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Lou F, Wang K, Hou Y, Shang X, Tang F. Inhibitory effect of resveratrol on swimming motility and adhesion ability against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106323. [PMID: 37633505 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) is a common Gram-negative foodborne pathogen that threatens public health and hinders the development of livestock industry. Resveratrol, an important component in grape fruits and seeds, has been shown to possess multiple biological activities, but its potential effects on S. typhimurium-mediated virulence have been rarely reported. In this study, we investigated the effect of resveratrol on S. typhimurium flagella -mediated virulence. The results showed that resveratrol significantly reduced the transcription of flagella genes and swimming motility of S. typhimurium, and also inhibited the transcription of T3SS-related virulence genes with varying degrees inhibiting bacterial growth. Simultaneously, resveratrol significantly reduced the adhesion of S. typhimurium to HeLa cells. Unfortunately, resveratrol does not improve the survival rate of S. typhimurium-infected mice, but it reduces the bacterial load in the liver and spleen of infected mice, and it also has a certain degree of anti-inflammatory activity. In summary, these results indicated that resveratrol has the potential to be developed as an alternative drug or antibacterial agent to prevent Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Kunli Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yunfeng Hou
- Shandong Jinzhuji Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Jinan, 271100, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolei Shang
- Shandong Jinzhuji Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Jinan, 271100, Shandong, China
| | - Fayin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Li Q, Wang L, Xu J, Liu S, Song Z, Chen T, Deng X, Wang J, Lv Q. Quercitrin Is a Novel Inhibitor of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Type III Secretion System. Molecules 2023; 28:5455. [PMID: 37513327 PMCID: PMC10383848 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose was to screen type III secretory system (T3SS) inhibitors of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) from natural compounds. The pharmacological activities and action mechanisms of candidate compounds in vivo and in vitro were systematically studied and analyzed. Using a SipA-β-lactamase fusion reporting system, we found that quercitrin significantly blocked the translocation of SipA into eukaryotic host cells without affecting the growth of bacteria. Adhesion and invasion assay showed that quercitrin inhibited S. Typhimurium invasion into host cells and reduced S. Typhimurium mediated host cell damage. β-galactosidase activity detection and Western blot analysis showed that quercitrin significantly inhibited the expression of SPI-1 genes (hilA and sopA) and effectors (SipA and SipC). The results of animal experiments showed that quercitrin significantly reduced colony colonization and alleviated the cecum pathological injury of the infected mice. Small molecule inhibitor quercitrin directly inhibited the function of T3SS and provided a potential antibiotic alternative against S. Typhimurium infection. Importance: T3SS plays a crucial role in the bacterial invasion and pathogenesis of S. Typhimurium. Compared with conventional antibiotics, small molecules could inhibit the virulence factors represented by S. Typhimurium T3SS. They have less pressure on bacterial vitality and a lower probability of producing drug resistance. Our results provide strong evidence for the development of novel inhibitors against S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjie Li
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinses Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lianping Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Changchun 132101, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Jilin Jinziyuan Biotech Inc., Shuangliao 136400, China
| | - Zeyu Song
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Qianghua Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
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Blasey N, Rehrmann D, Riebisch AK, Mühlen S. Targeting bacterial pathogenesis by inhibiting virulence-associated Type III and Type IV secretion systems. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1065561. [PMID: 36704108 PMCID: PMC9872159 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1065561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens pose a major health burden. Both respiratory and gastrointestinal infections are commonly associated with these pathogens. With the increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) over the last decades, bacterial infections may soon become the threat they have been before the discovery of antibiotics. Many Gram-negative pathogens encode virulence-associated Type III and Type IV secretion systems, which they use to inject bacterial effector proteins across bacterial and host cell membranes into the host cell cytosol, where they subvert host cell functions in favor of bacterial replication and survival. These secretion systems are essential for the pathogens to cause disease, and secretion system mutants are commonly avirulent in infection models. Hence, these structures present attractive targets for anti-virulence therapies. Here, we review previously and recently identified inhibitors of virulence-associated bacterial secretions systems and discuss their potential as therapeutics.
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Research Progress on Small Molecular Inhibitors of the Type 3 Secretion System. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238348. [PMID: 36500441 PMCID: PMC9740592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The overuse of antibiotics has led to severe bacterial drug resistance. Blocking pathogen virulence devices is a highly effective approach to combating bacterial resistance worldwide. Type three secretion systems (T3SSs) are significant virulence factors in Gram-negative pathogens. Inhibition of these systems can effectively weaken infection whilst having no significant effect on bacterial growth. Therefore, T3SS inhibitors may be a powerful weapon against resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, and there has been increasing interest in the research and development of T3SS inhibitors. This review outlines several reported small-molecule inhibitors of the T3SS, covering those of synthetic and natural origin, including their sources, structures, and mechanisms of action.
