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Yan Q, Zhao Z, Liu D, Li J, Pan S, Duan J, Liu Z. Novel immune cross-talk between inflammatory bowel disease and IgA nephropathy. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2337288. [PMID: 38628140 PMCID: PMC11025414 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2337288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the complex correlation between immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the optimal cross-talk genes, potential pathways, and mutual immune-infiltrating microenvironments between IBD and IgAN to elucidate the linkage between patients with IBD and IgAN. The IgAN and IBD datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Three algorithms, CIBERSORTx, ssGSEA, and xCell, were used to evaluate the similarities in the infiltrating microenvironment between the two diseases. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was implemented in the IBD dataset to identify the major immune infiltration modules, and the Boruta algorithm, RFE algorithm, and LASSO regression were applied to filter the cross-talk genes. Next, multiple machine learning models were applied to confirm the optimal cross-talk genes. Finally, the relevant findings were validated using histology and immunohistochemistry analysis of IBD mice. Immune infiltration analysis showed no significant differences between IBD and IgAN samples in most immune cells. The three algorithms identified 10 diagnostic genes, MAPK3, NFKB1, FDX1, EPHX2, SYNPO, KDF1, METTL7A, RIDA, HSDL2, and RIPK2; FDX1 and NFKB1 were enhanced in the kidney of IBD mice. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed 15 mutual pathways between the two diseases, with lipid metabolism playing a vital role in the cross-talk. Our findings offer insights into the shared immune mechanisms of IgAN and IBD. These common pathways, diagnostic cross-talk genes, and cell-mediated abnormal immunity may inform further experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yan
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zihao Zhao
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dongwei Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shaokang Pan
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Duan
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
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Li S, Lin Y, Jones D, Walker DI, Duarte Folle A, Del Rosario I, Yu Y, Zhang K, Keener AM, Bronstein J, Ritz B, Paul KC. Untargeted serum metabolic profiling of diabetes mellitus among Parkinson's disease patients. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:100. [PMID: 38730245 PMCID: PMC11087477 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common comorbidity among Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Yet, little is known about dysregulated pathways that are unique in PD patients with T2DM. We applied high-resolution metabolomic profiling in serum samples of 636 PD and 253 non-PD participants recruited from Central California. We conducted an initial discovery metabolome-wide association and pathway enrichment analysis. After adjusting for multiple testing, in positive (or negative) ion mode, 30 (25) metabolic features were associated with T2DM in both PD and non-PD participants, 162 (108) only in PD participants, and 32 (7) only in non-PD participants. Pathway enrichment analysis identified 17 enriched pathways associated with T2DM in both the PD and non-PD participants, 26 pathways only in PD participants, and 5 pathways only in non-PD participants. Several amino acid, nucleic acids, and fatty acid metabolisms were associated with T2DM only in the PD patient group suggesting a possible link between PD and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Li
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuyuan Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dean Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aline Duarte Folle
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Irish Del Rosario
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu Yu
- Center for Health Policy Research, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keren Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adrienne M Keener
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeff Bronstein
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly C Paul
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Liu J, Zhang L, Li D, Yu X, Gao Y, Zhou Y. Intestinal metabolomics in premature infants with late-onset sepsis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4659. [PMID: 38409213 PMCID: PMC10897474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the characteristics of intestinal metabolomics and non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis of late-onset sepsis (LOS) by analyzing gut metabolites in preterm infants with LOS. We collected stool samples from septic and healthy preterm infants for analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. 123 different metabolites were identified and 13 pathways were mainly involved. Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; glyoxylate and dicarboxylic acid metabolism; glutathione metabolism; primary bile acid biosynthesis; steroid synthesis; pentose and glucuronic acid interconversion may be involved in the pathogenesis of LOS in preterm infants. The significant changes of N-Methyldopamine, cellulose, glycine, gamma-Glutamyltryptophan, N-Ribosylnicotinamide and 1alpha, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol showed specific diagnostic values and as non-invasive biomarkers for LOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Dalian Women and Children's Medical Group, Dalian, 116037, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China.
