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Pettas T, Lachanoudi S, Karageorgos FF, Ziogas IA, Fylaktou A, Papalois V, Katsanos G, Antoniadis N, Tsoulfas G. Immunotherapy and liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Current and future challenges. World J Transplant 2025; 15:98509. [DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v15.i2.98509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 10/03/2024] [Accepted: 11/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2025] Open
Abstract
Despite existing curative options like surgical removal, tissue destruction techniques, and liver transplantation for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the rising incidence and mortality rates of this global health burden necessitate continuous exploration of novel therapeutic strategies. This review critically assesses the dynamic treatment panorama for HCC, focusing specifically on the burgeoning role of immunotherapy in two key contexts: early-stage HCC and downstaging advanced HCC to facilitate liver transplant candidacy. It delves into the unique immunobiology of the liver and HCC, highlighting tumor-mediated immune evasion mechanisms. Analyzing the diverse immunotherapeutic approaches including checkpoint inhibitors, cytokine modulators, vaccines, oncolytic viruses, antigen-targeting antibodies, and adoptive cell therapy, this review acknowledges the limitations of current diagnostic markers alpha-fetoprotein and glypican-3 and emphasizes the need for novel biomarkers for patient selection and treatment monitoring. Exploring the rationale for neoadjuvant and adjuvant immunotherapy in early-stage HCC, current research is actively exploring the safety and effectiveness of diverse immunotherapeutic approaches through ongoing clinical trials. The review further explores the potential benefits and challenges of combining immunotherapy and liver transplant, highlighting the need for careful patient selection, meticulous monitoring, and novel strategies to mitigate post-transplant complications. Finally, this review delves into the latest findings from the clinical research landscape and future directions in HCC management, paving the way for optimizing treatment strategies and improving long-term survival rates for patients with this challenging malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Pettas
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Center for Research and Innovation in Solid Organ Transplantation, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Sofia Lachanoudi
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Center for Research and Innovation in Solid Organ Transplantation, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Filippos F Karageorgos
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Center for Research and Innovation in Solid Organ Transplantation, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Ioannis A Ziogas
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Asimina Fylaktou
- Department of Immunology, National Peripheral Histocompatibility Center, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Vassilios Papalois
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Katsanos
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Center for Research and Innovation in Solid Organ Transplantation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Medicine, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Antoniadis
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Center for Research and Innovation in Solid Organ Transplantation, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Georgios Tsoulfas
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Center for Research and Innovation in Solid Organ Transplantation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Medicine, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
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2
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Jünemann W, Bley I, Rekowski L, Klokow M, Herppich S, Müller I, Cornils K. GD2-CAR NK-92 cell activity against neuroblastoma cells is insusceptible to TIGIT knockout. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2025; 74:191. [PMID: 40317320 PMCID: PMC12049354 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-025-04010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2025] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 05/07/2025]
Abstract
Immunotherapy by inhibition of immune checkpoint (IC) molecules has emerged as an important cancer therapy. Among these lC, the poliovirus receptor/poliovirus receptor-like 2 protein (PVR/PVRL2)-TIGIT axis was discovered as potential target for various cancers. For neuroblastoma (NB), the most common extracranial solid cancer in children, no effective IC therapy has been established yet. To investigate the PVR/PVRL2-TIGIT IC axis as a new target for the treatment of NB, we analysed whether PVR and PVRL2 influence the survival of patients and verified the expression of the receptors on NB cell lines. To disrupt the checkpoint axis, we performed single and double knockouts of these receptors on NB cell lines and subsequently removed TIGIT, an inhibitory receptor on immune effector cells, from NK-92 cells. Finally, we combined checkpoint inhibition with GD2-CAR NK-92 cells and investigated changes in cytotoxicity. Using RNA-Seq data we showed that the expression of PVR and PVRL2 on NB cells correlates to a lower event-free survival of patients. CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts of PVR and PVRL2 showed no improved cytotoxic activity of NK-92 cells. We observed enhanced lysis of NB cells using TIGIT-deficient NK-92 cells. However, the cytotoxicity of GD2-CAR NK-92 was not significantly enhanced. In summary, we have shown that in addition to the interaction of PVR/PVRL2 and TIGIT on engineered immune effector cells against NB, pleiotropic ligands appear to be relevant. Deletion of TIGIT from immune effector cells is a promising approach to protect these cells from tumour-associated inhibitory signals but cannot enhance the effect of GD2-CAR-NK-92 cells.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Neuroblastoma/immunology
- Neuroblastoma/therapy
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Gangliosides/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Jünemann
- Children's Cancer Centre Research Institute Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Paediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Bley
- Children's Cancer Centre Research Institute Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Paediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Rekowski
- Children's Cancer Centre Research Institute Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Paediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marianne Klokow
- Children's Cancer Centre Research Institute Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Paediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Herppich
- Children's Cancer Centre Research Institute Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Paediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Müller
- Children's Cancer Centre Research Institute Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Paediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Cornils
- Children's Cancer Centre Research Institute Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
- Division of Paediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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3