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Yao Z, Feng L, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Chen L, Wang L, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Zhou T, Cao J. Thymol Increases Sensitivity of Clinical Col-R Gram-Negative Bacteria to Colistin. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0018422. [PMID: 35700133 PMCID: PMC9431615 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00184-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colistin-resistant (Col-R) bacteria are increasing sharply, which poses a serious threat to public health. Thymol is a phenolic compound used for its wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity, while the combination of nontraditional drugs to restore colistin activity is an attractive strategy to treat infections caused by these pathogens. This study showed that thymol could play a synergistic role with colistin against Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), including nonfermenting bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. According to antimicrobial resistance profiles, most of the colistin-resistant strains we collected showed multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes. The checkerboard method and time-kill curve confirmed the synergistic effect of thymol combined with colistin against Col-R GNB. The synergistic antibiofilm activity of thymol combined with colistin was assessed via crystal violet staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) assays. Results showed that compared with a single drug, the combination partially destroyed bacterial cells and inhibit the formation of bacterial biofilms. Mechanismly, the thymol/colistin combination synergistically potentiated the antibacterial activity by accelerating the damage and permeability of the bacterial outer membrane. Preliminary data indicated that the thymol/colistin combination could decrease the number of bacteria ≥2 log10 CFU/mL after 24 h of therapy in a mouse thigh infection model. Our results fully prove that thymol and colistin combination possesses a promising treatment option against colistin-resistant GNB infections. IMPORTANCE Colistin is being considered "the last ditch" treatment in many infections caused by multidrug-resistant GNB clinical isolates, but colistin-resistant (Col-R) strains with different drug resistance mechanisms have appeared worldwide. Hence, it is of great significance to rejuvenate sensitization of clinical Col-R Gram-negative bacteria to colistin. In this study, the thymol/colistin combination showed notable antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that the thymol/colistin combination may have promise as a treatment approach for treating the infections caused by Col-R pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuocheng Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Medical Lab Science, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Luozhu Feng
- Department of Medical Lab Science, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yining Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lijiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lingbo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Medical Lab Science, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tieli Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianming Cao
- Department of Medical Lab Science, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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A Pilot Study on the Effect of Thyme Microemulsion Compared with Antibiotic as Treatment of Salmonella Enteritidis in Broiler. Vet Med Int 2022; 2022:3647523. [PMID: 35251587 PMCID: PMC8894032 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3647523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance poses a global threat to the poultry industry and public health, so the direction towards eliminating the use of antibiotics and finding alternatives is a vital step to solve this problem. Thyme microemulsion (10% oil/water) had nanodrop size 28.65 ± 0.89 nm, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.28 with greater homogeneity. It showed IC50 > 100 ug/ml on cytotoxicity assay and 14 active components by GC-Mass. The study was carried out using 210 Cobb chicks divided into fourteen groups. The infected groups were challenged using two Salmonella Enteritidis multidrug resistance (MDR) and Salmonella Enteritidis sensitive strains to the sulpha-trimethoprim antibiotic. The challenged inoculum was 1 × 109 CFU of Salmonella Enteritidis by oral route. The MIC treatments doses were 1 ml/liter water for thyme oil and thyme microemulsion and 33.34 mg/kg b.wt sulfadiazine for 5 days. The results showed that both thymol oil (0.1%) and microemulsion (0.01%) are able to decrease the count of Salmonella Enteritidis in cecal content and fecal dropping and the mortality rates after five days of treatment. In addition, thyme oil and microemulsion had no pathological alteration on chickens' tissues that were collected two weeks after giving the treatment. By the robust HPLC method, the SDZ and TMP residues in tissues of infected groups treated with Cotrimazine® + thyme oil microemulsion had a slight significant economic impact (P < 0.05) compared to Cotrimazine® alone. In conclusion, thymol oil and microemulsion could be an alternative economic choice for multidrug resistance Salmonella Enteritidis treatment in poultry farms.
