.L.)
- National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongchong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (T.L.)
- National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (T.L.)
- National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jin Chao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (T.L.)
- National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (T.L.)
- National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (T.L.)
- National Animal Tuberculosis Para-Reference Laboratory (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Dong W, Wang G, Bai Y, Li Y, Huo X, Zhao J, Lu W, Lu H, Wang C, Wang X, Chen H, Tan C. Analysis of the noncoding RNA regulatory networks of H37Rv- and H37Rv△1759c-infected macrophages. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1106643. [PMID: 36992931 PMCID: PMC10042141 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1106643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs regulate the process of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infecting the host, but there is no simultaneous transcriptional information of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) and the global regulatory networks of non-coding RNA. Rv1759c, a virulence factor, is a member of protein family containing the proline-glutamic acid (PE) in M. tb, which can increase M. tb survival. To reveal the noncoding RNA regulatory networks and the effect of Rv1759c on non-coding RNA expression during M. tb infection, we collected samples of H37Rv- and H37Rv△1759c-infected macrophages and explored the full transcriptome expression profile. We found 356 mRNAs, 433 lncRNAs, 168 circRNAs, and 12 miRNAs differentially expressed during H37Rv infection, 356 mRNAs, 433 lncRNAs, 168 circRNAs, and 12 miRNAs differentially expressed during H37Rv△1759c infection. We constructed lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks during H37Rv and H37Rv△1759c infection. We demonstrated the role of one of the hubs of the networks, hsa-miR-181b-3p, for H37Rv survival in macrophages. We discovered that the expression changes of 68 mRNAs, 92 lncRNAs, 26 circRNAs, and 3 miRNAs were only related to the deletion of Rv1759c by comparing the transcription profiles of H37Rv and H37Rv△1759c. Here, our study comprehensively characterizes the transcriptional profiles in THP1-derived-macrophages infected with H37Rv and H37Rv△1759c, which provides support and new directions for in-depth exploration of noncoding RNA and PE/PPE family functions during the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yajuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyu Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- WuHan Animal Disease Control Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenjia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Tan,
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