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Morcillo-Martín-Romo P, Valverde-Pozo J, Ortiz-Bueno M, Arnone M, Espinar-Barranco L, Espinar-Barranco C, García-Rubiño ME. The Role of NK Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanisms, Evasion Strategies, and Therapeutic Advances. Biomedicines 2025; 13:857. [PMID: 40299429 PMCID: PMC12024875 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines13040857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2025] [Revised: 03/24/2025] [Accepted: 03/30/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in tumor surveillance by exerting cytotoxic activity and modulating immune responses. However, tumors employ diverse evasion strategies that limit NK cell effectiveness. This review aims to explore the molecular mechanisms of NK cell activation and inhibition in cancer, the influence of the tumor microenvironment, and the latest advancements in NK cell-based immunotherapies, including adoptive NK cell transfer and Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Natural Killer (CAR-NK) cell therapies. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, prioritizing peer-reviewed studies from the last decade on NK cell biology, tumor immune evasion, and immunotherapeutic applications. The analysis includes data from preclinical models and clinical trials evaluating NK cell expansion strategies, cytokine-based stimulation, and CAR-NK cell therapy developments. Results: NK cells eliminate tumors through cytotoxic granule release, death receptor pathways, and cytokine secretion. However, tumor cells evade NK-mediated immunity by downregulating activating ligands, secreting immunosuppressive molecules, and altering the tumor microenvironment. Novel NK cell-based therapies, such as CAR-NK cells and combination approaches with immune checkpoint inhibitors, enhance NK cell persistence and therapeutic efficacy against both hematologic and solid malignancies. Clinical trials suggest improved safety profiles compared to CAR-T therapies, with reduced cytokine release syndrome and graft-versus-host disease. Conclusions: While NK cell-based immunotherapies hold great promise, challenges remain, including limited persistence and tumor-induced immunosuppression. Addressing these hurdles will be critical for optimizing NK cell therapies and advancing next-generation, off-the-shelf immunotherapeutics for broader clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morcillo-Martín-Romo
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (P.M.-M.-R.); (M.A.)
| | - Javier Valverde-Pozo
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain;
| | - María Ortiz-Bueno
- Nanoscopy-UGR Laboratory, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Unidad de Excelencia en Quimica Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), University of Granada, C. U. Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.O.-B.); (L.E.-B.)
| | - Maurizio Arnone
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (P.M.-M.-R.); (M.A.)
| | - Laura Espinar-Barranco
- Nanoscopy-UGR Laboratory, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Unidad de Excelencia en Quimica Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), University of Granada, C. U. Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.O.-B.); (L.E.-B.)
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Celia Espinar-Barranco
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - María Eugenia García-Rubiño
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (P.M.-M.-R.); (M.A.)
- Nanoscopy-UGR Laboratory, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Unidad de Excelencia en Quimica Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), University of Granada, C. U. Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.O.-B.); (L.E.-B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
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4
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Tarannum M, Ding X, Barisa M, Hu S, Anderson J, Romee R, Zhang J. Engineering innate immune cells for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Biotechnol 2025; 43:516-533. [PMID: 40229380 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-025-02629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2025] [Indexed: 04/16/2025]
Abstract
Innate immune cells, including natural killer cells, macrophages and γδ T cells, are gaining prominence as promising candidates for cancer immunotherapy. Unlike conventional T cells, these cells possess attributes such as inherent antitumor activity, rapid immune responses, favorable safety profiles and the ability to target diverse malignancies without requiring prior antigen sensitization. In this Review, we examine the engineering strategies used to enhance their anticancer potential. We discuss challenges associated with each cell type and summarize insights from preclinical and clinical work. We propose strategies to address existing barriers, providing a perspective on the advancement of innate immune engineering as a powerful modality in anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubin Tarannum
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xizhong Ding
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, and Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marta Barisa
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sabrina Hu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John Anderson
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Rizwan Romee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, and Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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5
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Jasim SA, Pallathadka H, Sivaprasad GV, Kumar A, Mustafa YF, Mohammed JS, Eldesoqui M, Pramanik A, Abdukarimovna RK, Zwamel AH. New approaches of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-immune cell-based therapy in gastric cancer; highlight CAR-T and CAR-NK. Funct Integr Genomics 2025; 25:72. [PMID: 40133688 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-025-01584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2024] [Revised: 01/14/2025] [Accepted: 03/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025]
Abstract
One characteristic that makes gastric cancer (GC) against other cancers is the intricate immune system's reaction, particularly to tenacious inflammation. Consequently, the immunological function is essential to the growth of this malignancy. Tumor immunotherapy has yielded several encouraging outcomes, but despite this, different patients continue to not respond to treatment, and a far larger number become resistant to it. Also, activated CAR-T cells express a majority of immunological checkpoint factors, containing PD1, CTLA4, and LAG3, which counteracts the anti-tumor actions of CAR-T cells. Moreover, cytokine release syndrome is one of the possible adverse responses of CAR-T cell therapy. Therefore, producing universal allogeneic T lymphocytes with potent anti-tumor activity is essential. This study demonstrates current research on this cutting-edge technology, including the composition and mode of action of CAR-NK and CAR-T cells in GC. Also, in this study, we examined recent studies about various specific GC biomarkers that target CAR-T cells and CAR-NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saade Abdalkareem Jasim
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, University of Al-maarif, Anbar, Iraq.
