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Kayali AY, Ozawa J, Nishibuchi M. Development and Improvement of Methods to Disinfect Raw BeefUsing Calcium Hydroxide-Ethanol-Lactate-Based Food Disinfectant for Safe Consumption. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:537889. [PMID: 33329416 PMCID: PMC7714727 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.537889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) group is responsible for outbreaks and sporadic cases around the world annually. EHEC produces a potent protein known as Shiga toxin in the human intestine causing mild to bloody diarrhea. Some cases of EHEC infections may develop life-threatening symptoms, which may lead to human death. It also has other virulent factors that enable the EHEC cells to adhere to a target tissue and invade to some extent to crave more nutrition and escape the external extreme conditions, such as disinfection treatment. For those reasons, beef is not permitted for raw consumption unless guaranteed free of harmful bacteria, including EHEC, or the invading bacterial cells are completely removed or reduced to a safe level. A heat treatment that guarantees a sufficiently high temperature to reach inside the tissue of meat through the surface was established in Japan. This treatment may allow the core part of the meat to be consumed raw. However, it seemed to have some limitations. We aimed at developing a disinfection method with, hypothetically, nutrition-preserving property that is equivalent to the heat treatment or even superior. A combination of calcium hydroxide-ethanol-lactate-based food disinfectant and two proposed physical sterilization methods, assisted with microbial detection methods, exerted sufficient bactericidal activities against EHEC cells adhering to and/or invading the beef. These physical methods showed great usefulness in disinfecting fresh full-size boneless Round-beef of around 12 kg including fat on the outside. The first method applied a commercially available wide-drum washing machine (WM method) while the second method applied a specially designed plastic bag and a commercially available vibration machine (VV method). After trimming out the fat and the denatured surface of the beef (1 cm from the surface), the remaining meat mass showed no signs of denaturation and a significant reduction of viable EHEC cells by a factor of >104 CFU/ml. However, in the WM method, the disinfection process required a large amount of the disinfectant (150 L). The improved method, VV method, implemented a system that consumes a smaller amount of the disinfectant (50 L) while ensuring the targeted disinfection power degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Yaman Kayali
- Division of Environmental Coexistence, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jo Ozawa
- T. K. Shin Co., Ltd., Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Nishibuchi
- Division of Environmental Coexistence, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Response to Questions Posed by the Food and Drug Administration Regarding Virulence Factors and Attributes that Define Foodborne Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as Severe Human Pathogens †. J Food Prot 2019; 82:724-767. [PMID: 30969806 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
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- NACMCF Executive Secretariat, * U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science, PP3, 9-178, 1400 Independence Avenue S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-3700, USA
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Stromberg ZR, Redweik GAJ, Mellata M. Detection, Prevalence, and Pathogenicity of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Cattle Hides and Carcasses. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 15:119-131. [PMID: 29638166 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are a major reservoir for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and harbor these bacteria in the intestinal tract. The prevalence, concentration, and STEC serogroup isolated in cattle varies between individuals. Hide removal at slaughter serves as a major point of carcass contamination and ultimately beef products. Certain STEC serogroups, such as O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157, containing the intestinal adherence factor intimin, pose a large economic burden to food producers because of testing and recalls. Human infection with STEC can cause illnesses ranging from diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome, and is commonly acquired through ingestion of contaminated foods, often beef products. Previously, most studies focused on O157 STEC, but there is growing recognition of the importance of non-O157 STEC serogroups. This review summarizes detection methods, prevalence, and methods for prediction of pathogenicity of non-O157 STEC from cattle hides and carcasses. A synthesis of procedures is outlined for general non-O157 STEC and targeted detection of specific STEC serogroups. Standardization of sample collection and processing procedures would allow for more robust comparisons among studies. Presence of non-O157 STEC isolated from cattle hides and carcasses and specific factors, such as point of sample collection and season, are summarized. Also, factors that might influence STEC survival on these surfaces, such as the microbial population on hides and microbial adherence genes, are raised as topics for future investigation. Finally, this review gives an overview on studies that have used genetic and cell-based methods to identify specific phenotypes of non-O157 STEC strains isolated from cattle to assess their risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Stromberg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Graham A J Redweik
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Melha Mellata
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
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Tran SL, Jenkins C, Livrelli V, Schüller S. Shiga toxin 2 translocation across intestinal epithelium is linked to virulence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in humans. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018. [PMID: 29533744 PMCID: PMC5982136 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are characterized by the release of potent Shiga toxins (Stx), which are associated with severe intestinal and renal disease. Although all STEC strains produce Stx, only a few serotypes cause infection in humans. To determine which virulence traits in vitro are linked to human disease in vivo, 13 Stx2a-producing STEC strains of seropathotype (SPT) A or B (associated with severe human intestinal disease and outbreaks) and 6 strains of SPT D or E (rarely or not linked to human disease) were evaluated in a microaerobic human colonic epithelial infection model. All SPT strains demonstrated similar growth, colonization of polarized T84 colon carcinoma cells and Stx release into the medium. In contrast, Stx translocation across the T84 cell monolayer was significantly lower in SPT group DE compared to SPT group AB strains. Further experiments showed that Stx penetration occurred via a transcellular pathway and was independent of bacterial type III secretion and attaching and effacing lesion formation. These results suggest that the extent of Stx transcytosis across the gut epithelium may represent an important indicator of STEC pathogenicity for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seav-Ly Tran
