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Rodriguez-Nuñez M, Cepeda MDV, Bello C, Lopez MA, Sulbaran Y, Loureiro CL, Liprandi F, Jaspe RC, Pujol FH, Rangel HR. Neutralization of Different Variants of SARS-CoV-2 by a F(ab')2 Preparation from Sera of Horses Immunized with the Viral Receptor Binding Domain. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:80. [PMID: 38131802 PMCID: PMC10740526 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is the functional region of the viral Spike protein (S), which is involved in cell attachment to target cells. The virus has accumulated progressively mutations in its genome, particularly in the RBD region, many of them associated with immune evasion of the host neutralizing antibodies. Some of the viral lineages derived from this evolution have been classified as Variant of Interest (VOI) or Concern (VOC). The neutralizing capacity of a F(ab')2 preparation from sera of horses immunized with viral RBD was evaluated by lytic plaque reduction assay against different SARS-CoV-2 variants. A F(ab')2 preparation of a hyperimmune serum after nine immunizations with RBD exhibited a high titer of neutralizing antibodies against the ancestral-like strain (1/18,528). A reduction in the titer of the F(ab')2 preparation was observed against the different variants tested compared to the neutralizing activity against the ancestral-like strain. The highest reduction in the neutralization titer was observed for the Omicron VOC (4.7-fold), followed by the Mu VOI (2.6), Delta VOC (1.8-fold), and Gamma VOC (1.5). Even if a progressive reduction in the neutralizing antibodies titer against the different variants evaluated was observed, the serum still exhibited a neutralizing titer against the Mu VOI and the Omicron VOC (1/7113 and 1/3918, respectively), the evaluated strains most resistant to neutralization. Therefore, the preparation retained neutralizing activity against all the strains tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariajosé Rodriguez-Nuñez
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020, Venezuela; (M.R.-N.); (Y.S.); (C.L.L.); (R.C.J.)
| | - Mariana del Valle Cepeda
- Biotecfar S.A., Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1050, Venezuela; (M.d.V.C.); (C.B.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Carlos Bello
- Biotecfar S.A., Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1050, Venezuela; (M.d.V.C.); (C.B.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Miguel Angel Lopez
- Biotecfar S.A., Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1050, Venezuela; (M.d.V.C.); (C.B.); (M.A.L.)
| | - Yoneira Sulbaran
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020, Venezuela; (M.R.-N.); (Y.S.); (C.L.L.); (R.C.J.)
| | - Carmen Luisa Loureiro
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020, Venezuela; (M.R.-N.); (Y.S.); (C.L.L.); (R.C.J.)
| | - Ferdinando Liprandi
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020, Venezuela;
| | - Rossana Celeste Jaspe
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020, Venezuela; (M.R.-N.); (Y.S.); (C.L.L.); (R.C.J.)
| | - Flor Helene Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020, Venezuela; (M.R.-N.); (Y.S.); (C.L.L.); (R.C.J.)
| | - Héctor Rafael Rangel
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020, Venezuela; (M.R.-N.); (Y.S.); (C.L.L.); (R.C.J.)