| | | | - G V Sivaprasad
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities, Raghu Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Life Scienzces, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-Be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560069, India
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul-41001, Iraq
| | | | - Mamdouh Eldesoqui
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, 13713, DiriyahRiyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Atreyi Pramanik
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Divison of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal University Dehradun, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rakhimova Khusnidakhon Abdukarimovna
- Department of Folk Medicine and Pharmacology, Fergana Public Health Medical Institute, Fergana, Uzbekistan
- Western Caspian University, Scientific Researcher, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Ahmed Hussein Zwamel
- Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
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6
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Li F, Gao C, Huang Y, Qiao Y, Xu H, Liu S, Wu H. Unraveling the breast cancer tumor microenvironment: crucial factors influencing natural killer cell function and therapeutic strategies. Int J Biol Sci 2025; 21:2606-2628. [PMID: 40303301 PMCID: PMC12035885 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.108803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have emerged as a novel and effective treatment for breast cancer. Nevertheless, the breast cancer tumor microenvironment (TME) manifests multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms, impeding the proper execution of NK cell functions. This review summarizes recent research on the influence of the TME on the functionality of NK cells in breast cancer. It delves into the effects of the internal environment of the TME on NK cells and elucidates the roles of diverse stromal components, immune cells, and signaling molecules in regulating NK cell activity within the TME. It also summarizes therapeutic strategies based on small-molecule inhibitors, antibody therapies, and natural products, as well as the progress of research in preclinical and clinical trials. By enhancing our understanding of the immunosuppressive TME and formulating strategies to counteract its effects, we could fully harness the therapeutic promise of NK cells in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Breast Department, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunfang Gao
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxiao Xu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Breast Department, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huangan Wu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, China
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7
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Niture S, Ghosh S, Jaboin J, Seneviratne D. Tumor Microenvironment Dynamics of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Under Radiation Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:2795. [PMID: 40141437 PMCID: PMC11943269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26062795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2025] [Revised: 02/20/2025] [Accepted: 03/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), and HER2 expression. While TNBC is relatively less common, accounting for only 10-15% of initial breast cancer diagnosis, due to its aggressive nature, it carries a worse prognosis in comparison to its hormone receptor-positive counterparts. Despite significant advancements in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer, TNBC remains an important public health burden. Following treatment with chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation, over 40% of TNBC patients experience relapse within 3 years and achieve the least benefit from post-mastectomy radiation. The tumor microenvironment environment (TME) is pivotal in TNBC initiation, progression, immune evasion, treatment resistance, and tumor prognosis. TME is a complex network that consists of immune cells, non-immune cells, and soluble factors located in the region adjacent to the tumor that modulates the therapeutic response differentially between hormone receptor-positive breast cancer and TNBC. While the mechanisms underlying the radiation resistance of TNBC remain unclear, the immunosuppressive TME of TNBC has been implicated in chemotherapeutic resistance. Radiation therapy (RT) is known to alter the TME; however, immune changes elicited by radiation are poorly characterized to date, and whether these immune changes contribute to radiation resistance remains unknown. This review delves into the distinct characteristics of the TNBC TME, explores how RT influences TME dynamics, and examines mechanisms underlying tumor radiosensitization, radioresistance, and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryakant Niture
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma University, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | | | | | - Danushka Seneviratne
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma University, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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8
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Parums DV. A Review of CAR T Cells and Adoptive T-Cell Therapies in Lymphoid and Solid Organ Malignancies. Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e948125. [PMID: 39893510 PMCID: PMC11800685 DOI: 10.12659/msm.948125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2025] [Accepted: 01/14/2025] [Indexed: 02/04/2025] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are genetically engineered T lymphocytes that express a synthetic receptor that recognizes a tumor cell surface antigen, which causes the T lymphocyte to kill the tumor cell. As of December 2024, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved six CAR T-cell therapies, with ten CAR T-cell therapies commercially available globally, which target the CD19 and B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) molecules and with approved indications that include B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL), follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and multiple myeloma. Pharmaceutical and economic forecasts have shown that the global CAR T-cell therapy market was worth USD 4.6 billion in 2024, with a projected USD 25 billion by 2035. However, there are several challenges in treating hematologic malignancies with CAR T-cell therapy, which include reduced treatment efficacy and durability in some patients, acute and long-term adverse effects, lack of effective salvage treatments, limited access to CAR T-cell therapies due to cost and availability, and the rare association with developing myeloid malignancies. A tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, lifileucel, is FDA-approved for advanced melanoma. The T-cell receptor (TCR) therapy, afamitresgene autoleucel, is FDA-approved for advanced synovial sarcoma. The results from ongoing studies and clinical trials are awaited in solid tumors (melanoma, sarcomas, and carcinomas). This article reviews recent developments and ongoing challenges in adoptive T-cell therapies, including CAR T-cell therapies, in lymphoid and solid organ malignancies.
