Myeloperoxidase induces monocyte migration and activation after acute myocardial infarction

A Comprehensive Review: Unraveling the Role of Inflammation in the Etiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with inflammation playing a pivotal role in its pathogenesis. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the intricate mechanisms by which inflammation contributes to the development and progression of HF. The review synthesizes current research on the involvement of both innate and adaptive immune responses in HF, highlighting the roles of cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators. Recent studies have demonstrated that chronic inflammation, driven by factors such as oxidative stress, neurohormonal activation, and metabolic disturbances, leads to adverse cardiac remodeling and impaired myocardial function. The review explores how systemic inflammation, characterized by elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers like C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), correlates with HF severity and outcomes. Additionally, it discusses the impact of comorbid conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension on inflammatory pathways and HF risk. The review also delves into the therapeutic implications of targeting inflammation in HF. Despite mixed results from early clinical trials, emerging evidence suggests that anti-inflammatory therapies offer benefits in specific HF phenotypes. The potential of novel therapeutic strategies, including the use of biologics and small molecule inhibitors, is examined in the context of their ability to modulate inflammatory responses and improve clinical outcomes.

Role of Melatonin in Regulating Rat Skeletal Muscle Tissue Inflammation and Damage Following Carbon Tetrachloride Intoxication

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a toxic compound that causes severe oxidative stress and inflammation in skeletal muscles, resulting in structural damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired contractile function. While CD45 and melatonin (MLT) are implicated in immune modulation and antioxidative defense, their precise roles in mitigating CCl4-induced muscle damage remain incompletely understood, warranting further investigation. This study used 24 Wistar rats divided into four groups to evaluate the effects of MLT on CCl4-induced muscle inflammation. The first group was used as a control group, the second received only MLT (50 mg/kg), and the third group received CCl4, while the fourth group received MLT (50 mg/kg) and CCl4. Muscle tissues, obtained 24 h after the commencement of the experiment, were analyzed using biochemical assays for inflammatory markers, histological staining, and immunohistochemistry to assess structural and cellular changes. CCl4 exposure significantly increased NF-κB activity, nitric oxide levels, iNOS expression, and CD45-positive immune cell infiltration in skeletal muscles, indicating heightened inflammation and oxidative stress. Pretreatment with MLT markedly reduced these inflammatory markers, restoring damaged tissue and diminishing immune cell infiltration. Histological analyses confirmed reduced inflammatory cell presence and tissue damage in MLT-treated animals, highlighting its protective effects. Melatonin demonstrates significant protective effects against CCl4-induced skeletal muscle damage by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune cell infiltration, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent.

Comprehensive macro and micro views on immune cells in ischemic heart disease

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a prevalent cardiovascular condition that remains the primary cause of death due to its adverse ventricular remodelling and pathological changes in end-stage heart failure. As a complex pathologic condition, it involves intricate regulatory processes at the cellular and molecular levels. The immune system and cardiovascular system are closely interconnected, with immune cells playing a crucial role in maintaining cardiac health and influencing disease progression. Consequently, alterations in the cardiac microenvironment are influenced and controlled by various immune cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, eosinophils, and T-lymphocytes, along with the cytokines they produce. Furthermore, studies have revealed that Gata6+ pericardial cavity macrophages play a key role in regulating immune cell migration and subsequent myocardial tissue repair post IHD onset. This review outlines the role of immune cells in orchestrating inflammatory responses and facilitating myocardial repair following IHD, considering both macro and micro views. It also discusses innovative immune cell-based therapeutic strategies, offering new insights for further research on the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease and immune cell-targeted therapy for IHD.

Comprehensive macro and micro views on immune cells in ischemic heart disease

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a prevalent cardiovascular condition that remains the primary cause of death due to its adverse ventricular remodelling and pathological changes in end‐stage heart failure. As a complex pathologic condition, it involves intricate regulatory processes at the cellular and molecular levels. The immune system and cardiovascular system are closely interconnected, with immune cells playing a crucial role in maintaining cardiac health and influencing disease progression. Consequently, alterations in the cardiac microenvironment are influenced and controlled by various immune cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, eosinophils, and T‐lymphocytes, along with the cytokines they produce. Furthermore, studies have revealed that Gata6+ pericardial cavity macrophages play a key role in regulating immune cell migration and subsequent myocardial tissue repair post IHD onset. This review outlines the role of immune cells in orchestrating inflammatory responses and facilitating myocardial repair following IHD, considering both macro and micro views. It also discusses innovative immune cell‐based therapeutic strategies, offering new insights for further research on the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease and immune cell‐targeted therapy for IHD.