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Cui C, Liu Q, Duan B, Liu X, Wei H, Peng J. Bioactive triple peptide inhibits inflammasome activation to alleviate Salmonella-induced intestinal inflammation in mice via modulation of host defense and bacterial virulence. Food Funct 2022; 13:3512-3525. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03891e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past long period, Salmonella Typhimurium has been an important pathogen that causes intestinal diseases and spells enormous economic shock to animal husbandry all over the world. Pyroptosis and...
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Zhao X, Wei S, Tian Q, Peng W, Tao Y, Bo R, Liu M, Li J. Eugenol exposure in vitro inhibits the expressions of T3SS and TIF virulence genes in Salmonella Typhimurium and reduces its pathogenicity to chickens. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105314. [PMID: 34838999 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a common food-borne pathogen, which has the ability to infect a wide range of hosts. The increasing emergence of drug-resistant strains urgently requires new alternative therapies. Eugenol has been shown to be very effective against drug-resistant strains of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of eugenol on the virulence factors and pathogenicity of S. Typhimurium. METHODS The antibacterial activity of eugenol was investigated via the changes of cell morphology, fimbriae related-genes and virulence factors of S. Typhimurium, then the pathogenicity of S. Typhimurium pretreated by eugenol to chickens was evaluated. RESULTS Susceptibility testing showed that eugenol possessed significant antimicrobial activity. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed eugenol treatment deformed the morphology with damaged fimbriae structure of S. Typhimurium. Real time PCR assay confirmed eugenol significantly down-regulated the expressions of virulence factors (hilA, hilD, sipA, sipC, spiC, misL) of Type III secretion system (T3SS) and adherence genes (fimA, fimH, fimD, fimY, fimZ, stm0551) of Type I fimbriae (TIF). Animal experiment proved that the pathogenicity of S. Typhimurium exposed by eugenol was reduced, which was evidenced by the higher survival rate, weight gains and organs indexes, the lower bacterial loads in organs. Meanwhile, the duodenal histopathological changes were mitigated, with a significantly decline in the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18. CONCLUSION In summary, eugenol pretreatment may alleviate the pathogenicity of the S. Typhimurium to chickens via wrecking the fimbriae and inhibiting the mRNA expressions of virulence factors and adhesion molecules. These data dedicated the potential mechanisms of eugenol against S. Typhimurium in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - SiMin Wei
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - QiMing Tian
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - WeiLong Peng
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Ya Tao
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - RuoNan Bo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - MingJiang Liu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - JinGui Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Luo J, Jie J, Deng X, Song L. The Herbal Compound Thymol Targets Multiple Salmonella Typhimurium Virulence Factors for Lon Protease Degradation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:674955. [PMID: 34512322 PMCID: PMC8427694 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.674955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many important bacterial pathogens are using the type III secretion system to deliver effectors into host cells. Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium with the type III secretion system as its major virulence factor. Our previous studies demonstrated that thymol, a monoterpene phenol derivative of cymene, inhibited S. Typhimurium invasion into mammalian cells and protected mice from infection. However, the antibacterial mechanism of thymol is not clear. In this study, we revealed that thymol interferes with the abundance of about 100 bacterial proteins through proteomic analysis. Among the 42 proteins whose abundance was reduced, 11 were important virulence factors associated with T3SS-1. Further analyses with SipA revealed that thymol directly interacts with this protein to induce conformational changes, which makes it susceptible to the Lon protease. In agreement with this observation, thymol effectively blocks cell invasion by S. Typhimurium. Thus, thymol represents a class of anti-virulence compounds that function by targeting pathogenic factors for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingjing Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Jie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Ban F, Hu L, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Mo H, Li H, Zhou W. Inverse molecular docking reveals a novel function of thymol: Inhibition of fat deposition induced by high-dose glucose in Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4243-4253. [PMID: 34401075 PMCID: PMC8358335 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a natural product isolated from thyme oil in thyme, thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) harbors antiviral, antioxidant, and other properties, and thus could be potentially used for the treatment of various diseases. However, the function of thymol has not been comprehensively studied. Here, we applied an inverse molecular docking approach to identify unappreciated functions of thymol. Potential targets of thymol in humans were identified by the server of DRAR-CPI, and targets of interest were then assessed by GO and KEGG pathway analysis. Subsequently, homologous proteins of these targets in Caenorhabditis elegans were identified by Blast tool, and their