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9
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Rafiq Z, Kang M, Barsoumian HB, Manzar GS, Hu Y, Leuschner C, Huang A, Masrorpour F, Lu W, Puebla-Osorio N, Welsh JW. Enhancing immunotherapy efficacy with synergistic low-dose radiation in metastatic melanoma: current insights and prospects. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2025; 44:31. [PMID: 39881333 PMCID: PMC11781074 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-025-03281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 01/31/2025] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in oncology research have highlighted the promising synergy between low-dose radiation therapy (LDRT) and immunotherapies, with growing evidence highlighting the unique benefits of the combination. LDRT has emerged as a potent tool for stimulating the immune system, triggering systemic antitumor effects by remodeling the tumor microenvironment. Notably, LDRT demonstrates remarkable efficacy even in challenging metastatic sites such as the liver (uveal) and brain (cutaneous), particularly in advanced melanoma stages. The increasing interest in utilizing LDRT for secondary metastatic sites of uveal, mucosal, or cutaneous melanomas underscores its potential efficacy in combination with various immunotherapies. This comprehensive review traverses the journey from laboratory research to clinical applications, elucidating LDRT's immunomodulatory role on the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and systemic immune responses. We meticulously examine the preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials, throwing light on the promising prospects of LDRT as a complementary therapy in melanoma treatment. Furthermore, we explore the challenges associated with LDRT's integration into combination therapies, addressing crucial factors such as optimal dosage, fractionation, treatment frequency, and synergy with other pharmacological agents. Considering its low toxicity profile, LDRT presents a compelling case for application across multiple lesions, augmenting the antitumor immune response in poly-metastatic disease scenarios. The convergence of LDRT with other disciplines holds immense potential for developing novel radiotherapy-combined modalities, paving the way for more effective and personalized treatment strategies in melanoma and beyond. Moreover, the dose-related toxicities of immunotherapies may be reduced by synergistic amplification of antitumor efficacy with LDRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Rafiq
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Mingyo Kang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hampartsoum B Barsoumian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gohar S Manzar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yun Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Carola Leuschner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ailing Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fatemeh Masrorpour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Nahum Puebla-Osorio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - James W Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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10
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Berry CT, Frazee CS, Herman PJ, Chen S, Chen A, Kuo Y, Ellebrecht CT. Current advancements in cellular immunotherapy for autoimmune disease. Semin Immunopathol 2025; 47:7. [PMID: 39821376 PMCID: PMC11739237 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-024-01034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 12/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2025]
Abstract
The management of autoimmune diseases is currently limited by therapies that largely suppress the immune system, often resulting in partial and temporary remissions. Cellular immunotherapies offer a targeted approach by redirecting immune cells to correct the underlying autoimmunity. This review explores the latest advances in cellular immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases, focusing on various strategies, such as the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, chimeric auto-antibody receptor (CAAR) T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and tolerogenic dendritic cells (TolDCs). We review recent preclinical studies and results from clinical trials that demonstrate the potential for these therapies to either deplete autoreactive cells or promote immune tolerance through broad or selective targeting of immune cell populations. Key challenges such as ensuring specificity, preventing off-target effects, and improving the longevity of therapeutic effects are discussed. The evolving landscape of cellular immunotherapies holds promise for more durable treatment responses and increased specificity for autoimmune disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbett T Berry
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caitlin S Frazee
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick J Herman
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yvonne Kuo
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph T Ellebrecht
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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11
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Lescoat A, Ghosh M, Kadauke S, Khanna D. Innovative cell therapies for systemic sclerosis: available evidence and new perspectives. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2025; 21:29-43. [PMID: 39279565 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2402494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is the rheumatic disease with the highest individual mortality rate with a detrimental impact on quality of life. Cell-based therapies may offer new perspectives for this disease as recent phase I trials support the safety of IV infusion of allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells in SSc and case reports highlight the potential use of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cells targeting CD19 in active SSc patients who have not responded to conventional immunosuppressive therapies. AREAS COVERED This narrative review highlights the most recent evidence supporting the use of cellular therapies in SSc as well as their potential mechanisms of action and discusses future perspectives for cell-based therapies in SSc. Medline/PubMed was used to identify the articles of interest, using the keywords 'Cellular therapies,' 'Mesenchymal stromal cells,' 'Chimeric Antigen Receptor' AND 'systemic sclerosis.' Milestones articles reported by the authors were also used. EXPERT OPINION Cellular therapies may represent an opportunity for long-term remission/cure in patients with different autoimmune diseases, including SSc who have not responded to conventional therapies. Multiple ongoing phase I/II trials will provide greater insights into the efficacy and toxicity of cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Lescoat
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset -Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail-UMRS, University of Rennes CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Monalisa Ghosh
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephan Kadauke
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Scleroderma Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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12