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Li E, Han Q, Bi J, Wei S, Wang S, Zhang Y, Liu J, Feng N, Wang T, Wu J, Yang S, Zhao Y, Liu B, Yan F, Xia X. Therapeutic equine hyperimmune antibodies with high and broad-spectrum neutralizing activity protect rodents against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1066730. [PMID: 36875106 PMCID: PMC9981790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1066730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants stresses the continued need for broad-spectrum therapeutic antibodies. Several therapeutic monoclonal antibodies or cocktails have been introduced for clinical use. However, unremitting emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants showed reduced neutralizing efficacy by vaccine induced polyclonal antibodies or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. In our study, polyclonal antibodies and F(ab')2 fragments with strong affinity produced after equine immunization with RBD proteins produced strong affinity. Notably, specific equine IgG and F(ab')2 have broad and high neutralizing activity against parental virus, all SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), including B.1.1,7, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, P.1, B.1.1.529 and BA.2, and all variants of interest (VOIs) including B.1.429, P.2, B.1.525, P.3, B.1.526, B.1.617.1, C.37 and B.1.621. Although some variants weaken the neutralizing ability of equine IgG and F(ab')2 fragments, they still exhibited superior neutralization ability against mutants compared to some reported monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, we tested the pre-exposure and post-exposure protective efficacy of the equine immunoglobulin IgG and F(ab')2 fragments in lethal mouse and susceptible golden hamster models. Equine immunoglobulin IgG and F(ab')2 fragments effectively neutralized SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, fully protected BALB/c mice from the lethal challenge, and reduced golden hamster's lung pathological change. Therefore, equine pAbs are an adequate, broad coverage, affordable and scalable potential clinical immunotherapy for COVID-19, particularly for SARS-CoV-2 VOCs or VOIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entao Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Qiuxue Han
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinhao Bi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shimeng Wei
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Na Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Feihu Yan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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Andrade SA, Batalha-Carvalho JV, Curi R, Wen FH, Covas DT, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM, Moro AM. Equine Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Serum (ECIG) Binds to Mutated RBDs and N Proteins of Variants of Concern and Inhibits the Binding of RBDs to ACE-2 Receptor. Front Immunol 2022; 13:871874. [PMID: 35898497 PMCID: PMC9310548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.871874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been around since November 2019. As of early June 2022, more than 527 million cases were diagnosed, with more than 6.0 million deaths due to this disease. Coronaviruses accumulate mutations and generate greater diversity through recombination when variants with different mutations infect the same host. Consequently, this virus is predisposed to constant and diverse mutations. The SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern/interest (VOCs/VOIs) such as Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (B.1.1.28/P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529) have quickly spread across the world. These VOCs and VOIs have accumulated mutations within the spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) which interacts with the angiotensin-2 converting enzyme (ACE-2) receptor, increasing cell entry and infection. The RBD region is the main target for neutralizing antibodies; however, other notable mutations have been reported to enhance COVID-19 infectivity and lethality. Considering the urgent need for alternative therapies against this virus, an anti-SARS-CoV-2 equine immunoglobulin F(ab’)2, called ECIG, was developed by the Butantan Institute using the whole gamma-irradiated SARS-CoV-2 virus. Surface plasmon resonance experiments revealed that ECIG binds to wild-type and mutated RBD, S1+S2 domains, and nucleocapsid proteins of known VOCs, including Alpha, Gamma, Beta, Delta, Delta Plus, and Omicron. Additionally, it was observed that ECIG attenuates the binding of RBD (wild-type, Beta, and Omicron) to human ACE-2, suggesting that it could prevent viral entry into the host cell. Furthermore, the ability to concomitantly bind to the wild-type and mutated nucleocapsid protein likely enhances its neutralizing activity of SARS-CoV-2. We postulate that ECIG benefits COVID-19 patients by reducing the infectivity of the original virus and existing variants and may be effective against future ones. Impacting the course of the disease, mainly in the more vulnerable, reduces infection time and limits the appearance of new variants by new recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rui Curi
- Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
- Immunobiological Production Section, Bioindustrial Center, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fan Hui Wen
- Immunobiological Production Section, Bioindustrial Center, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi
- Center of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Innovation and Development Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi, ; Ana Maria Moro,
| | - Ana Maria Moro
- Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Research and Development in Immunobiologicals (CeRDI), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi, ; Ana Maria Moro,
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Da Ruos J, Baldo MA, Daniele S. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Major Drugs Used for the Treatment of COVID-19. A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1698-1732. [PMID: 35195461 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2039094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