three-dimensional structures were achieved using Swiss-Model workspace. Interaction between thymol and the targeted proteins in worms was verified using AutoDock 4.0. Analyses of the targets revealed that thymol could be potentially involved in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and fatty acid degradation pathways. To verify the activity of thymol on lipid deposition in vivo, the C. elegans model was established. The lipid content of nematodes induced by high-dose glucose was determined by Oil Red O and Nile Red staining, and gene expression was assessed by qRT-PCR. The results showed that thymol might lead to the acceleration of β-oxidation by upregulating cpt-1, aco, fabp, and tph-1, causing the descent of lipid content in nematodes. Our findings indicated that thymol could be potentially used for the treatment of chronic metabolic diseases associated with increased fatty acid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ban
- School of Food ScienceHenan Institute of Science and TechnologyXinxiangChina
| | - Liangbin Hu
- School of Food ScienceHenan Institute of Science and TechnologyXinxiangChina
- Department of Food and BioengineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyShaanxiChina
| | - Xiao‐Hui Zhou
- Department of Pathobiology & Veterinary ScienceUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- School of Food ScienceHenan Institute of Science and TechnologyXinxiangChina
| | - Haizhen Mo
- School of Food ScienceHenan Institute of Science and TechnologyXinxiangChina
- Department of Food and BioengineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyShaanxiChina
| | - Hongbo Li
- School of Food ScienceHenan Institute of Science and TechnologyXinxiangChina
- Department of Food and BioengineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyShaanxiChina
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Food ScienceHenan Institute of Science and TechnologyXinxiangChina
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Hussain S, Ouyang P, Zhu Y, Khalique A, He C, Liang X, Shu G, Yin L. Type 3 secretion system 1 of Salmonella typhimurium and its inhibitors: a novel strategy to combat salmonellosis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:34154-34166. [PMID: 33966165 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Unsuccessful vaccination against Salmonella due to a large number of serovars, and antibiotic resistance, necessitates the development of novel therapeutics to treat salmonellosis. The development of anti-virulence agents against multi-drug-resistant bacteria is a novel strategy because of its non-bacterial feature. Hence, a thorough study of the type three secretion system (T3SS) of Salmonella would help us better understand its role in bacterial pathogenesis and development of anti-virulence agents. However, T3SS can be inhibited by different chemicals at different stages of infection and sequenced delivery of effectors can be blocked to restrict the progression of disease. This review highlights the role of T3SS-1 in the internalization, survival, and replication of Salmonella within the intestinal epithelium and T3SS inhibitors. We concluded that the better we understand the structures and functions of T3SS, the more we have chances to develop anti-virulence agents. Furthermore, greater insights into the T3SS inhibitors of Salmonella would help in the mitigation of the antibiotic resistance problem and would lead us to the era of new therapeutics against salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Hussain
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingkun Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Abdul Khalique
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Changliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Shu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China.
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Developing Cyclic Peptomers as Broad-Spectrum Type III Secretion System Inhibitors in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0169020. [PMID: 33875435 PMCID: PMC8373237 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01690-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are an emerging global health threat. New antimicrobials are urgently needed. The injectisome type III secretion system (T3SS), required by dozens of Gram-negative bacteria for virulence but largely absent from nonpathogenic bacteria, is an attractive antimicrobial target. We previously identified synthetic cyclic peptomers, inspired by the natural product phepropeptin D, that inhibit protein secretion through the Yersinia Ysc and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Psc T3SSs but do not inhibit bacterial growth. Here, we describe the identification of an isomer, 4EpDN, that is 2-fold more potent (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] of 4 μM) than its parental compound. Furthermore, 4EpDN inhibited the Yersinia Ysa and the Salmonella SPI-1 T3SSs, suggesting that this cyclic peptomer has broad efficacy against evolutionarily distant injectisome T3SSs. Indeed, 4EpDN strongly inhibited intracellular growth of Chlamydia trachomatis in HeLa cells, which requires the T3SS. 4EpDN did not inhibit the unrelated twin arginine translocation (Tat) system, nor did it impact T3SS gene transcription. Moreover, although the injectisome and flagellar T3SSs are evolutionarily and structurally related, the 4EpDN cyclic peptomer did not inhibit secretion of substrates through the Salmonella flagellar T3SS, indicating that cyclic peptomers broadly but specifically target the injectisome T3SS. 4EpDN reduced the number of T3SS needles detected on the surface of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as detected by microscopy. Collectively, these data suggest that cyclic peptomers specifically inhibit the injectisome T3SS from a variety of Gram-negative bacteria, possibly by preventing complete T3SS assembly.