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Li W, Feng J, Peng J, Zhang X, Aziz AUR, Wang D. Chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer (CAR-NK) cell immunotherapy: A bibliometric analysis from 2004 to 2023. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2415187. [PMID: 39414236 PMCID: PMC11486046 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2415187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer (CAR-NK) cells represent a breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy, making this a highly popular research area. However, comprehensive analyses of this field using bibliometric methods are rare. To our knowledge, this study has collected highest number of publications (1,259) on CAR-NK therapy from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2023, and utilized CiteSpace and VOSviewer to analyze regions, institutions, journals, authors, and keywords to forecast the latest trends in CAR-NK therapy research. The United States and China, contributing over 60% of publications, are the primary drivers in this field. The Helmholtz Association and Harvard University are the most active institutions, with most publications appearing in Frontiers in Immunology. Winfried S. Wels is the most prolific author, while EL Liu is the most frequently co-cited author. "Immunotherapy," "T-cells," and "Cancer" are the most extensively covered topics in CAR-NK therapy research. Our study reveals current CAR-NK research trends, identifies potential research hotspots, and visualizes references through bibliometric methods, providing valuable guidance for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangshu Li
- Key Laboratory for Early Diagnosis and Biotherapy of Malignant Tumors in Children and Women in Liaoning Province, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiuxiang Feng
- Key Laboratory for Early Diagnosis and Biotherapy of Malignant Tumors in Children and Women in Liaoning Province, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianan Peng
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Aziz Ur Rehman Aziz
- Key Laboratory for Early Diagnosis and Biotherapy of Malignant Tumors in Children and Women in Liaoning Province, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Daqing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Early Diagnosis and Biotherapy of Malignant Tumors in Children and Women in Liaoning Province, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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13
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Qiu Z, Li Z, Liu X, Zhang R, Li Y, Gao C, Mao X, Bao Y, Zhang M, Guo C. From tumor microenvironment to emerging biomarkers: the reshaping of the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tumor microenvironment by neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1478922. [PMID: 39703499 PMCID: PMC11655454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1478922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 11/15/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is a cancer with high morbidity and mortality. The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors has significantly increased complete response rates and postoperative R0 resection rates after neoadjuvant therapy. These drugs can largely reverse the suppression of the immune system caused by the tumor microenvironment, allowing the reactivation of anti-tumor immune infiltrating cells, significantly improving the patient's tumor microenvironment, and thus preventing tumor development. However, there are still some patients who respond poorly to neoadjuvant combined immunotherapy and cannot achieve the expected results. It is now found that exploring changes in the tumor microenvironment not only elucidates patient responsiveness to immunotherapy and identifies more reliable biomarkers, but also addresses the limitations of prediction with imaging examination such as CT and the instability of existing biomarkers. In light of these considerations, this review aims to delve into the alterations within the tumor microenvironment and identify potential predictive biomarkers ensuing from neoadjuvant immunotherapy in the context of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhou Qiu
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, NanChang, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Cancer Institute, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Cancer Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Xingfei Liu
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, NanChang, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Cancer Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, NanChang, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Cancer Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Yongxuan Li
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, NanChang, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Cancer Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Chenggen Gao
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, NanChang, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Cancer Institute, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoling Mao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Medical College, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yin Bao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Medical College, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Medical College, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Changying Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Cancer Institute, Nanchang, China
- Zhejiang-Jiangxi Joint Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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14
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Ahuja S, Zaheer S. The evolution of cancer immunotherapy: a comprehensive review of its history and current perspectives. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 2024; 20:51-73. [PMID: 39778508 PMCID: PMC11717579 DOI: 10.14216/kjco.24009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2024] [Revised: 10/24/2024] [Accepted: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to combat cancer, marking a significant advancement in treatment. This review traces its evolution from the late 19th century to its current status. It began with William Coley's pioneering work using bacterial toxins to stimulate the immune system against cancer cells, establishing the foundational concept of immunotherapy. In the mid-20th century, cytokine therapies like interferons and interleukins emerged, demonstrating that altering the immune response could reduce tumors and highlighting the complex interplay between cancer and the immune system. The discovery of immune checkpoints, regulatory pathways that prevent autoimmunity but are exploited by cancer cells to evade detection, was a pivotal development. Another major breakthrough is CAR-T cell therapy, which involves modifying a patient's T cells to target cancer-specific antigens. This personalized treatment has shown remarkable success in certain blood cancers. Additionally, cancer vaccines aim to trigger immune responses against tumor-specific or associated antigens, and while challenging, ongoing research is improving their efficacy. The historical progression of cancer immunotherapy, from Coley's toxins to modern innovations like checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cell therapy, underscores its transformative impact on cancer treatment. As research delves deeper into the immune system's complexities, immunotherapy is poised to become even more crucial in oncology, offering renewed hope to patients globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Sufian Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India
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15