At the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak (end 2019 - 2020), therapeutic treatments based on approved drugs have been the fastest approaches to combat the new coronavirus pandemic. Nowadays several vaccines are available. However, the worldwide vaccination program is going to take a long time and its success will depend on the vaccine public's acceptance. Therefore, outside of vaccination, the repurposing of existing antiviral, anti-inflammatory and other types of drugs, have been considered an alternative medical strategy for the COVI-19 infection. Due to the broad clinical potential of the drugs, but also to their possible side effects, analytical methods are needed to monitor the drug concentrations in biological fluids and pharmaceutical products. This review deals with analytical methods developed in the period 2015 - July 2021 to detect potential drugs that, according to a literature survey, have been taken into consideration for the treatment of COVID-19. The drugs considered here have been selected on the basis of the number of articles published in the period January 2020-July 2021, using the combination of the keywords: COVID-19 and drugs or SARS-CoV-2 and drugs. A section is also devoted to monoclonal antibodies. Over the period considered, the analytical methods have been employed in a variety of real samples, such as body fluids (plasma, blood and urine), pharmaceutical products, environmental matrices and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Da Ruos
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - M Antonietta Baldo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Daniele
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Mestre-Venezia, Italy
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5
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Rojas-Jiménez G, Solano D, Segura Á, Sánchez A, Chaves-Araya S, Herrera M, Vargas M, Cerdas M, Calvo G, Alfaro J, Molina S, Bolaños K, Moreira-Soto A, Villalta M, Sánchez A, Cordero D, Durán G, Solano G, Gómez A, Hernández A, Sánchez L, Vargas M, Drexler JF, Alape-Girón A, Díaz C, León G. In vitro Characterization of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIg) Produced From Plasma of Donors Immunized With the BNT162b2 Vaccine and Its Comparison With a Similar Formulation Produced From Plasma of COVID-19 Convalescent Donors. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 3:772275. [PMID: 35047966 PMCID: PMC8757726 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2021.772275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite vaccines are the main strategy to control the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic, their effectiveness could not be enough for individuals with immunosuppression. In these cases, as well as in patients with moderate/severe COVID-19, passive immunization with anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins could be a therapeutic alternative. We used caprylic acid precipitation to prepare a pilot-scale batch of anti-SARS-CoV-2 intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) from plasma of donors immunized with the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) anti-COVID-19 vaccine (VP-IVIg) and compared their in vitro efficacy and safety with those of a similar formulation produced from plasma of COVID-19 convalescent donors (CP-IVIg). Both formulations showed immunological, physicochemical, biochemical, and microbiological characteristics that meet the specifications of IVIg formulations. Moreover, the concentration of anti-RBD and ACE2-RBD neutralizing antibodies was higher in VP-IVIg than in CP-IVIg. In concordance, plaque reduction neutralization tests showed inhibitory concentrations of 0.03-0.09 g/L in VP-IVIg and of 0.06-0.13 in CP-IVIg. Thus, VP-IVIg has in vitro efficacy and safety profiles that justify their evaluation as therapeutic alternative for clinical cases of COVID-19. Precipitation with caprylic acid could be a simple, feasible, and affordable alternative to produce formulations of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IVIg to be used therapeutically or prophylactically to confront the COVID-19 pandemic in middle and low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rojas-Jiménez
- Sección de Virología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Daniela Solano
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Álvaro Segura
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Andrés Sánchez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Stephanie Chaves-Araya
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - María Herrera
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mariángela Vargas
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Maykel Cerdas
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Gerardo Calvo
- Laboratorio Clínico y Banco de Sangre de la Universidad de Costa Rica, Oficina de Bienestar y Salud, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jonathan Alfaro
- Laboratorio Clínico y Banco de Sangre de la Universidad de Costa Rica, Oficina de Bienestar y Salud, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Sebastián Molina
- Banco Nacional de Sangre, Gerencia Médica, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Kimberly Bolaños
- Banco Nacional de Sangre, Gerencia Médica, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Andrés Moreira-Soto
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Mauren Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Adriana Sánchez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Daniel Cordero
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Gina Durán
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Gabriela Solano
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Aarón Gómez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Andrés Hernández
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marco Vargas
- Laboratorio Clínico y Banco de Sangre de la Universidad de Costa Rica, Oficina de Bienestar y Salud, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jean Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alberto Alape-Girón
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Cecilia Díaz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Guillermo León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Factulad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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