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Ibrahim D, Abdelfattah-Hassan A, Badawi M, Ismail TA, Bendary MM, Abdelaziz AM, Mosbah RA, Mohamed DI, Arisha AH, El-Hamid MIA. Thymol nanoemulsion promoted broiler chicken's growth, gastrointestinal barrier and bacterial community and conferred protection against Salmonella Typhimurium. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7742. [PMID: 33833292 PMCID: PMC8032708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86990-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study involved in vivo evaluation of the growth promoting effects of thymol and thymol nanoemulsion and their protection against Salmonella Typhimurium infection in broilers. One-day old 2400 chicks were randomly divided into eight groups; negative and positive control groups fed basal diet without additives and thymol and thymol nanoemulsion groups (0.25, 0.5 and 1% each). At d 23, all chicks except negative control were challenged with S. Typhimurium. Over the total growing period, birds fed 1% thymol nanoemulsion showed better growth performance even after S. Typhimurium challenge, which came parallel with upregulation of digestive enzyme genes (AMY2A, PNLIP and CCK). Additionally, higher levels of thymol nanoemulsion upregulated the expression of MUC-2, FABP2, IL-10, IgA and tight junction proteins genes and downregulated IL-2 and IL-6 genes expression. Moreover, 1% thymol nanoemulsion, and to lesser extent 0.5% thymol nanoemulsion and 1% thymol, corrected the histological alterations of cecum and liver postinfection. Finally, supplementation of 1% thymol, 0.5 and 1% thymol nanoemulsion led to increased Lactobacilli counts and decreased S. Typhimurium populations and downregulated invA gene expression postinfection. This first report of supplying thymol nanoemulsion in broiler diets proved that 1% nano-thymol is a potential growth promoting and antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Ibrahim
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelfattah-Hassan
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt ,grid.440881.10000 0004 0576 5483Biomedical Sciences Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October, Giza, 12578 Egypt
| | - M. Badawi
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Tamer Ahmed Ismail
- grid.412895.30000 0004 0419 5255Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M. Bendary
- grid.440879.60000 0004 0578 4430Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said Governorate, Egypt
| | - Adel M. Abdelaziz
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Educational Hospital, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha A. Mosbah
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Dalia Ibrahim Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H. Arisha
- grid.507995.70000 0004 6073 8904Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, Egypt ,grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Bendary MM, Ibrahim D, Mosbah RA, Mosallam F, Hegazy WAH, Awad NFS, Alshareef WA, Alomar SY, Zaitone SA, Abd El-Hamid MI. Thymol Nanoemulsion: A New Therapeutic Option for Extensively Drug Resistant Foodborne Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 10:25. [PMID: 33396722 PMCID: PMC7823989 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens have been associated with severe and complicated diseases. Therefore, these types of infections are a concern for public health officials and food and dairy industries. Regarding the wide-spread multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis), new and alternative therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Therefore, we investigated the antimicrobial, anti-virulence, and immunostimulant activities of a stable formulation of thymol as thymol nanoemulsion in an in vivo approach. Notably, treatment with 2.25% thymol nanoemulsion led to a pronounced improvement in the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in addition to decreases in the severity of clinical findings and mortality percentages of challenged chickens with XDR S. Enteritidis confirming its pronounced antimicrobial activities. Moreover, thymol nanoemulsion, at this dose, had protective effects through up-regulation of the protective cytokines and down-regulation of XDR S. Enteritidis sopB virulence gene and interleukins (IL)-4 and IL-10 cytokines as those hinder the host defenses. Furthermore, it enhanced the growth of gut Bifidobacteria species, which increases the strength of the immune system. For that, we suggested the therapeutic use of thymol nanoemulsion against resistant foodborne pathogens. Finally, we recommended the use of 2.25% thymol nanoemulsion as a feed additive for immunocompromised individuals as well as in the veterinary fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42511, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Rasha A. Mosbah
- Infection Control Unit, Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Farag Mosallam
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 11865, Egypt;
| | - Wael A. H. Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Naglaa F. S. Awad
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Walaa A. Alshareef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6th of October 12566, Egypt;
| | - Suliman Y. Alomar
- Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sawsan A. Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismalia 41522, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