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Zhang W, Huang X. In vivo gene editing and in situ generation of chimeric antigen receptor cells for next-generation cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:110. [PMID: 39533415 PMCID: PMC11559219 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 11/07/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapy has achieved groundbreaking success in treating hematological malignancies. However, its application to solid tumors remains challenging due to complex manufacturing processes, limited in vivo persistence, and transient therapeutic effects. In vivo CAR-immune cells induced by gene delivery systems loaded with CAR genes and gene-editing tools have shown efficiency for anti-tumor immunotherapy. In situ programming of autologous immune cells avoids the safety concerns of allogeneic immune cells, and the manufacture of gene delivery systems could be standardized. Therefore, the in vivo editing and in situ generation of CAR-immune cells might potentially overcome the abovementioned limitations of current CAR cell therapy. This review mainly focuses on CAR structures, gene-editing tools, and gene delivery techniques applied in anti-tumor immunotherapy to help design and develop in situ CAR-immune cell therapy. The recent applications of in vivo CAR-immune cell therapy in both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors are investigated. To sum up, the in vivo editing and in situ generation of CAR therapy holds promise for offering a practical, cost-effective, efficient, safe, and widely applicable approach to the next-generation anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyue Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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16
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Chaoul N, Lauricella E, Giglio A, D'Angelo G, Ganini C, Cives M, Porta C. The future of cellular therapy for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2024; 24:1245-1259. [PMID: 39485013 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2024.2418321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic treatment options for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have expanded considerably in recent years, and both tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors, alone or in combination, have entered the clinical arena. Adoptive cell immunotherapies have recently revolutionized the treatment of cancer and hold the promise to further advance the treatment of RCC. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize the latest preclinical and clinical development in the field of adoptive cell immunotherapy for the treatment of RCC, focusing on lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs), TCR-engineered T cells, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and dendritic cell vaccination strategies. Perspectives on emerging cellular products including CAR NK cells, CAR macrophages, as well as γδ T cells are also included. EXPERT OPINION So far, areas of greater therapeutic success of adoptive cell therapies include the adjuvant administration of CIK cells and the transfer of anti-CD70 CAR T cells in patients with metastatic RCC. Bench to bedside and back research will be needed to overcome current limitations of adoptive cell therapies in RCC, primarily aiming at improving the safety of immune cell products, optimizing their antitumor activity and generating off-the-shelf products ready for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Chaoul
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lauricella
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Giglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella D'Angelo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Ganini
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
- Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Cives
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
- Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Camillo Porta
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
- Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
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17
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Ghosh MK, Kumar S, Begam S, Ghosh S, Basu M. GBM immunotherapy: Exploring molecular and clinical frontiers. Life Sci 2024; 356:123018. [PMID: 39214286 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
GBM is the most common, aggressive, and intracranial primary brain tumor; it originates from the glial progenitor cells, has poor overall survival (OS), and has limited treatment options. In this decade, GBM immunotherapy is in trend and preferred over several conventional therapies, due to their better patient survival outcome. This review explores the clinical trials of several immunotherapeutic approaches (immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs), CAR T-cell therapy, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy) with their efficacy and safety. Despite significant progress, several challenges (viz., immunosuppressive microenvironment, heterogeneity, and blood-brain barrier (BBB)) were experienced that hamper their immunotherapeutic potential. Furthermore, these challenges were clinically studied to be resolved by multiple combinatorial approaches, discussed in the later part of the review. Thus, this review suggests the clinical use and potential of immunotherapy in GBM and provides the holistic recent knowledge and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal K Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
| | - Sunny Kumar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Sabana Begam
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Sayani Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Malini Basu
- Department of Microbiology, Dhruba Chand Halder College, Dakshin Barasat, South 24 Parganas, PIN-743372, India
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18
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Li W, Wang X, Zhang X, Aziz AUR, Wang D. CAR-NK Cell Therapy: A Transformative Approach to Overcoming Oncological Challenges. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1035. [PMID: 39199421 PMCID: PMC11352442 DOI: 10.3390/biom14081035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) in natural killer (NK) cells for cancer therapy is gaining momentum, marking a significant shift in cancer treatment. This review aims to explore the potential of CAR-NK cell therapy in cancer immunotherapy, providing a fresh perspective. It discusses the innovative approaches in CAR-NK cell design and engineering, particularly targeting refractory or recurrent cancers. By comparing CAR-NK cells with traditional therapies, the review highlights their unique ability to tackle tumor heterogeneity and immune system suppression. Additionally, it explains how novel cytokines and receptors can enhance CAR-NK cell efficacy, specificity, and functionality. This review underscores the advantages of CAR-NK cells, including reduced toxicity, lower cost, and broader accessibility compared to CAR-T cells, along with their potential in treating both blood cancers and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangshu Li
- China Key Laboratory for Early Diagnosis and Biotherapy of Malignant Tumors in Children and Women, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian 116012, China; (W.L.); (X.W.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xiuying Wang
- China Key Laboratory for Early Diagnosis and Biotherapy of Malignant Tumors in Children and Women, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian 116012, China; (W.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 151801, China;
| | - Aziz ur Rehman Aziz
- China Key Laboratory for Early Diagnosis and Biotherapy of Malignant Tumors in Children and Women, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian 116012, China; (W.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Daqing Wang
- China Key Laboratory for Early Diagnosis and Biotherapy of Malignant Tumors in Children and Women, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian 116012, China; (W.L.); (X.W.)