| | - Xiaotong Yu
- Department of Neonatology, Dalian Women and Children's Medical Group, Dalian, 116037, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Neonatology, Dalian Women and Children's Medical Group, Dalian, 116037, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Dalian Women and Children's Medical Group, Dalian, 116037, China
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Qu Y, Wang Y, Hu Z, Su C, Qian C, Pan J, Zhu Y, Shi A. Role of metabolomic profile as a potential marker to discriminate membranous nephropathy from IgA nephropathy. Int Urol Nephrol 2024; 56:635-651. [PMID: 37452988 PMCID: PMC10808257 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03691-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membranous nephropathy (MN) and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) are the most common primary glomerulopathies worldwide. The systemic metabolic changes in the progression of MN and IgAN are not fully understood. METHODS A total of 87 and 70 patients with MN and IgAN, respectively, and 30 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Untargeted metabolomics was performed to explore the differential metabolites and metabolic pathways in the early stage of MN and IgAN. To judge the diagnostic ability of biomarkers, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis (ROC) were performed. RESULTS Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) suggested that patients with MN and IgAN showed an obvious separation trend from the healthy controls. In addition, 155 and 148 metabolites were identified to be significantly altered in the MN and IgAN groups, respectively. Of these, 70 metabolites were markedly altered in both disease groups; six metabolites, including L-tryptophan, L-kynurenine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), indoleacetaldehyde, 5-hydroxyindoleacetylglycine, and N-alpha-acetyllysine, showed the opposite tendency. The most affected metabolic pathways included the amino acid metabolic pathways, citrate cycle, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, and hormone signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Substantial metabolic disorders occurred during the progression of MN and IgAN. L-tryptophan, L-kynurenine, GABA, indoleacetaldehyde, 5-hydroxyindoleacetylglycine, and N-alpha-acetyllysine may show potential as biomarkers for the identification of MN and IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhanhong Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cunjin Su
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenyue Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Aiming Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Miao H, Wang YN, Yu XY, Zou L, Guo Y, Su W, Liu F, Cao G, Zhao YY. Lactobacillus species ameliorate membranous nephropathy through inhibiting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway via tryptophan-produced indole metabolites. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:162-179. [PMID: 37594378 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Membranous nephropathy (MN) is an immune-mediated glomerular disease in adults. Antibody- and antigen-bonding mechanisms have been largely clarified, but the subepithelium immune complex deposition-mediated downstream molecular mechanisms are currently unresolved. Increasing evidence has suggested that gut microbiota contribute to MN pathogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, we identified alterations in faecal gut microbiota and serum metabolites that mediate an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mechanism in cationic bovine serum albumin (CBSA)-induced MN rats and in patients with idiopathic MN (IMN). KEY RESULTS Impaired renal function correlated with the relative abundance of reduced faecal probiotics, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and altered serum levels of tryptophan-produced indole derivatives (TPIDs) in MN rats. Further results showed that reduced relative abundance of five probiotics, namely Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus murinus, Lactobacillus vaginalis, Lactobacillus reuteri and Bifidobacterium animalis, positively correlated with decreased levels of indole-3-pyruvic acid, indole-3-aldehyde and tryptamine and negatively correlated with increased levels of indole-3-lactic acid and indole-3-acetic acid in serum of MN rats. Altered five probiotics and five TPIDs also were observed in patients with IMN. Further studies showed that MN rats exhibited a significant increase in intrarenal mRNA expression of AhR and its target genes CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1, which were accompanied by protein expression of down-regulated cytoplasmic AhR, but up-regulated nuclear AhR, in MN rats and IMN patients. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Activation of the intrarenal AhR signalling pathway may involve five TPIDs. These data suggest that gut microbiota could influence MN through TPIDs that engage host receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ni Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Public Health and Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Nephrology, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Urology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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Hu X, Fan R, Song W, Qing J, Yan X, Li Y, Duan Q, Li Y. Landscape of intestinal microbiota in patients with IgA nephropathy, IgA vasculitis and Kawasaki disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1061629. [PMID: 36590596 PMCID: PMC9800820 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1061629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the common differential flora of IgAN, Kawasaki disease and IgA vasculitis by screening and analyzing the differential intestinal flora between the three disease groups of IgAN, Kawasaki disease and IgA vasculitis and their healthy controls. Methods Papers on 16srRNA sequencing-related intestinal flora of IgAN, Kawasaki disease and IgA vasculitis were searched in databases, the literature was systematically collated and analysed, the original data was download from the relevant databases, and then the operational taxonomic unit and