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Liu Y, Zhang D, Gao R, Zhang X, Yang X, Lu C. The in vitro and in vivo anti-virulence activities of Cinnamomum bejolghota by inhibiting type three secretion system effector proteins of Salmonella. Drug Discov Ther 2020; 14:243-248. [PMID: 33116038 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2020.03071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The bark of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) Sweet (C. bejolghota) is widely used as medicine to treat bacterial diarrhea in Myanmar. We previously reported that the bark extract of C. bejolghota significantly inhibited secretion effector proteins of the type three secretion system (T3SS) in Salmonella. This study is designed to investigate the anti-virulence potential of the C. bejolghota bark extract against Salmonella Typhimuriumin in in vivo and in vitro experiments. The results suggested that the polar fraction Fr.M1 inhibited the secretion of effector proteins SipA, SipB, SipC and SipD without affecting bacteria growth and the translocation of SipC into MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, Fr.M1 alleviated inflammatory symptoms of mice in Salmonella-infected mouse model. Overall, the results provide evidence for medicinal usage of C. bejolghota bark to treat diarrhea in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Rongrong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuefei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Wu Y, Yang X, Zhang D, Lu C. Myricanol Inhibits the Type III Secretion System of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium by Interfering With the DNA-Binding Activity of HilD. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:571217. [PMID: 33101243 PMCID: PMC7546796 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.571217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) consists of a syringe-like export machine injecting effectors from the bacterial cytosol directly into host cells to establish infection. This mechanism is widely distributed in gram-negative bacteria and can be targeted as an innovative strategy for the developing of anti-virulence drugs. In this study, we present an effective T3SS inhibitor, myricanol, inspired by the use of folk medicinal plants traditionally used against infections. Myricanol is a cyclic diarylheptanoid isolated from the medicinal plant Myrica nagi, which is found in South and East Asia. Bioassay-guided fractionation revealed that myricanol inhibited not only the secretion of type III effector proteins of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium UK-1 χ8956 (S. Typhimurium) but also the invasion of S. Typhimurium into mammalian cells, but showed no toxicity to bacterial growth or the host cells. RNA-Seq data analysis showed that the transcription of the pathogenesis-related SPI-1 gene was significantly inhibited by myricanol. Further study demonstrated that myricanol binds physically to HilD and interferes with its DNA-binding activity to the promoters of the hilA and invF genes. In conclusion, we propose that myricanol is responsible for the anti-infectious properties of M. nagi and is a novel T3SS inhibitor of S. Typhimurium through a previously unappreciated mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuefei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Possible drugs for the treatment of bacterial infections in the future: anti-virulence drugs. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 74:24-41. [PMID: 32647212 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global threat that should be urgently resolved. Finding a new antibiotic is one way, whereas the repression of the dissemination of virulent pathogenic bacteria is another. From this point of view, this paper summarizes first the mechanisms of conjugation and transformation, two important processes of horizontal gene transfer, and then discusses the approaches for disarming virulent pathogenic bacteria, that is, virulence factor inhibitors. In contrast to antibiotics, anti-virulence drugs do not impose a high selective pressure on a bacterial population, and repress the dissemination of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. Disarmed virulence factors make virulent pathogens avirulent bacteria or pathobionts, so that we human will be able to coexist with these disarmed bacteria peacefully.
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Giovagnoni G, Rossi B, Tugnoli B, Ghiselli F, Bonetti A, Piva A, Grilli E. Thymol and Carvacrol Downregulate the Expression of Salmonella typhimurium Virulence Genes during an In Vitro Infection on Caco-2 Cells. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060862. [PMID: 32517327 PMCID: PMC7355688 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium is one of the major bacteria responsible for gastroenteritis in humans caused by foodborne pathogens. As pork is one of the main routes of transmission, bioactive compounds used as feed additives may be an important strategy to control Salmonella typhimurium. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of several organic acids and nature identical compounds against Salmonella typhimurium ATCC®® 6994™. Moreover, the effect of sub-lethal concentrations of thymol and carvacrol in counteracting a Salmonella typhimurium in vitro infection on Caco-2 cells was evaluated, focusing on the maintenance of the epithelial barrier and the alteration of Salmonella virulence genes. The results showed a protective effect of the compounds on the integrity of the intestinal monolayer, improving transepithelial electrical resistance and bacterial translocation compared to the non-treated cells. A real-time PCR study highlighted a significant downregulation of the main virulence genes of Salmonella (hilA, prgH, invA, sipA, sipC, sipD, sopB, sopE2). These findings indicate that thymol and carvacrol could be good candidates for the control of Salmonella typhimurium in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Giovagnoni
- DIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (G.G.); (F.G.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Vetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (B.R.); (B.T.)
| | - Benedetta Tugnoli
- Vetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (B.R.); (B.T.)