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK.,Present address: Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Valérie Livrelli
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, M2iSH 'Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte', USC-INRA 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Bactériologie, Parasitologie Mycologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stephanie Schüller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
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Stratakos AC, Sima F, Ward P, Linton M, Kelly C, Pinkerton L, Stef L, Pet I, Corcionivoschi N. The in vitro effect of carvacrol, a food additive, on the pathogenicity of O157 and non-O157 Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Gao JX, Li P, Du XJ, Han ZH, Xue R, Liang B, Wang S. A Negative Regulator of Cellulose Biosynthesis, bcsR, Affects Biofilm Formation, and Adhesion/Invasion Ability of Cronobacter sakazakii. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1839. [PMID: 29085341 PMCID: PMC5649176 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an important foodborne pathogen that causes neonatal meningitis and sepsis, with high mortality in neonates. However, very little information is available regarding the pathogenesis of C. sakazakii at the genetic level. In our previous study, a cellulose biosynthesis-related gene (bcsR) was shown to be involved in C. sakazakii adhesion/invasion into epithelial cells. In this study, the detailed functions of this gene were investigated using a gene knockout technique. A bcsR knockout mutant (ΔbcsR) of C. sakazakii ATCC BAA-894 showed decreased adhesion/invasion (3.9-fold) in human epithelial cell line HCT-8. Biofilm formation by the mutant was reduced to 50% of that exhibited by the wild-type (WT) strain. Raman spectrometry was used to detect variations in biofilm components caused by bcsR knockout, and certain components, including carotenoids, fatty acids, and amides, were significantly reduced. However, another biofilm component, cellulose, was increased in ΔbcsR, suggesting that bcsR negatively affects cellulose biosynthesis. This result was also verified via RT-PCR, which demonstrated up-regulation of five crucial cellulose synthesis genes (bcsA, B, C, E, Q) in ΔbcsR. Furthermore, the expression of other virulence or biofilm-related genes, including flagellar assembly genes (fliA, C, D) and toxicity-related genes (ompA, ompX, hfq), was studied. The expression of fliC and ompA in the ΔbcsR mutant was found to be remarkably reduced compared with that in the wild-type and the others were also affected excepted ompX. In summary, bcsR is a negative regulator of cellulose biosynthesis but positively regulates biofilm formation and the adhesion/invasion ability of C. sakazakii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin-Jun Du
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhong-Hui Han
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Xue
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli pathogenesis: role of Long polar fimbriae in Peyer's patches interactions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44655. [PMID: 28317910 PMCID: PMC5357955 DOI: 10.1038/srep44655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are major food-borne pathogens whose survival and virulence in the human digestive tract remain unclear owing to paucity of relevant models. EHEC interact with the follicle-associated epithelium of Peyer’s patches of the distal ileum and translocate across the intestinal epithelium via M-cells, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we investigated the involvement of Long polar fimbriae (Lpf) in EHEC pathogenesis. Of the 236 strains tested, a significant association was observed between the presence of lpf operons and pathogenicity. In sophisticated in vitro models of the human gastro-intestinal tract, lpf expression was induced during transit through the simulated stomach and small intestine, but not in the colonic compartment. To investigate the involvement of Lpf in EHEC pathogenesis, lpf isogenic mutants and their relative trans-complemented strains were generated. Translocation across M-cells, interactions with murine ileal biopsies containing Peyer’s patches and the number of hemorrhagic lesions were significantly reduced with the lpf mutants compared to the wild-type strain. Complementation of lpf mutants fully restored the wild-type phenotypes. Our results indicate that (i) EHEC might colonize the terminal ileum at the early stages of infection, (ii) Lpf are an important player in the interactions with Peyer’s patches and M-cells, and could contribute to intestinal colonization.
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Transcriptome analysis of Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC BAA-894 after interaction with human intestinal epithelial cell line HCT-8. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:311-22. [PMID: 26481623 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens that are responsible for infections including severe meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and infants. To date, questions still remain regarding the mechanisms of pathogenicity and virulence determinants for each bacterial strain. In this study, we established an in vitro model for Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC BAA-894 infection of HCT-8 human colorectal epithelial cells. The transcriptome profile of C. sakazakii ATCC BAA-894 after interaction with HCT-8 cells was determined using high-throughput whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)). Gene expression profiles indicated that 139 genes were upregulated and 72 genes were downregulated in the adherent C. sakazakii ATCC BAA-894 strain on HCT-8 cells compared to the cultured bacteria in the cell-free medium. Expressions of some flagella genes and virulence factors involved in adherence were upregulated. High osmolarity and osmotic stress-associated genes were highly upregulated, as well as genes responsible for the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides and outer membrane proteins, iron acquisition systems, and glycerol and glycerophospholipid metabolism. In sum, our study provides further insight into the mechanisms underlying C. sakazakii pathogenesis in the human gastrointestinal tract.
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