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19
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Pote MS, Singh D, M. A A, Suchita J, Gacche RN. Cancer metastases: Tailoring the targets. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35369. [PMID: 39170575 PMCID: PMC11336595 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is an intricate and formidable pathophysiological process encompassing the dissemination of cancer cells from the primary tumour body to distant organs. It stands as a profound and devastating phenomenon that constitutes the primary driver of cancer-related mortality. Despite great strides of advancements in cancer research and treatment, tailored anti-metastasis therapies are either lacking or have shown limited success, necessitating a deeper understanding of the intrinsic elements driving cancer invasiveness. This comprehensive review presents a contemporary elucidation of pivotal facets within the realm of cancer metastasis, commencing with the intricate processes of homing and invasion. The process of angiogenesis, which supports tumour growth and metastasis, is addressed, along with the pre-metastatic niche, wherein the primary tumour prepares for a favorable microenvironment at distant sites for subsequent metastatic colonization. The landscape of metastasis-related genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, involvement of metastasis genes and metastasis suppressor genes, and microRNAs (miRNA) are also discussed. Furthermore, immune modulators' impact on metastasis and their potential as therapeutic targets are addressed. The interplay between cancer cells and the immune system, including immune evasion mechanisms employed by metastatic cells, is discussed, highlighting the importance of targeting immune modulation in arresting metastatic progression. Finally, this review presents promising treatment opportunities derived from the insights gained into the mechanisms of metastasis. Identifying novel therapeutic targets and developing innovative strategies to disrupt the metastatic cascade holds excellent potential for improving patient outcomes and ultimately reducing cancer-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rajesh N. Gacche
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Li T, Li S, Kang Y, Zhou J, Yi M. Harnessing the evolving CRISPR/Cas9 for precision oncology. J Transl Med 2024; 22:749. [PMID: 39118151 PMCID: PMC11312220 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 system, a groundbreaking innovation in genetic engineering, has revolutionized our approach to surmounting complex diseases, culminating in CASGEVY™ approved for sickle cell anemia. Derived from a microbial immune defense mechanism, CRISPR/Cas9, characterized as precision, maneuverability and universality in gene editing, has been harnessed as a versatile tool for precisely manipulating DNA in mammals. In the process of applying it to practice, the consecutive exploitation of novel orthologs and variants never ceases. It's conducive to understanding the essentialities of diseases, particularly cancer, which is crucial for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. CRISPR/Cas9 is used not only to investigate tumorous genes functioning but also to model disparate cancers, providing valuable insights into tumor biology, resistance, and immune evasion. Upon cancer therapy, CRISPR/Cas9 is instrumental in developing individual and precise cancer therapies that can selectively activate or deactivate genes within tumor cells, aiming to cripple tumor growth and invasion and sensitize cancer cells to treatments. Furthermore, it facilitates the development of innovative treatments, enhancing the targeting efficiency of reprogrammed immune cells, exemplified by advancements in CAR-T regimen. Beyond therapy, it is a potent tool for screening susceptible genes, offering the possibility of intervening before the tumor initiative or progresses. However, despite its vast potential, the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in cancer research and therapy is accompanied by significant efficacy, efficiency, technical, and safety considerations. Escalating technology innovations are warranted to address these issues. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is revolutionizing cancer research and treatment, opening up new avenues for advancements in our understanding and management of cancers. The integration of this evolving technology into clinical practice promises a new era of precision oncology, with targeted, personalized, and potentially curative therapies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Li
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuiquan Li
- Department of Rehabilitation and Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China.
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Li J, Chen P, Ma W. The next frontier in immunotherapy: potential and challenges of CAR-macrophages. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:76. [PMID: 39103972 PMCID: PMC11302330 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor macrophage (CAR-MΦ) represents a significant advancement in immunotherapy, especially for treating solid tumors where traditional CAR-T therapies face limitations. CAR-MΦ offers a promising approach to target and eradicate tumor cells by utilizing macrophages' phagocytic and antigen-presenting abilities. However, challenges such as the complex tumor microenvironment (TME), variability in antigen expression, and immune suppression limit their efficacy. This review addresses these issues, exploring mechanisms of CAR-MΦ action, optimal construct designs, and interactions within the TME. It also delves into the ex vivo manufacturing challenges of CAR-MΦ, discussing autologous and allogeneic sources and the importance of stringent quality control. The potential synergies of integrating CAR-MΦ with existing cancer therapies like checkpoint inhibitors and conventional chemotherapeutics are examined to highlight possible enhanced treatment outcomes. Furthermore, regulatory pathways for CAR-MΦ therapies are scrutinized alongside established protocols for CAR-T cells, identifying unique considerations essential for clinical trials and market approval. Proposed safety monitoring frameworks aim to manage potential adverse events, such as cytokine release syndrome, crucial for patient safety. Consolidating current research and clinical insights, this review seeks to refine CAR-MΦ therapeutic applications, overcome barriers, and suggest future research directions to transition CAR-MΦ therapies from experimental platforms to standard cancer care options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Wenxue Ma
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, CA, 92093, La Jolla, USA.
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Mohammad Taheri M, Javan F, Poudineh M, Athari SS. Beyond CAR-T: The rise of CAR-NK cell therapy in asthma immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2024; 22:736. [PMID: 39103889 PMCID: PMC11302387 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Asthma poses a major public health burden. While existing asthma drugs manage symptoms for many, some patients remain resistant. The lack of a cure, especially for severe asthma, compels exploration of novel therapies. Cancer immunotherapy successes with CAR-T cells suggest its potential for asthma treatment. Researchers are exploring various approaches for allergic diseases including membrane-bound IgE, IL-5, PD-L2, and CTLA-4 for asthma, and Dectin-1 for fungal asthma. NK cells offer several advantages over T cells for CAR-based immunotherapy. They offer key benefits: (1) HLA compatibility, meaning they can be used in a wider range of patients without the need for matching tissue types. (2) Minimal side effects (CRS and GVHD) due to their limited persistence and cytokine profile. (3) Scalability for "off-the-shelf" production from various sources. Several strategies have been introduced that highlight the superiority and challenges of CAR-NK cell therapy for asthma treatment including IL-10, IFN-γ, ADCC, perforin-granzyme, FASL, KIR, NCRs (NKP46), DAP, DNAM-1, TGF-β, TNF-α, CCL, NKG2A, TF, and EGFR. Furthermore, we advocate for incorporating AI for CAR design optimization and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology for precise gene manipulation to generate highly effective CAR constructs. This review will delve into the evolution and production of CAR designs, explore pre-clinical and clinical studies of CAR-based therapies in asthma, analyze strategies to optimize CAR-NK cell function, conduct a comparative analysis of CAR-T and CAR-NK cell therapy with their respective challenges, and finally present established novel CAR designs with promising potential for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Javan
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Poudineh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Seyed Shamseddin Athari
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 12th Street, Shahrake Karmandan, Zanjan, 45139-561111, Iran.