| | - Federico Ghiselli
- DIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (G.G.); (F.G.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Bonetti
- DIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (G.G.); (F.G.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Piva
- DIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (G.G.); (F.G.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
- Vetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (B.R.); (B.T.)
| | - Ester Grilli
- DIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (G.G.); (F.G.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
- Vetagro Inc., 116 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite #320, Chicago, IL 60604, USA
- Correspondence:
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Delivery of Heterologous Proteins, Enzymes, and Antigens via the Bacterial Type III Secretion System. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050777. [PMID: 32455678 PMCID: PMC7285344 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Type III Secretion System (T3SS) is a multimeric protein complex composed of over 20 different proteins, utilized by Gram-negative bacteria to infect eukaryotic host cells. The T3SS has been implicated as a virulence factor by which pathogens cause infection and has recently been characterized as a communication tool between bacteria and plant cells in the rhizosphere. The T3SS has been repurposed to be used as a tool for the delivery of non-native or heterologous proteins to eukaryotic cells or the extracellular space for a variety of purposes, including drug discovery and drug delivery. This review covers the methodology of heterologous protein secretion as well as multiple cases of utilizing the T3SS to deliver heterologous proteins or artificial materials. The research covered in this review will serve to outline the scope and limitations of utilizing the T3SS as a tool for protein delivery.
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20
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Dong J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Xu N, Zhou S, Yang Q, Yang Y, Ai X. Thymol Protects Channel Catfish from Aeromonas hydrophila Infection by Inhibiting Aerolysin Expression and Biofilm Formation. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050636. [PMID: 32349419 PMCID: PMC7284873 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for a number of diseases in freshwater farming. Moreover, the bacterium has been identified as a zoonotic pathogen that threatens human health. Antibiotics are widely used for treatments of infectious diseases in aquaculture. However, the abuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant strains. Thus, novel strategies are required against resistant A. hydrophila strains. The quorum sensing (QS) system, involved in virulence factor production and biofilm formation, is a promising target in identifying novel drugs against A. hydrophila infections. In this study, we found that thymol, at sub-inhibitory concentrations, could significantly reduce the production of aerolysin and biofilm formation by inhibiting the transcription of genes aerA, ahyI, and ahyR. These results indicate that thymol inhibits the quorum sensing system. The protective effects of thymol against A. hydrophila mediated cell injury were determined by live/dead assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Moreover, the in vivo study showed that thymol could significantly decrease the mortality of channel catfish infected with A. hydrophila. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that thymol could be chosen as a phytotherapeutic candidate for inhibiting quorum sensing system-mediated aerolysin production and biofilm formation in A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (N.X.); (S.Z.); (Q.Y.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lushan Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (N.X.); (S.Z.); (Q.Y.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yongtao Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (N.X.); (S.Z.); (Q.Y.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (N.X.); (S.Z.); (Q.Y.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (N.X.); (S.Z.); (Q.Y.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qiuhong Yang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (N.X.); (S.Z.); (Q.Y.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yibin Yang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (N.X.); (S.Z.); (Q.Y.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaohui Ai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.D.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (N.X.); (S.Z.); (Q.Y.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100071, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-027-8178-0298
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21
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Qi Y, Zhao W, Wang T, Pei F, Yue M, Li F, Liu X, Wang X, Li H. Proteomic analysis of the antimicrobial effects of sublethal concentrations of thymol on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3493-3505. [PMID: 32072194 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is an important foodborne pathogen that causes serious and extensive food contamination as well as disease and death worldwide. Considering the increasing severity of antibiotic resistance, antibiotic alternatives are urgently needed. As a natural biocide and a component of some essential oils from herbs, thymol is capable of killing various bacteria through a potentially unique mechanism, although the targets of thymol have not been completely elucidated. In this study, the variation in the whole proteome of Salmonella after thymol stress was evaluated using the SWATH multiplex technique. The strain Salmonella Typhimurium CVCC541 was treated with a sublethal concentration (75 μg/mL) of thymol, which rapidly increased the permeability of bacterial membranes at the tested concentration. Thymol destroyed the integrity of the bacterial membrane, as observed by transmission electron microscopy. The proteomes of the treated and untreated cells were characterized after an 8-h treatment. The proteomic analysis of thymol-treated cells indicated that 144 proteins exhibited upregulation or downregulation compared with the control cells, particularly those involved in cellular structure and metabolism. The results of this study showed that thymol may play an antimicrobial role in altering the membrane permeability, virulence change, and antioxidant response of Salmonella Typhimurium. The results of the present study provide an improved understanding of the proteomic response of Salmonella Typhimurium to thymol stress, including the identification of promising targets for the future exploration of innovative approaches to control Salmonella Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.,College of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.,College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Fangying Pei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Min Yue
- College of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xingyou Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xuannian Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Hongquan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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22
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Hotinger JA, May AE. Animal Models of Type III Secretion System-Mediated Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040257. [PMID: 31766664 PMCID: PMC6963218 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a conserved virulence factor used by many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and has become an important target for anti-virulence drugs. Most T3SS inhibitors to date have been discovered using in vitro screening assays. Pharmacokinetics and other important characteristics of pharmaceuticals cannot be determined with in vitro assays alone. In vivo assays are required to study pathogens in their natural environment and are an important step in the development of new drugs and vaccines. Animal models are also required to understand whether T3SS inhibition will enable the host to clear the infection. This review covers selected animal models (mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, dog, pig, cattle, primates, chicken, zebrafish, nematode, wax moth, flea, fly, and amoeba), where T3SS activity and infectivity have been studied in relation to specific pathogens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shigella spp., Bordetella spp., Vibrio spp., Chlamydia spp., and Yersinia spp.). These assays may be appropriate for those researching T3SS inhibition.