species classification analysis were performed. Besides, Alpha diversity analysis and Beta diversity analysis were performed to screen for IgAN, Kawasaki disease and I1gA vasculitis groups and finally compare the common intestinal differential flora among the three groups. Results Among the common differential flora screened, Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis was lower in both the IgAN and Kawasaki disease groups than in the respective healthy controls; Coprococcus was low in the IgAN group but high in the IgA vasculitis group. Fusicatenibacter was lower in both the Kawasaki disease and IgA vasculitis groups than in their respective healthy controls, and Intestinibacter was low in the Kawasaki disease group, but its expression was high in the IgA vasculitis group. Conclusion The dysbiosis of the intestinal flora in the three groups of patients with IgAN, Kawasaki disease and IgA vasculitis, its effect on the immunity of the organism and its role in the development of each disease group remain unclear, and the presence of their common differential flora may further provide new ideas for the association of the pathogenesis of the three diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Hu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ru Fan
- Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (Fifth Hospital) of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenzhu Song
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianbo Qing
- Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (Fifth Hospital) of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yaheng Li
- Core Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (Fifth Hospital) of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qi Duan
- Core Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (Fifth Hospital) of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (Fifth Hospital) of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Core Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (Fifth Hospital) of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Taiyuan, China,Academy of Microbial Ecology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,*Correspondence: Yafeng Li,
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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health issue and has ultimately progressed to an end-stage renal disease that requires life-long dialysis or renal transplantation. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of these pathological development and progression remains to be fully understood. The human gut microbiota is made up of approximately 100 trillion microbial cells including anaerobic and aerobic species. In recent years, more and more evidence has indicated a clear association between dysbiosis of gut microbiota and CKD including immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, diabetic kidney disease, membranous nephropathy, chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. The current review describes gut microbial dysbiosis and metabolites in patients with CKD thus helping to understand human disease. Treatment with prebiotics, probiotics and natural products can attenuate CKD through improving dysbiosis of gut microbiota, indicating a novel intervention strategy in patients with CKD. This review also discusses therapeutic options, such as prebiotics, probiotics and natural products, for targeting dysbiosis of gut microbiota in patients to provide more specific concept-driven therapy strategy for CKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yong Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
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Wang Y, Tian L, Sun L, Zhou W, Zhi W, Qing J, Abdi Saed Y, Dong L, Zhang X, Li Y. Gut Microbes in Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:823267. [PMID: 35655857 PMCID: PMC9152025 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.823267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial ecosystem consists of a complex community of bacterial interactions and its host microenvironment (tissue, cell, metabolite). Because the interaction between gut microbiota and host involves many diseases and seriously affects human health, the study of the interaction mechanism between gut microbiota and host has attracted great attention. The gut microbiome is made up of 100 trillion bacteria that have both beneficial and adverse effects on human health. The development of IgA Nephropathy results in changes in the intestinal microbial ecosystem that affect host physiology and health. Similarly, changes in intestinal microbiota also affect the development of IgA Nephropathy. Thus, the gut microbiome represents a novel therapeutic target for improving the outcome of IgA Nephropathy, including hematuria symptoms and disease progression. In this review, we summarize the effect of intestinal microbiota on IgA Nephropathy in recent years and it has been clarified that the intestinal microbiota has a great influence on the pathogenesis and treatment of IgA Nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- The Third Clinical College, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lingling Tian
- The Third Clinical College, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- School of Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhi
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianbo Qing
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yasin Abdi Saed
- Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital (Fifth Hospital) of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lina Dong
- Core Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital (Fifth Hospital) of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiadong Zhang
- Core Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital (Fifth Hospital) of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital (Fifth Hospital) of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Core Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital (Fifth Hospital) of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Taiyuan, China.,Academy of Microbial Ecology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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