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23
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Yuan Z, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang X, Ren S, He X, Su J, Zheng A, Guo S, Chen Y, Deng S, Wu X, Li M, Du F, Zhao Y, Shen J, Wang Z, Xiao Z. The investigation of oncolytic viruses in the field of cancer therapy. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1423143. [PMID: 39055561 PMCID: PMC11270537 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1423143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as a potential strategy for tumor treatment due to their ability to selectively replicate in tumor cells, induce apoptosis, and stimulate immune responses. However, the therapeutic efficacy of single OVs is limited by the complexity and immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME). To overcome these challenges, engineering OVs has become an important research direction. This review focuses on engineering methods and multi-modal combination therapies for OVs aimed at addressing delivery barriers, viral phagocytosis, and antiviral immunity in tumor therapy. The engineering approaches discussed include enhancing in vivo immune response, improving replication efficiency within the tumor cells, enhancing safety profiles, and improving targeting capabilities. In addition, this review describes the potential mechanisms of OVs combined with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and summarizes the data of ongoing clinical trials. By continuously optimizing engineering strategies and combination therapy programs, we can achieve improved treatment outcomes and quality of life for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Yuan
- Gulin Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xingyue Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Siqi Ren
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xinyu He
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiahong Su
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Anfu Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Sipeng Guo
- Research And Experiment Center, Sichuan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Zechen Wang
- Gulin Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Gulin Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang, China
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24
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Bourel C, Lesage S. Highlight of 2023: From fundamental studies to clinical trials, the importance of NK cells against cancer. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:441-443. [PMID: 38670548 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In this article for the Highlights of 2023 Series, we discuss how various factors affect the ability of natural killer (NK) cells to fight tumors. For instance, tumor cells can hinder NK cell function by reducing surface protrusions or increasing HLA-E expression via platelets. Lower UTX protein levels in male NK cells also decrease their cytotoxicity compared with females. Fortunately, recent advancements in therapeutic approaches have emerged, including the development of a comprehensive atlas of NK cell heterogeneity within the tumor microenvironment, as well as a trispecific engager molecule that has shown promise in enhancing the anti-tumor functions of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Bourel
- Immunologie-oncologie, Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Immunologie-oncologie, Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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25
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D’Alò F, Bellesi S, Maiolo E, Alma E, Bellisario F, Malafronte R, Viscovo M, Campana F, Hohaus S. Novel Targets and Advanced Therapies in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2243. [PMID: 38927948 PMCID: PMC11201587 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of rituximab in the late 1990s, significant progress has been made in advancing targeted therapies for B cell lymphomas, improving patients' chance of being cured and clinicians' therapeutic armamentarium. A better understanding of disease biology and pathogenic pathways, coupled with refinements in immunophenotypic and molecular diagnostics, have been instrumental in these achievements. While traditional chemotherapy remains fundamental in most cases, concerns surrounding chemorefractoriness and cumulative toxicities, particularly the depletion of the hemopoietic reserve, underscore the imperative for personalized treatment approaches. Integrating targeted agents, notably monoclonal antibodies, alongside chemotherapy has yielded heightened response rates and prolonged survival. A notable paradigm shift is underway with innovative-targeted therapies replacing cytotoxic drugs, challenging conventional salvage strategies like stem cell transplantation. This review examines the landscape of emerging targets for lymphoma cells and explores innovative therapies for diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). From Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T cells to more potent monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, and small molecules targeting intracellular pathways, each modality offers promising avenues for therapeutic advancement. This review aims to furnish insights into their potential implications for the future of DLBCL treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco D’Alò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (R.M.); (M.V.); (F.C.); (S.H.)
- UOSD Malattie Linfoproliferative Extramidollari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Silvia Bellesi
- UOC Servizio e DH di Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Elena Maiolo
- UOC Servizio e DH di Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Eleonora Alma
- UOSD Malattie Linfoproliferative Extramidollari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Flaminia Bellisario
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (R.M.); (M.V.); (F.C.); (S.H.)
- UOSD Malattie Linfoproliferative Extramidollari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rosalia Malafronte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (R.M.); (M.V.); (F.C.); (S.H.)
- UOSD Malattie Linfoproliferative Extramidollari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marcello Viscovo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (R.M.); (M.V.); (F.C.); (S.H.)
- UOSD Malattie Linfoproliferative Extramidollari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabrizia Campana
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (R.M.); (M.V.); (F.C.); (S.H.)
- UOSD Malattie Linfoproliferative Extramidollari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefan Hohaus
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (R.M.); (M.V.); (F.C.); (S.H.)
- UOSD Malattie Linfoproliferative Extramidollari, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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