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Pendergrass HA, May AE. Natural Product Type III Secretion System Inhibitors. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040162. [PMID: 31554164 PMCID: PMC6963908 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many known inhibitors of the bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS), a virulence factor used by pathogenic bacteria to infect host cells, are natural products. These compounds, produced by bacteria, fungi, and plants, may have developed as prophylactic treatments for potential attack by bacterial pathogens or as an attempt by symbiotic organisms to protect their hosts. Regardless, better understanding of the structures and mechanisms of action of these compounds may open opportunities for drug development against diseases caused by pathogens utilizing the T3SS. This review will cover selected known natural products of the T3SS and detail what is known of their origin and mechanism of action. These inhibitors highlight nature’s ability to modulate interactions between organisms at a cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Pendergrass
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Aaron E May
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
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Mechesso AF, Quah Y, Park SC. Ginsenoside Rg3 reduces the adhesion, invasion, and intracellular survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J Ginseng Res 2019; 45:75-85. [PMID: 33437159 PMCID: PMC7790883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive infections due to foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, are prevalent and life-threatening. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) on the adhesion, invasion, and intracellular survival of S. Typhimurium. Methods The impacts of Rg3 on bacterial growth and host cell viability were determined using the time kill and the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assays, respectively. Gentamicin assay and confocal microscopic examination were undertaken to determine the effects of Rg3 on the adhesive and invasive abilities of S. Typhimurium to Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 cells. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to assess the expression of genes correlated with the adhesion, invasion, and virulence of S. Typhimurium. Results Subinhibitory concentrations of Rg3 significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the adhesion, invasion, and intracellular survival of S. Typhimurium. Rg3 considerably reduced (p < 0.05) the bacterial motility as well as the release of nitrite from infected macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. The expression of genes related to the adhesion, invasion, quorum sensing, and virulence of S. Typhimurium including cheY, hilA, OmpD, PrgK, rsgE, SdiA, and SipB was significantly reduced after Rg3 treatment. Besides, the compound downregulated rac-1 and Cdc-42 that are essential for actin remodeling and membrane ruffling, thereby facilitating Salmonella entry into host cells. This report is the first to describe the effects of Rg3 on "trigger" entry mechanism and intracellular survival S. Typhimurium. Conclusion Rg3 could be considered as a supplement agent to prevent S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham F Mechesso
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yixian Quah
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health threat that has stimulated the scientific community to search for nontraditional therapeutic targets. Because virulence, but not the growth, of many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens depends on the multicomponent type three secretion system injectisome (T3SSi), the T3SSi has been an attractive target for identifying small molecules, peptides, and monoclonal antibodies that inhibit its function to render the pathogen avirulent. While many small-molecule lead compounds have been identified in whole-cell-based high-throughput screens (HTSs), only a few protein targets of these compounds are known; such knowledge is an important step to developing more potent and specific inhibitors. Evaluation of the efficacy of compounds in animal studies is ongoing. Some efforts involving the development of antibodies and vaccines that target the T3SSi are further along and include an antibody that is currently in phase II clinical trials. Continued research into these antivirulence therapies, used alone or in combination with traditional antibiotics, requires combined efforts from both pharmaceutical companies and academic labs.
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